1
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Churchman EKL, Hain TJA, Neff BD. Prolactin modulates changes in parental care behaviour in response to perceived paternity in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). Horm Behav 2024; 164:105610. [PMID: 39059232 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Prolactin is a hormone conserved across all vertebrates and is renowned for its role in reproduction and parental care. Previous studies on prolactin in fish have primarily relied on administration of mammalian prolactin and have suggested that increases in prolactin lead to greater parental care. However, the influence of endogenous prolactin on fish parental care remains unknown. Here, we measure circulating concentrations of endogenous prolactin during parental care in a fish and link these concentrations to parental care behaviour. We provide evidence that male bluegill sunfish with higher circulating concentrations of prolactin provide more parental care to their offspring. Furthermore, we show that nesting males with experimentally reduced perceived paternity have lower circulating prolactin concentrations and perform fewer parental behaviours, facilitating an adaptive investment in offspring in response to paternity cues. Our findings not only confirm the role of endogenous prolactin in modulating parental care behaviour in a fish but also provide a mechanism underlying the adaptive changes in parental care made in response to perceived paternity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy J A Hain
- Department of Biology, Western University, London N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Bryan D Neff
- Department of Biology, Western University, London N6A 3K7, Canada.
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2
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Churchman EKL, Hain TJA, Knapp R, Neff BD. Parental care behaviour in response to perceived paternity is not mediated by 11-ketotestosterone in bluegill sunfish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 343:114367. [PMID: 37604349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Parental care is critical for the survival of many young animals, but parental care can be costly to the individual providing care. To balance this cost, parents can allocate their care to offspring based on their value, which can be dependent on the offspring's relatedness to the parent. Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) is a fish characterized by uniparental male care and high levels of cuckoldry. While parental males of this species have been shown to adaptively adjust their care in response to paternity, the mechanisms for this adjustment are not well understood. Androgens are steroid hormones that are associated with parental care behaviours in many species including bluegill. Here, we test the hypothesis that circulating androgen concentrations mediate the adjustment in care provided by bluegill parental males by manipulating perceived paternity and then measuring circulating 11-ketotestosterone concentration and parental care behaviour. We show that males with higher perceived paternity provide higher levels of nurturing and nest defense behaviour, but contrary to expectations, we found that these males had lower concentrations of 11-ketotestosterone. Furthermore, we found positive correlations between individual circulating plasma 11-ketotestosterone concentrations and nurturing behaviour, but not with the aggressive behaviours that differed between paternity treatments. While bluegill make behavioural changes in response to perceived paternity, these changes do not appear to be modulated by 11-ketotestosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rosemary Knapp
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Bryan D Neff
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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3
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Hopkins WA, Case BF, Groffen J, Brooks GC, Bodinof Jachowski CM, Button ST, Hallagan JJ, O'Brien RSM, Kindsvater HK. Filial Cannibalism Leads to Chronic Nest Failure of Eastern Hellbender Salamanders ( Cryptobranchus alleganiensis). Am Nat 2023; 202:92-106. [PMID: 37384763 DOI: 10.1086/724819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIn species that provide parental care, parents will sometimes cannibalize their own young (i.e., filial cannibalism). Here, we quantified the frequency of whole-clutch filial cannibalism in a species of giant salamander (eastern hellbender; Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) that has experienced precipitous population declines with unknown causes. We used underwater artificial nesting shelters deployed across a gradient of upstream forest cover to assess the fates of 182 nests at 10 sites over 8 years. We found strong evidence that nest failure rates increased at sites with low riparian forest cover in the upstream catchment. At several sites, reproductive failure was 100%, mainly due to cannibalism by the caring male. The high incidence of filial cannibalism at degraded sites was not explained by evolutionary hypotheses for filial cannibalism based on poor adult body condition or low reproductive value of small clutches. Instead, larger clutches at degraded sites were most vulnerable to cannibalism. We hypothesize that high frequencies of filial cannibalism of large clutches in areas with low forest cover could be related to changes in water chemistry or siltation that influence parental physiology or that reduce the viability of eggs. Importantly, our results identify chronic nest failure as a possible mechanism contributing to population declines and observed geriatric age structure in this imperiled species.
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4
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Rosenheim JA, Schreiber SJ. Pathways to the density-dependent expression of cannibalism, and consequences for regulated population dynamics. Ecology 2022; 103:e3785. [PMID: 35818739 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cannibalism, once viewed as a rare or aberrant behavior, is now recognized to be widespread and to contribute broadly to the self-regulation of many populations. Cannibalism can produce endogenous negative feedback on population growth because it is expressed as a conditional behavior, responding to the deteriorating ecological conditions that flow, directly or indirectly, from increasing densities of conspecifics. Thus, cannibalism emerges as a strongly density-dependent source of mortality. In this synthesis, we review recent research that has revealed a rich diversity of pathways through which rising density elicits increased cannibalism, including both factors that (a) elevate the rate of dangerous encounters between conspecifics and (b) enhance the likelihood that such encounters will lead to successful cannibalistic attacks. These pathways include both features of the autecology of cannibal populations and features of interactions with other species, including food resources and pathogens. Using mathematical models, we explore the consequences of including density-dependent cannibal attack rates on population dynamics. The conditional expression of cannibalism generally enhances stability and population regulation in single-species models but also may increase opportunities for alternative states and prey population escape from control by cannibalistic predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Rosenheim
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sebastian J Schreiber
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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5
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Bose APH. Parent-offspring cannibalism throughout the animal kingdom: a review of adaptive hypotheses. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1868-1885. [PMID: 35748275 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Parents that kill and consume their offspring often appear to be acting against their own reproductive interests. Yet parent-offspring cannibalism is common and taxonomically widespread across the animal kingdom. In this review, I provide an overview of our current understanding of parent-offspring cannibalism, which has seen a proliferation in adaptive hypotheses over the past 20 years for why parents consume their own young. I review over four decades of research into this perplexing behaviour, drawing from work conducted on fishes, reptiles, insects, birds, and mammals among other taxa. Many factors have been hypothesised to explain parent-offspring cannibalism in nature, including poor parental energy reserves, small or large brood sizes, low or uncertain parentage, and high brood densities, and additional factors are still being uncovered. Parent-offspring cannibalism does not appear to have a single predominant explanation; rather, the factor, or set of factors, that govern its expression is largely taxon specific. Parents may either consume all offspring under their care (full-brood cannibalism) or consume a fraction of their offspring (partial brood cannibalism). These forms of cannibalism are thought to provide adaptive benefits to cannibals under a range of circumstances, primarily by allowing parents to allocate parental efforts more optimally - energy from eating (some of) one's current offspring can be redirected to other offspring, or to parental growth, survival, and ultimately to other future reproductive endeavours. Thus, parent-offspring cannibalism is a phenotypically plastic trait that responds to changing environmental, social, and physiological conditions. The expression of parent-offspring cannibalism in any given system is intimately linked to the reproductive value of current young relative to parents' expectations for future reproduction, and also to whether parental care is predominantly depreciable or non-depreciable. Furthermore, parent-offspring cannibalism has the potential to generate conflict between the sexes, and I briefly discuss some consequences of this conflict on patterns of mate choice. Finally, there still remain many aspects of this behaviour where our understanding is poor, and I highlight these topics to help guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneesh P H Bose
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Skogmarksgränd, 90183, Umeå.,Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstraße 10, 78464, Konstanz, Germany.,Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstraße 10, 78464, Konstanz, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstraße 10, 78464, Konstanz, Germany
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6
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Sex difference in homing: males but not females return home despite offspring mortality in Ikakogi tayrona, a glassfrog with prolonged maternal care. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-021-03107-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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7
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Frye M, Egeland TB, Nordeide JT, Folstad I. Cannibalism and protective behavior of eggs in Arctic charr ( Salvelinus alpinus). Ecol Evol 2021; 11:14383-14391. [PMID: 34765113 PMCID: PMC8571642 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
From video recordings of spawning events, we quantified protective and cannibalistic behavior of Arctic charr occurring immediately after spawning. The number of fish cannibalizing on stray eggs was examined regarding (a) whether more than one male shed milt during the spawning event, that is, whether sperm competition occurred, (b) whether the sperm competition included few or many males, that is, the intensity of sperm competition, and (c) the density of fish at the spawning site. Response behavior toward egg cannibalism was also examined among females and dominant males in order to determine any parental investment toward protecting the eggs after spawning. Cannibalistic behavior was seen in almost 50% of the spawnings, and the multiple spawning events showed the highest numbers of fish cannibalizing on eggs. Both the number of males releasing milt and the number of fish approaching the spawning site were positively correlated with egg cannibalism. Sperm competition was, however, not a prerequisite for egg cannibalism. Although we also observed partial filial cannibalism, protective behavior of eggs was seen both among dominant males and females, suggesting that charr actually conduct parental care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Frye
- Faculty of Biosciences and AquacultureNord UniversityBodøNorway
| | | | | | - Ivar Folstad
- Department of Arctic and Marine BiologyUiT – The Arctic UniversityTromsøNorway
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8
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Poli F, Marino IAM, Santon M, Bozzetta E, Pellizzato G, Zane L, Rasotto MB. Spatial asymmetry of the paternity success in nests of a fish with alternative reproductive tactics. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3091. [PMID: 33542278 PMCID: PMC7862370 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82508-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Guard-sneaker tactics are widespread among fish, where territorial males defend a nest and provide parental care while sneakers try to steal fertilizations. Territorials and sneakers adopt diverse pre- and post-mating strategies, adjusting their ejaculate investment and/or behavioural responses to the presence of competitors. The relative distance of competitors from the spawning female plays a major role in influencing male mating strategies and the resulting paternity share. However, territorial male quality and sneaking intensity do not fully account for the variability in the relative siring success occurring among species. An often neglected factor potentially affecting sneakers proximity to females is the nest structure. We conducted a field experiment using the black goby, whose nests show two openings of different size. We found that territorial males defend more and sneaking pressure is higher at the front, larger access of the nest than at the back, smaller one. Moreover, microsatellite paternity analysis shows that territorials sire more offspring at the back of their nest. Such a predictable spatial distribution of the paternity share suggests that nest structure might work as an indirect cue of male relative siring success, potentially influencing the territorial male investment in parental care and/or the female egg deposition strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Poli
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padua, Italy.
| | - I A M Marino
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padua, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196, Rome, Italy
| | - M Santon
- Institute for Evolution and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - E Bozzetta
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - G Pellizzato
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - L Zane
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padua, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196, Rome, Italy
| | - M B Rasotto
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padua, Italy
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9
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Butler JM, Herath EM, Rimal A, Whitlow SM, Maruska KP. Galanin neuron activation in feeding, parental care, and infanticide in a mouthbrooding African cichlid fish. Horm Behav 2020; 126:104870. [PMID: 33002455 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Galanin is a conserved neuropeptide involved in parental care and feeding. While galanin is known to mediate parental care and infanticide in rodents, its role in parental care and feeding behaviors in other taxa, particularly fishes, remains poorly understood. Mouthbrooding is an extreme form of parental care common in fishes in which caregivers carry offspring in their buccal cavity for the duration of development, resulting in obligatory starvation. In the cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni, females brood their young for ~2 wks and perform maternal care after release by collecting them into their mouth when threatened. However, females will cannibalize their brood after ~5 days. To examine the role of gal in feeding and maternal care, we collected mouthbrooding, fed, and starved females, as well as those displaying post-release maternal care and infanticide behaviors. Activation of gal neurons in the preoptic area (POA) was associated with parental care, providing the first link between gal and offspring-promoting behaviors in fishes. In contrast, activation of gal neurons in the lateral tuberal nucleus (NLT), the Arcuate homolog, was associated with feeding and infanticide. Overall, these data suggest gal is functionally conserved across vertebrate taxa with POA gal neurons promoting maternal care and Arc/NLT gal neurons promoting feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Butler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, United States of America.
| | - Erandi M Herath
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, United States of America
| | - Arohan Rimal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, United States of America
| | - Sarah M Whitlow
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, United States of America
| | - Karen P Maruska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, United States of America
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10
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Gurevich Y, Lewin-Epstein O, Hadany L. The evolution of paternal care: a role for microbes? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190599. [PMID: 32772664 PMCID: PMC7435155 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Paternal care, particularly in cases of uncertain paternity, carries significant costs. Extensive research, both theoretical and experimental, has explored the conditions in which paternal care behaviour would be favoured. Common explanations include an adjustment of care with uncertainty in paternity and limited accuracy in parentage assessment. Here, we propose a new explanation that microbes may play a role in the evolution of paternal care among their hosts. Using computational models, we demonstrate that microbes associated with increased paternal care could be favoured by natural selection. We find that microbe-induced paternal care could evolve under wider conditions than suggested by genetic models. Moreover, we show that microbe-induced paternal care is more likely to evolve when considering paternal care interactions that increase microbial transmission, such as feeding and grooming. Our results imply that factors affecting the composition of host microbiome may also alter paternal behaviour. This article is part of the theme issue 'The role of the microbiome in host evolution'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lilach Hadany
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
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11
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Indirect cue of paternity uncertainty does not affect nest site selection or parental care in a Pacific toadfish. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-020-2803-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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13
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Nygård M, Kvarnemo C, Ahnesjö I, Braga Goncalves I. Pipefish embryo oxygenation, survival, and development: egg size, male size, and temperature effects. Behav Ecol 2019; 30:1451-1460. [PMID: 31592213 PMCID: PMC6776002 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arz101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In animals with uniparental care, the quality of care provided by one sex can deeply impact the reproductive success of both sexes. Studying variation in parental care quality within a species and which factors may affect it can, therefore, shed important light on patterns of mate choice and other reproductive decisions observed in nature. Using Syngnathus typhle, a pipefish species with extensive uniparental male care, with embryos developing inside a brood pouch during a lengthy pregnancy, we assessed how egg size (which correlates positively with female size), male size, and water temperature affect brooding traits that relate to male care quality, all measured on day 18, approximately 1/3, of the brooding period. We found that larger males brooded eggs at lower densities, and their embryos were heavier than those of small males independent of initial egg size. However, large males had lower embryo survival relative to small males. We found no effect of egg size or of paternal size on within-pouch oxygen levels, but oxygen levels were significantly higher in the bottom than the middle section of the pouch. Males that brooded at higher temperatures had lower pouch oxygen levels presumably because of higher embryo developmental rates, as more developed embryos consume more oxygen. Together, our results suggest that small and large males follow distinct paternal strategies: large males positively affect embryo size whereas small males favor embryo survival. As females prefer large mates, offspring size at independence may be more important to female fitness than offspring survival during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Nygård
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Kvarnemo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,The Linnaeus Centre for Marine Evolutionary Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Ahnesjö
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen, Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Unger SD, Williams RN. Genetic confirmation of filial cannibalism in North America’s giant salamander, the Eastern hellbender Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2017.1342696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shem D. Unger
- Biology Department, Wingate University, Wingate, NC 28174, USA (E-mail: )
| | - Rod N. Williams
- Department of Forestry & Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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15
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Deal ND, Lehtonen TK, Lindström K, Wong BB. Paternal investment with an uncertain future: effects of predator exposure on filial cannibalism and nesting behaviour. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Wells MW, Wright PA. Do not eat your kids: embryonic kin recognition in an amphibious fish. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-017-2360-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Sagebakken G, Kvarnemo C, Ahnesjö I. Nutritional state – a survival kit for brooding pipefish fathers. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blx002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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18
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Vallon M, Anthes N, Heubel KU. Water mold infection but not paternity induces selective filial cannibalism in a goby. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:7221-7229. [PMID: 28725393 PMCID: PMC5513269 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Many animals heavily invest in parental care but still reject at least some of their offspring. Although seemingly paradoxical, selection can favor parents to neglect offspring of particularly low reproductive value, for example, because of small survival chances. We here assess whether filial cannibalism (FC), where parents routinely eat some of their own young, is selective in response to individual offspring reproductive value. We performed two independent laboratory experiments in the common goby (Pomatoschistus microps) to test whether caring fathers preferentially cannibalize eggs of a given infection history and paternity. While males did not discriminate kin from nonkin eggs, they consumed significantly more eggs previously exposed to water mold compared to uninfected eggs. Our findings clearly show that parents differentiate between eggs based on differences in egg condition, and thus complement the prevailing view that FC arises for energetic reasons. By preventing the spread of microbial infections, the removal of molded eggs can constitute an important component of parental care and may represent a key driver of selective FC in a wide array of parental fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vallon
- Animal Evolutionary Ecology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Nils Anthes
- Animal Evolutionary Ecology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Katja U Heubel
- Animal Evolutionary Ecology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany.,Present address: Institute for Zoology Grietherbusch Ecological Research Station University of Cologne Cologne Germany
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19
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Deal NDS, Wong BBM. How Mate Availability Influences Filial Cannibalism. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2016; 91:47-67. [DOI: 10.1086/685303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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21
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Vallon M, Grom C, Kalb N, Sprenger D, Anthes N, Lindström K, Heubel KU. You eat what you are: personality-dependent filial cannibalism in a fish with paternal care. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:1340-52. [PMID: 27087921 PMCID: PMC4775538 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many animal parents invest heavily to ensure offspring survival, yet some eventually consume some or all of their very own young. This so‐called filial cannibalism is known from a wide range of taxa, but its adaptive benefit remains largely unclear. The extent to which parents cannibalize their broods varies substantially not only between species, but also between individuals, indicating that intrinsic behavioral differences, or animal personalities, might constitute a relevant proximate trigger for filial cannibalism. Using a marine fish with extensive paternal care, the common goby (Pomatoschistus microps), we investigated the influence of animal personality on filial cannibalism by assessing (1) behavioral consistency across a breeding and a nonbreeding context; (2) correlations between different breeding (egg fanning; filial cannibalism) and nonbreeding (activity) behaviors, and, in a separate experiment; (3) whether previously established personality scores affect filial cannibalism levels. We found consistent individual differences in activity across contexts. Partial filial cannibalism was independent of egg fanning but correlated strongly with activity, where active males cannibalized more eggs than less active males. This pattern was strong initially but vanished as the breeding season progressed. The incidence of whole clutch filial cannibalism increased with activity and clutch size. Our findings indicate that filial cannibalism cannot generally be adjusted independently of male personality and is thus phenotypically less plastic than typically assumed. The present work stresses the multidimensional interaction between animal personality, individual plasticity and the environment in shaping filial cannibalism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vallon
- Animal Evolutionary Ecology group University of Tübingen 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Christina Grom
- Animal Evolutionary Ecology group University of Tübingen 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Nadine Kalb
- Animal Evolutionary Ecology group University of Tübingen 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Dennis Sprenger
- Animal Evolutionary Ecology group University of Tübingen 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Nils Anthes
- Animal Evolutionary Ecology group University of Tübingen 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Kai Lindström
- Environmental and Marine Biology Åbo Akademi University 20520 Turku Finland
| | - Katja U Heubel
- Animal Evolutionary Ecology group University of Tübingen 72076 Tübingen Germany
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Convergent Aspects of Acoustic Communication in Darters, Sculpins, and Gobies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 877:93-120. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-21059-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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23
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Bose AP, McClelland GB, Balshine S. Cannibalism, competition, and costly care in the plainfin midshipman fish,Porichthys notatus. Behav Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arv203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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24
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De Gasperin O, Duarte A, Kilner RM. Interspecific interactions explain variation in the duration of paternal care in the burying beetle. Anim Behav 2015; 109:199-207. [PMID: 26778845 PMCID: PMC4686539 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Why is there so much variation within species in the extent to which males contribute to offspring care? Answers to this question commonly focus on intraspecific sources of variation in the relative costs and benefits of supplying paternal investment. With experiments in the laboratory on the burying beetle, Nicrophorus vespilloides, and its phoretic mite Poecilochirus carabi, we investigated whether interactions with a second species might also account for intraspecific variation in the extent of paternal care, and whether this variation is due to adaptation or constraint. In our first experiment we bred beetles in the presence or absence of phoretic mites, using a breeding box that mimicked natural conditions by allowing parents to leave the breeding attempt at a time of their choosing. We found that males abandoned their brood sooner when breeding alongside mites than when breeding in their absence. Female patterns of care were unchanged by the mites. Nevertheless, in this experiment, no correlates of beetle fitness were affected by the presence of the mites during reproduction (neither paternal life span after reproduction nor brood size or average larval mass). In a second experiment, we again bred beetles with or without mites but this time we prevented parents from abandoning the brood. This time we found that both parents and the brood suffered fitness costs when breeding alongside mites, compared with families breeding in the absence of mites. We conclude that males adaptively reduce their contributions to care when mites are present, so as to defend their offspring's fitness and their own residual fitness. Interspecific interactions thus account for intraspecific variation in the duration of paternal care. The extent of paternal care varies greatly within species. Some of this variation might be due to interspecific interactions. We investigated how mites influence paternal care in the burying beetle. We found that males leave their brood earlier when mites are present. We show that this is adaptive because it enhances offspring fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Duarte
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
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25
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Cooper WE, Dimopoulos I, Pafilis P. Sex, Age, and Population Density Affect Aggressive Behaviors in Island Lizards Promoting Cannibalism. Ethology 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William E. Cooper
- Department of Biology; Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne; Fort Wayne IN USA
| | - Ioannis Dimopoulos
- Section of Zoology and Marine Biology; Department of Biology; University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - Panayiotis Pafilis
- Section of Zoology and Marine Biology; Department of Biology; University of Athens; Athens Greece
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26
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Bose AP, Cogliati KM, Howe HS, Balshine S. Factors influencing cannibalism in the plainfin midshipman fish. Anim Behav 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Filial cannibalism in a nest-guarding fish: females prefer to spawn in nests with few eggs over many. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-014-1766-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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Amorim MCP, da Ponte AN, Caiano M, Pedroso SS, Pereira R, Fonseca PJ. Mate preference in the painted goby: the influence of visual and acoustic courtship signals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 216:3996-4004. [PMID: 23948469 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.088682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that females of a small vocal marine fish with exclusive paternal care, the painted goby, prefer high parental-quality mates such as large or high-condition males. We tested the effect of male body size and male visual and acoustic courtship behaviour (playback experiments) on female mating preferences by measuring time spent near one of a two-choice stimuli. Females did not show preference for male size but preferred males that showed higher levels of courtship, a trait known to advertise condition (fat reserves). Also, time spent near the preferred male depended on male courtship effort. Playback experiments showed that when sound was combined with visual stimuli (a male confined in a small aquarium placed near each speaker), females spent more time near the male associated with courtship sound than with the control male (associated with white noise or silence). Although male visual courtship effort also affected female preference in the pre-playback period, this effect decreased during playback and disappeared in the post-playback period. Courtship sound stimuli alone did not elicit female preference in relation to a control. Taken together, the results suggest that visual and mainly acoustic courtship displays are subject to mate preference and may advertise parental quality in this species. Our results indicate that visual and acoustic signals interplay in a complex fashion and highlight the need to examine how different sensory modalities affect mating preferences in fish and other vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Clara P Amorim
- Unidade de Investigação em Eco-Etologia, Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada - Instituto Universitário, Rua Jardim do Tabaco 34, 1149-041 Lisboa, Portugal
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29
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Law YH, Rosenheim JA. Presence of conspecific females motivates egg cannibalism owing to lower risk of filial cannibalism. Anim Behav 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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30
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31
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Mate availability accelerates male filial cannibalism in a nest brooding fish: effects of number and fecundity of females. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-012-1462-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Opsin Evolution in Damselfish: Convergence, Reversal, and Parallel Evolution Across Tuning Sites. J Mol Evol 2012; 75:79-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00239-012-9525-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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33
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Miller JS, Zink AG. Parental care trade-offs and the role of filial cannibalism in the maritime earwig, Anisolabis maritima. Anim Behav 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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34
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Segers FHID, Gerber B, Taborsky B. Do maternal food deprivation and offspring predator cues interactively affect maternal effort in fish? Ethology 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2011.01922.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Bonsall MB, Klug H. Effects of among-offspring relatedness on the origins and evolution of parental care and filial cannibalism. J Evol Biol 2011; 24:1335-50. [PMID: 21507115 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Parental care is expected to increase the likelihood of offspring survival at the cost of investment in future reproductive success. However, alternative parental behaviours, such as filial cannibalism, can decrease current reproductive success and consequently individual fitness. We evaluate the role of among-offspring relatedness on the evolution of parental care and filial cannibalism. Building on our previous work, we show how the evolution of care is influenced by the effect of among-offspring relatedness on both the strength of competition and filial cannibalism. When there is a positive relationship between among-offspring competition and relatedness, parental care will be favoured when among-offspring relatedness is relatively low, and the maintenance of both care and no-care strategies is expected. If the relationship between among-offspring competition and relatedness is negative, parental care is most strongly favoured when broods contain highly related offspring. Further, we highlight the range of conditions over which the level of this among-offspring relatedness can affect the co-occurrence of different care/no care and cannibalism/no cannibalism strategies. Coexistence of multiple strategies is independent of the effects of among-offspring relatedness on cannibalism but more likely when among-offspring relatedness and competition are positively associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Bonsall
- Mathematical Ecology Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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36
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Kvarnemo C, Svensson O, Manson W. Investment in testes, sperm-duct glands and lipid reserves differs between male morphs but not between early and late breeding season in Pomatoschistus minutus. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2010; 76:1609-1625. [PMID: 20557619 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02587.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study of the sand goby Pomatoschistus minutus, a nest-holding fish with paternal care, focused on gonadal investment among males of different sizes collected early and late in the breeding season. All males caught at the nest had breeding colour, whereas trawl-caught fish consisted of males both with and without colour. The absence or presence of breeding colour was a good predictor of testes investment. Compared to males with breeding colour, males without colour were smaller in body size but had extraordinarily large testes. In absolute terms, testes mass of males without breeding colour was on average 3.4 times greater than those of males with breeding colour. Since small colourless males are known to reproduce as sneaker males, this heavy investment in testes probably reflects that they are forced to spawn under sperm competition. Contrary to testes size, sperm-duct glands were largest among males with breeding colour. These glands produce mucins used for making sperm-containing mucous trails that males place in the nest before and during spawning. Since both sneakers and nest-holders potentially could benefit from having large glands, this result is intriguing. Yet, high mucus production may be more important for nest-holders, because it also protects developing embryos from infections. There was no significant effect of season on body size, testes or sperm-duct glands size, but colourless males tended to be less common late in the season. Possibly this may indicate that individual small colourless males develop into their more colourful counterparts within the breeding season.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kvarnemo
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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37
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Mehlis M, Bakker TCM, Engqvist L, Frommen JG. To eat or not to eat: egg-based assessment of paternity triggers fine-tuned decisions about filial cannibalism. Proc Biol Sci 2010; 277:2627-35. [PMID: 20410042 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Filial cannibalism occurs in many animal species ranging from insects to mammals, and is especially well described in teleost fishes. Numerous causes may lead to this behaviour, e.g. certainty of paternity. However, the cues males use to assess their paternity often remain unknown. One possible way to differentiate between own and foreign offspring is by using egg cues. Nevertheless, in egg-laying species, evidence for this is still scarce. In this study, male three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus), a fish with paternal care in which sneaking as well as filial cannibalism is common, were allowed to care for manipulated nests that contained different percentages of own fertilized eggs. After 7 days, embryo survival was determined. Furthermore, brood-caring as well as aggressive behaviour was measured daily. Clutches containing a higher proportion of foreign eggs were more likely to be completely cannibalized than clutches containing a lower proportion of foreign eggs, particularly when the clutch was laid early in the breeding season. However, the behavioural observations revealed no influence of paternity. The results show that paternity triggers filial cannibalism in sticklebacks and that males are able to evaluate their paternity using egg cues alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Mehlis
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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38
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Svensson O, Lissåker M, Mobley KB. Offspring recognition and the influence of clutch size on nest fostering among male sand gobies, Pomatoschistus minutus. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-010-0947-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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39
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Manica A. Female scissortail sergeants (Pisces: Pomacentridae) use test eggs to choose good fathers. Anim Behav 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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40
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Requena GS, Buzatto BA, Munguía-Steyer R, Machado G. Efficiency of uniparental male and female care against egg predators in two closely related syntopic harvestmen. Anim Behav 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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41
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Should you eat your offspring before someone else does? Effect of an egg predator on filial cannibalism in the sand goby. Anim Behav 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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42
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Relationship between filial cannibalism, egg energetic content and parental condition in the flagfish. Anim Behav 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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43
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Nutritional benefits of filial cannibalism in three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Naturwissenschaften 2008; 96:399-403. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-008-0485-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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44
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Huang WS. Predation risk of whole-clutch filial cannibalism in a tropical skink with maternal care. Behav Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arn109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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45
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Cannibalize or care? The role of perceived paternity in the sand goby, Pomatoschistus minutus. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-008-0576-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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46
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Klug H, Bonsall MB. When to Care for, Abandon, or Eat Your Offspring: The Evolution of Parental Care and Filial Cannibalism. Am Nat 2007; 170:886-901. [PMID: 18171171 DOI: 10.1086/522936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hope Klug
- Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
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47
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48
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Lion S, van Baalen M. From Infanticide to Parental Care: Why Spatial Structure Can Help Adults Be Good Parents. Am Nat 2007; 170:E26-46. [PMID: 17874366 DOI: 10.1086/519462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the evolution of parental care and cannibalism in a spatially structured population where adults can either help or kill juveniles in their neighborhood. We show that spatial structure can reverse the selective pressures on adult behavior, leading to the evolution of parental care, whereas the nonspatial model predicts that cannibalism is the sole evolutionary outcome. Our analysis emphasizes that evolution of such spatially structured populations is best understood at the level of the cluster of invading mutants, and we define invasion fitness as the growth rate of that cluster. We derive an analytical expression for the selective pressures on the trait and show that relatedness and Hamilton's rule are recovered as emergent properties of the spatial ecological dynamics. When adults can also help other adults, the benefits to each class of recipients are weighted by the class reproductive value, a result consistent with that of other models of kin selection. Finally, we advocate a different approach to moment equations and argue that even though the development of moment closure approximations is a necessary line of research, much-needed ecological and evolutionary insight can be gained by studying the unclosed moment equations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Lion
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7625 Fonctionnement et Evolution des Systèmes Ecologiques, Paris F-75005, France.
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49
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Klug H, Lindströum K, Mary CMS. PARENTS BENEFIT FROM EATING OFFSPRING: DENSITY-DEPENDENT EGG SURVIVORSHIP COMPENSATES FOR FILIAL CANNIBALISM. Evolution 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01846.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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50
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Parasitic spawning in sand gobies: an experimental assessment of nest-opening size, sneaker male cues, paternity, and filial cannibalism. Behav Ecol 2007. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arl098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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