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Fradin G, Chamaillé‐Jammes S. Hogs sleep like logs: Wild boars reduce the risk of anthropic disturbance by adjusting where they rest. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10336. [PMID: 37492460 PMCID: PMC10363780 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Many animals living in anthropized landscapes try to avoid encountering people by being active at night. By doing so, however, they risk being disturbed while at rest during the day. To mitigate this risk, diurnally resting species may be highly selective about where they rest. Here, we used GPS and activity sensors to study how wild boars (Sus scrofa) might adjust their resting site selection and revisitation patterns to the risk of disturbance by people. We evaluated the probability of daytime relocation to assess the efficacy of wild boars' resting strategy in reducing the risk of human encounter while at rest. We attempted to identify the cause of some relocations using audio recordings. Generally, we found that wild boars did not specifically avoid resting near villages or roads, that is, where the risk of encountering people is higher, if they could find sites with suitable vegetation cover. The risk of disturbance by people was low, even near villages. Resting sites located close to villages were visited more repeatedly than those located further away, suggesting that focusing on a few familiar and quiet resting sites was a successful strategy for resting undisturbed in an anthropized landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustave Fradin
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRDMontpellierFrance
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2
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Olejarz A, Faltusová M, Börger L, Güldenpfennig J, Jarský V, Ježek M, Mortlock E, Silovský V, Podgórski T. Worse sleep and increased energy expenditure yet no movement changes in sub-urban wild boar experiencing an influx of human visitors (anthropulse) during the COVID-19 pandemic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163106. [PMID: 36966827 PMCID: PMC10038670 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Expansion of urban areas, landscape transformation and increasing human outdoor activities strongly affect wildlife behaviour. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in particular led to drastic changes in human behaviour, exposing wildlife around the world to either reduced or increased human presence, potentially altering animal behaviour. Here, we investigate behavioural responses of wild boar (Sus scrofa) to changing numbers of human visitors to a suburban forest near Prague, Czech Republic, during the first 2.5 years of the COVID-19 epidemic (April 2019-November 2021). We used bio-logging and movement data of 63 GPS-collared wild boar and human visitation data based on an automatic counter installed in the field. We hypothesised that higher levels of human leisure activity will have a disturbing effect on wild boar behaviour manifested in increased movements and ranging, energy spent, and disrupted sleep patterns. Interestingly, whilst the number of people visiting the forest varied by two orders of magnitude (from 36 to 3431 people weekly), even high levels of human presence (>2000 visitors per week) did not affect weekly distance travelled, home range size, and maximum displacement of wild boar. Instead, individuals spent 41 % more energy at high levels of human presence (>2000 visitors per week), with more erratic sleep patterns, characterised by shorter and more frequent sleeping bouts. Our results highlight multifaceted effects of increased human activities ('anthropulses'), such as those related to COVID-19 countermeasures, on animal behaviour. High human pressure may not affect animal movements or habitat use, especially in highly adaptable species such as wild boar, but may disrupt animal activity rhythms, with potentially detrimental fitness consequences. Such subtle behavioural responses can be overlooked if using only standard tracking technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Olejarz
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences,Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Prague 6-Suchdol, 165 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Monika Faltusová
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences,Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Prague 6-Suchdol, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Luca Börger
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Justine Güldenpfennig
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences,Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Prague 6-Suchdol, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Vilém Jarský
- Department of Forestry and Wood Economics, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Prague 6-Suchdol, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Ježek
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences,Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Prague 6-Suchdol, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Euan Mortlock
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT95DL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Václav Silovský
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences,Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Prague 6-Suchdol, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences,Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Prague 6-Suchdol, 165 00, Czech Republic; Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek 1, 17-230 Białowieża, Poland
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3
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Hending D, Randrianarison H, Andriamavosoloarisoa NNM, Ranohatra-Hending C, Solofondranohatra JS, Tongasoa HR, Ranarison HT, Gehrke V, Andrianirina N, Holderied M, McCabe G, Cotton S. Seasonal Differences in the Encounter Rate of the Fat-Tailed Dwarf Lemur (Cheirogaleus medius) in the Transitional Forests of Northwest Madagascar: Implications for Reliable Population Density Assessment. INT J PRIMATOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-023-00353-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Primate encounter rates often vary throughout the year due to seasonal differences in activity, ecology, and behaviour. One notably extreme behaviour is continuous hibernation. Although a rare adaptation in primates, the dwarf lemurs of Madagascar (genus Cheirogaleus) enter obligate hibernation each year during the dry season, after spending the wet season consuming high-energy foods. Whilst seasonal changes in activity in some Cheirogaleus populations are well-known, many species remain little-studied, and there is no specific information on their encounter rates, nor when they enter and emerge from hibernation. This uncertainty critically affects reliable calculation of population density estimates for these highly threatened lemurs. In this study, we assessed how encounter rates of the fat-tailed dwarf lemur (C. medius) vary seasonally in the transitional forests of the Sahamalaza-Iles Radama National Park, northwest Madagascar, during a 4-year period. We established a system of line transects (N = 60) throughout our study area, on which we conducted distance sampling of C. medius. We then used our distance sampling data to calculate encounter rate and population density data. We found encounter rates of C. medius to be significantly higher during the wet season compared with the dry season. Furthermore, encounter rates of C. medius were particularly low from May–August. These results provide some evidence to suggest the time period that C. medius hibernate in Sahamalaza-Iles Radama National Park. These findings underpin the importance of careful study design when surveying threatened species with seasonal differences in activity, such as those that hibernate. This study also demonstrates the importance of species-specific behavioural data for accurate population density assessment, which is required to inform conservation action.
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Ramananjato V, Randimbiarison F, Rabarijaonina THNP, Razafindratsima OH. Arboreal mouse lemurs discovered sleeping in a burrow on the ground. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9543. [PMID: 36479037 PMCID: PMC9719989 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Finding sleeping sites is important for the fitness of many mammal species. Like most nonhuman primates, Madagascar's mouse lemurs (genus: Microcebus) are thought to exclusively use arboreal sleeping sites. The rufous mouse lemurs (Microcebus rufus) in Ranomafana National Park (southeastern Madagascar) have always been documented to sleep in either tree holes or leaf nests. However, in our recent field expedition, we observed, with the help of telemetry technologies, an unprecedented event of M. rufus sleeping in a burrow on the rainforest ground, curled up with a very slow heartbeat. Thus far, such behavior has not been observed in any other Microcebus species but is common in high-altitude dwarf lemurs (genus: Cheirogaleus), a closely related genus to the mouse lemurs. We believe that this discovery could illustrate an ecophysiological response strategy to habitat changes, which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronarindra Ramananjato
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA,Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité AnimaleUniversity of Antananarivo, Faculty of SciencesAntananarivoMadagascar
| | - Finaritra Randimbiarison
- Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité AnimaleUniversity of Antananarivo, Faculty of SciencesAntananarivoMadagascar
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5
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Pecorella S, Mori E. “Brown hare never goes underground”: the exception that proves the rule. MAMMALIA 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2022-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Amongst leporids, rabbits use underground warrens as resting and reproductive sites, whereas hares usually rests in soil depressions in woodlands or scrublands, providing them with cover and protection from predators. In this short communication, we reported for the first time the use of badger burrows as resting sites of the European brown hare Lepus europaeus in North-Eastern Italy. Underground dens may provide hares with the best cover from daylight and protection from both predators and bad weather conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pecorella
- Therion Research Group APS , Loc. Castel San Mauro, 34170 Gorizia , GO , Italy
| | - Emiliano Mori
- Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche , Istituto Di Ricerca Sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri , Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino , Florence , Italy
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6
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Testing artificial nestbox designs for in-situ conservation of tamarins. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Smeltzer EA, Stead SM, Li MF, Samson D, Kumpan LT, Teichroeb JA. Social sleepers: The effects of social status on sleep in terrestrial mammals. Horm Behav 2022; 143:105181. [PMID: 35594742 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Social status among group-living mammals can impact access to resources, such as water, food, social support, and mating opportunities, and this differential access to resources can have fitness consequences. Here, we propose that an animal's social status impacts their access to sleep opportunities, as social status may predict when an animal sleeps, where they sleep, who they sleep with, and how well they sleep. Our review of terrestrial mammals examines how sleep architecture and intensity may be impacted by (1) sleeping conditions and (2) the social experience during wakefulness. Sleeping positions vary in thermoregulatory properties, protection from predators, and exposure to parasites. Thus, if dominant individuals have priority of access to sleeping positions, they may benefit from higher quality sleeping conditions and, in turn, better sleep. With respect to waking experiences, we discuss the impacts of stress on sleep, as it has been established that specific social statuses can be characterized by stress-related physiological profiles. While much research has focused on how dominance hierarchies impact access to resources like food and mating opportunities, differential access to sleep opportunities among mammals has been largely ignored despite its potential fitness consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Smeltzer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - S M Stead
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - M F Li
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, 19 Russell St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S2, Canada
| | - D Samson
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Rd., Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - L T Kumpan
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - J A Teichroeb
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
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Muñoz Vazquez B, Gallina Tessaro S, León-Paniagua L. Characteristics of Central American brocket deer resting sites in a tropical mountain cloud forest in eastern Mexico. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12587. [PMID: 35036083 PMCID: PMC8734461 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Central American brocket deer is a vulnerable species. Geographically isolated populations have been affected by poaching and habitat fragmentation, leading to local extinctions. It is therefore important to understand this species' habitat characteristics, particularly of resting sites, which play a crucial role in survival and fitness. We describe the characteristics and distribution patterns of Central American brocket deer resting sites at the microhabitat and landscape scales in San Bartolo Tutotepec, Hidalgo, México. We conducted eight bimonthly field surveys between November 2017 and March 2019, consisting of 32 transects of 500 m length to search for fecal pellets, footprints, scrapes, and browsed plants. At each resting site we identified, we measured canopy closure, horizontal thermal cover, protection from predators for fawns and adults, escape routes, slope from the ground, presence of scrapes, cumulative importance value of the edible plant species, and distance from the resting site to the nearest water resource to characterize the site at the microhabitat scale. At the landscape scale, we identified the type of biotope, elevation, aspect, and slope. We compared all of these parameters from resting sites with a paired randomly selected site to serve as a control. We performed a multiple logistic regression to identify the parameters associated with the resting sites and a point pattern analysis to describe their distribution. We characterized 43 resting sites and their corresponding control plots. At the microhabitat scale, resting sites were associated with higher vertical thermal cover, more concealment cover, more escape routes, more edible plant species, higher slope from the ground, and closer distance to water resources. At the landscape scale, resting sites were associated with beech forest, oak forest, secondary forest, and ravine biotopes and negatively associated with pine forest, houses, and roads. Resting sites had an aggregated spatial pattern from 0 to 900 m, but their distribution was completely random at larger scales. Our study revealed that Central American brocket deer selected places with specific characteristics to rest, at both microhabitat and landscape scales. We therefore suggest that existing habitat be increased by reforesting with native species-particularly Mexican beech forest and oak forest-to improve the deer's conservation status in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Muñoz Vazquez
- Museo de Zoología “Alfonso L. Herrera”, Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico City, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas edificio D, 1ºPiso. Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria Del. Coyoacan. C. P. 04510, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Sonia Gallina Tessaro
- Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología, A.C, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Livia León-Paniagua
- Museo de Zoología “Alfonso L. Herrera”, Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico City, Mexico
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9
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Wainhouse M, Boddy L. Making hollow trees: Inoculating living trees with wood-decay fungi for the conservation of threatened taxa - A guide for conservationists. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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10
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Wuesthoff EF, Fuller TK, Sutherland C, Kamilar JM, Ramanankirahina R, Rakotondravony R, Rouse S, Radespiel U. Differential habitat use by sympatric species of mouse lemurs across a mangrove–dry forest habitat gradient. J Mammal 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyab082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms by which similar species coexist in sympatry is a major driver of ecological research. Niche partitioning and ecological plasticity can facilitate spatial and habitat use overlap between generalist and specialist species. Mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.) are a highly speciose group of small primates that are endemic to the forests of Madagascar. In northwestern Madagascar, the relatively widespread M. murinus occurs sympatrically with the microendemic M. ravelobensis. We investigated spatial distributions and densities of these two species across a mangrove–dry forest habitat gradient in Mariarano commune. We used capture-mark-recapture techniques and nocturnal line transect surveys along six transects during June and July 2017. Spatial capture-recapture and distance sampling models were used to estimate lemur densities across habitat types. The congeners displayed differential patterns of spatial distribution and densities. Microcebus murinus was found in similar densities across all habitat types, while M. ravelobensis was found at much higher densities in dry forests compared with mangroves. This suggests that the generalist M. murinus uses a wider array of habitats more evenly than the specialist M. ravelobensis. Our study provides empirical evidence of how cryptic lemur species differ in their habitat use and distribution across an environmental gradient and provides new insights into their ecology in an understudied habitat. Lemurs are one of the most threatened groups of mammals in the world, and understanding how these species are distributed across different forest types is crucial for planning and implementing conservation measures to protect lemur habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric F Wuesthoff
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Todd K Fuller
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Christopher Sutherland
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jason M Kamilar
- Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
- Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Romule Rakotondravony
- Faculté des Sciences, de Technologies et de l’Environnement, University of Mahajanga, 5 Rue Georges V - Immeuble KAKAL, Mahajanga Be, BP, Mahajanga, Madagascar
| | - Sarah Rouse
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ute Radespiel
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg, Hannover, Germany
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11
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Rößler DC, De Agrò M, Biundo E, Shamble PS. Hanging by a thread: unusual nocturnal resting behaviour in a jumping spider. Front Zool 2021; 18:23. [PMID: 34001153 PMCID: PMC8127284 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-021-00410-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For diurnal animals that heavily rely on vision, a nocturnal resting strategy that offers protection when vision is compromised, is crucial. We found a population of a common European jumping spider (Evarcha arcuata) that rests at night by suspending themselves from a single silk thread attached overhead to the vegetation, a strategy categorically unlike typical retreat-based resting in this group. Results In a comprehensive study, we collected the first quantitative field and qualitative observation data of this surprising behaviour and provide a detailed description. We tested aspects of site fidelity and disturbance response in the field to assess potential functions of suspended resting. Spiders of both sexes and all developmental stages engage in this nocturnal resting strategy. Interestingly, individual spiders are equally able to build typical silk retreats and thus actively choose between different strategies inviting questions about what factors underlie this behavioural choice. Conclusions Our preliminary data hint at a potential sensory switch from visual sensing during the day to silk-borne vibration sensing at night when vision is compromised. The described behaviour potentially is an effective anti-predator strategy either by acting as an early alarm system via vibration sensing or by bringing the animal out of reach for nocturnal predators. We propose tractable hypotheses to test an adaptive function of suspended resting. Further studies will shed light on the sensory challenges that animals face during resting phases and should target the mechanisms and strategies by which such challenges are overcome. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12983-021-00410-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela C Rößler
- John Harvard Distinguished Science Fellows Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Massimo De Agrò
- John Harvard Distinguished Science Fellows Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Elia Biundo
- Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, 54295, Germany
| | - Paul S Shamble
- John Harvard Distinguished Science Fellows Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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12
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Goldingay RL. Sex and age differences in tree cavity dependence in a small arboreal marsupial. J Zool (1987) 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. L. Goldingay
- School of Environment, Science and Engineering Southern Cross University Lismore NSW Australia
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13
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Mellor EL, Cuthill IC, Schwitzer C, Mason GJ, Mendl M. Large Lemurs: Ecological, Demographic and Environmental Risk Factors for Weight Gain in Captivity. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081443. [PMID: 32824807 PMCID: PMC7460476 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Excessive body mass, i.e., being overweight or obese, is a health concern. Some lemur species are prone to extreme weight gain in captivity, yet for others a healthy body condition is typical. The first aim of our study was to examine possible ecological explanations for these species’ differences in susceptibility to captive weight gain across 13 lemur species. Our second aim was to explore demographic and environmental risk factors across individuals from the four best-sampled species. We found a potential ecological explanation for susceptibility to captive weight gain: being adapted to unpredictable wild food resources. Additionally, we also revealed one environmental and four demographic risk factors, e.g., increasing age and, for males, being housed with only fixed climbing structures. Our results indicate targeted practical ways to help address weight issues in affected animals, e.g., by highlighting at-risk species for whom extra care should be taken when designing diets; and by providing a mixture of flexible and fixed climbing structures within enclosures. Abstract Excessive body mass, i.e., being overweight or obese, is a health concern associated with issues such as reduced fertility and lifespan. Some lemur species are prone to extreme weight gain in captivity, yet others are not. To better understand species- and individual-level effects on susceptibility to captive weight gain, we use two complementary methods: phylogenetic comparative methods to examine ecological explanations for susceptibility to weight gain across species, and epidemiological approaches to examine demographic and environment effects within species. Data on body masses and living conditions were collected using a survey, yielding useable data on 675 lemurs representing 13 species from 96 collections worldwide. Data on species-typical wild ecology for comparative analyses came from published literature and climate databases. We uncovered one potential ecological risk factor: species adapted to greater wild food resource unpredictability tended to be more prone to weight gain. Our epidemiological analyses on the four best-sampled species revealed four demographic and one environmental risk factors, e.g., for males, being housed with only fixed climbing structures. We make practical recommendations to help address weight concerns, and describe future research including ways to validate the proxy we used to infer body condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Mellor
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK;
- Correspondence:
| | - Innes C. Cuthill
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK;
| | | | - Georgia J. Mason
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Michael Mendl
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK;
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14
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Harrison NJ, Hill RA, Alexander C, Marsh CD, Nowak MG, Abdullah A, Slater HD, Korstjens AH. Sleeping trees and sleep-related behaviours of the siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) in a tropical lowland rainforest, Sumatra, Indonesia. Primates 2020; 62:63-75. [PMID: 32720108 PMCID: PMC7813730 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-020-00849-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sleeping tree selection and related behaviours of a family group and a solitary female siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) were investigated over a 5-month period in northern Sumatra, Indonesia. We performed all day follows, sleeping tree surveys and forest plot enumerations in the field. We tested whether: (1) physical characteristics of sleeping trees and the surrounding trees, together with siamang behaviours, supported selection based on predation risk and access requirements; (2) the preferences of a solitary siamang were similar to those of a family group; and (3) sleeping site locations within home ranges were indicative of home range defence, scramble competition with other groups or other species, or food requirements. Our data showed that (1) sleeping trees were tall, emergent trees with some, albeit low, connectivity to the neighbouring canopy, and that they were surrounded by other tall trees. Siamangs showed early entry into and departure from sleeping trees, and slept at the ends of branches. These results indicate that the siamangs’ choice of sleeping trees and related behaviours were strongly driven by predator avoidance. The observed regular reuse of sleeping sites, however, did not support anti-predation theory. (2) The solitary female displayed selection criteria for sleeping trees that were similar to those of the family group, but she slept more frequently in smaller trees than the latter. (3) Siamangs selected sleeping trees to avoid neighbouring groups, monopolise resources (competition), and to be near their last feeding tree. Our findings indicate selectivity in the siamangs’ use of sleeping trees, with only a few trees in the study site being used for this purpose. Any reduction in the availability of such trees might make otherwise suitable habitat unsuitable for these highly arboreal small apes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Harrison
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, BH12 5BB, UK.
| | - Ross A Hill
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, BH12 5BB, UK
| | - Cici Alexander
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 6B, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Christopher D Marsh
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, BH12 5BB, UK
| | - Matthew G Nowak
- Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme, PanEco Foundation, Chileweg 5, 8415, Berg am Irchel, Switzerland.,Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, 1000 Faner Drive, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Abdullah Abdullah
- Department of Biology, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Helen D Slater
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, BH12 5BB, UK
| | - Amanda H Korstjens
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, BH12 5BB, UK
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15
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When Northern Pigtailed Macaques (Macaca leonina) Cannot Select for Ideal Sleeping Sites in a Degraded Habitat. INT J PRIMATOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-020-00173-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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17
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Hoffmann S, Bennett NC, Jansen van Vuuren B, Lutermann H. Space use and the evolution of social monogamy in eastern rock sengis. Ethology 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Hoffmann
- Department of Zoology and Entomology Mammal Research Institute University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - Nigel C. Bennett
- Department of Zoology and Entomology Mammal Research Institute University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - Bettine Jansen van Vuuren
- Department of Zoology Centre for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife Conservation University of Johannesburg Auckland Park South Africa
| | - Heike Lutermann
- Department of Zoology and Entomology Mammal Research Institute University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
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18
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Weinberger IC, Muff S, Kranz A, Bontadina F. Riparian vegetation provides crucial shelter for resting otters in a human-dominated landscape. Mamm Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Hozer C, Pifferi F, Aujard F, Perret M. The Biological Clock in Gray Mouse Lemur: Adaptive, Evolutionary and Aging Considerations in an Emerging Non-human Primate Model. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1033. [PMID: 31447706 PMCID: PMC6696974 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms, which measure time on a scale of 24 h, are genetically generated by the circadian clock, which plays a crucial role in the regulation of almost every physiological and metabolic process in most organisms. This review gathers all the available information about the circadian clock in a small Malagasy primate, the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus), and reports 30 years data from the historical colony at Brunoy (France). Although the mouse lemur has long been seen as a "primitive" species, its clock displays high phenotypic plasticity, allowing perfect adaptation of its biological rhythms to environmental challenges (seasonality, food availability). The alterations of the circadian timing system in M. murinus during aging show many similarities with those in human aging. Comparisons are drawn with other mammalian species (more specifically, with rodents, other non-human primates and humans) to demonstrate that the gray mouse lemur is a good complementary and alternative model for studying the circadian clock and, more broadly, brain aging and pathologies.
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20
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Klein A, Strube C, Radespiel U, Springer A, Zimmermann E. Differences in infection patterns of vector-borne blood-stage parasites of sympatric Malagasy primate species ( Microcebus murinus, M. ravelobensis). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2019; 10:59-70. [PMID: 31372336 PMCID: PMC6657000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic relationship of vector-borne parasites, arthropod vectors and their hosts is prone to change under the influence of climate change, global integration, shifting demographics and deforestation. It is therefore essential to better understand parasitism in wildlife populations, including parasites transmitted by blood-feeding vectors, and explore host range and heterogeneity of parasitic infections. We investigated Giemsa stained blood smears of two sympatric Malagasy primate species (Microcebus murinus: 184 samples from 69 individuals and M. ravelobensis: 264 samples from 91 individuals) for blood-stage parasites and tested for a potential influence of host species, sex, body mass and sampling month on blood-stage parasite prevalence and infection intensity. No protozoan parasites were detected in either host species. A host-specific difference was observed in filarial nematode infections, with higher risk of infection in M. murinus (prevalence 30.43%), than in M. ravelobensis (prevalence 6.59%), which may be explained by differences in host behavior and/or immune competence, linked to the period of host-parasite coevolution. Neither sex nor sampling month influenced infection prevalence or intensity significantly. We did not observe a negative effect of microfilarial infections on host fitness when taking body mass as a proxy. Our results support the hypothesis of a long-term evolutionary adaptation of hosts and parasites, leading to persistent infection with low morbidity. Morphological and molecular analyses indicate the finding of a new species, “Lemurfilaria lemuris”. Genetic analysis furthermore showed >99% sequence identity with microfilariae described from a sympatric, larger-bodied lemur species of a different genus, suggesting low host-specificity of the detected filariae and pathogen transmission across genus boundaries. Findings contribute to a more comprehensive picture of vector-borne diseases of Malagasy lemurs. Small Malagasy primate species are hosts of the newly described Lemurfilaria lemuris. Risk of microfilarial infection and infection intensity differed between host species. This could be linked to differences in host socioecology and/or phylogeography. No influence of microfilarial infection on host body mass was observed. >99% sequence identity of filariae from lemur hosts of different genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Klein
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hanover, Germany.,Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hanover, Germany
| | - Christina Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hanover, Germany
| | - Ute Radespiel
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hanover, Germany
| | - Andrea Springer
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hanover, Germany
| | - Elke Zimmermann
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hanover, Germany
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21
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Ellison G, Wolfenden A, Kahana L, Kisingo A, Jamieson J, Jones M, Bettridge CM. Sleeping Site Selection in the Nocturnal Northern Lesser Galago (Galago senegalensis) Supports Antipredator and Thermoregulatory Hypotheses. INT J PRIMATOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-019-00085-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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22
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Luo Y, Wang L, Yang L, Tan M, Wu Y, Li Y, Li Z. Puppet resting behavior in the Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204379. [PMID: 30589844 PMCID: PMC6307704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rest contributes a large part of animals' daily life, and animals usually rest in two ways, standing or in recumbence. Small or medium sized ungulates bed to rest in most cases, and standing rest is very rare and hardly seen. Here we described a standing rest behavior of Tibetan antelopes (Pantholops hodgsonii) living on the Tibet Plateau which has not been reported before. We named the standing rest behavior Puppet behavior, since the antelope stand still for a certain time. Of the 304 individuals observed, 48.3% (98/203) of adult and sub-adult males expressed the Puppet behavior, whereas only 6.3% (6/96) of females did, indicating an obvious sexual difference. Puppet behavior occurred more frequently at noon and in the afternoon on sunny and cloudy days, meaning that daytime and weather were both influential factors. Puppet behavior was usually accompanied with rumination and sometimes ended with leg-shaking. Our results suggest that Puppet behavior may be an adaptive form of rest, which may serve a thermoregulatory and anti-predation function, and may be simpler and safer than recumbent rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchao Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Le Yang
- Tibet Plateau Institute of Biology, Lhasa, China
| | - Ming Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiqian Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongqiu Li
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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23
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Sleep patterns, daytime predation, and the evolution of diurnal sleep site selection in lorisiforms. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 166:563-577. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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24
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Ferreira AS, Le Pendu Y, Martinez RA. The use of a mixed rubber landscape by tufted-ear marmosets. Primates 2017; 59:293-300. [PMID: 29264765 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-017-0645-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With the loss and fragmentation of tropical forests, the survival of primates depends on their ability to adapt to human-introduced modifications in their habitat. Marmosets are known for their ecological and behavioral plasticity and have been registered in various agricultural landscapes. Our goal was to describe the ecology of tufted-ear marmosets (Callithrix sp.) in a rubber/forest landscape, monitoring their use of habitat and diet. We followed two groups using radio telemetry and visual observations for nine months at the Michelin plantation Ltd. in Bahia, Brazil. Both groups used mainly pioneer forest and rubber with pioneer vegetation more than expected according to availability, even though they explored all types of vegetation. Rubber monocultures act as corridors for marmoset locomotion among more suitable habitats. Feeding, gummivory and socialization were mainly performed in the pioneer forest (with or without rubber), in which most sleeping sites and food sources were found. Groups of marmosets can incorporate agroforest matrixes to their area of use and activity patterns. Maintenance of marmosets in fragmented landscapes might be favored by their diet flexibility, with the use of resources such as gum and fruit, including exotic plants. Although known for their ecological flexibility, marmosets do require certain resources to be present in native habitat to adapt to agricultural landscapes. Patches of forest within a rubber landscape and pioneer vegetation in the rubber inter-rows should be considered to maintain populations of Callithrix in rubber landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aluane S Ferreira
- Applied Ecology and Conservation Lab, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rod. Jorge Amado km 16, Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45562-900, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, UESC, Rod. Jorge Amado km 16, Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45562-900, Brazil
| | - Yvonnick Le Pendu
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, UESC, Rod. Jorge Amado km 16, Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45562-900, Brazil
| | - Romari A Martinez
- Departamento de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, UESC, Rod. Jorge Amado km 16, Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45562-900, Brazil.
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25
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Hending D, McCabe G, Holderied M. Sleeping and Ranging Behavior of the Sambirano Mouse Lemur, Microcebus sambiranensis. INT J PRIMATOL 2017; 38:1072-1089. [PMID: 29263564 PMCID: PMC5730628 DOI: 10.1007/s10764-017-9997-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Primates require secure sleeping sites for periods of rest, but despite their importance, the characteristics of desired sleeping sites are poorly known. Here we investigated the sleeping ecology of a radio-collared population of the Sambirano mouse lemur, Microcebus sambiranensis, during the nonreproductive season in the Anabohazo forest, northwestern Madagascar. We also investigated their ranging behavior and examined the spatial distribution of sleeping sites within the home ranges of the collared individuals. We took measurements of the sleeping tree's physical characteristics and recorded the number of collared individuals using each sleeping site. We found that M. sambiranensis generally use foliage sleeping sites more frequently than tree holes and individuals slept more frequently in densely foliated trees than in sparsely foliated trees, often alone. We observed no significant differences in home range size or nightly travel distance between males and females; however, home ranges were smaller than those described for other mouse lemur species. Finally, we found that M. sambiranensis sleep peripherally and forage centrally within their home ranges, a behavior not previously described for mouse lemurs. Our results indicate profound differences in the social organization between M. sambiranensis and other mouse lemur species described in the literature, suggesting species-specificity in mouse lemur ecology. Understanding the sleeping ecology and ranging behavior of mouse lemurs is of great importance to their conservation, as these data facilitate the planning of long-term reforestation, habitat management, and population assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Hending
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TH UK
- Bristol Zoological Society, Clifton, Bristol, BS8 3HA UK
| | - Grainne McCabe
- Bristol Zoological Society, Clifton, Bristol, BS8 3HA UK
| | - Marc Holderied
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TH UK
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26
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Multiple Ecological Factors Influence the Location of Proboscis Monkey (Nasalis larvatus) Sleeping Sites in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. INT J PRIMATOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-017-9953-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Eppley TM, Watzek J, Dausmann KH, Ganzhorn JU, Donati G. Huddling is more important than rest site selection for thermoregulation in southern bamboo lemurs. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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28
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Rakotomalala EJ, Rakotondraparany F, Perofsky AC, Lewis RJ. Characterization of the Tree Holes Used by Lepilemur ruficaudatus in the Dry, Deciduous Forest of Kirindy Mitea National Park. Folia Primatol (Basel) 2017; 88:28-41. [PMID: 28407630 DOI: 10.1159/000464406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the key resources for a species is critical for developing an effective conservation strategy. Kirindy Mitea National Park is an important refuge for the red-tailed sportive lemur (Lepilemur ruficaudatus), a nocturnal folivorous lemur endemic to the dry deciduous forest of western Madagascar. Because L. ruficaudatus sleeps in tree holes during the day, sleeping trees may be an important resource for this species. Our goal was to characterize the sleeping sites used by L. ruficaudatus at the Ankoatsifaka Research Station in Kirindy Mitea National Park. In July and August 2012, tree characteristics were recorded for 60 L. ruficaudatus sleeping sites. Intact and alive trees, particularly Strychnos madagascariensis, were preferred by L. ruficaudatus. Sleeping holes were generally located in taller trees (median hole height = 4 m) and in trees with large girths (median = 20.5 cm). Greater protection from predators and thermal shifts may be provided by intact trees and concealed tree holes. Because tree characteristics can influence the presence and abundance of forest-living primates, the availability and characteristics of particular trees as potential sleeping shelters in a habitat must be taken into account in conservation strategies for L. ruficaudatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis J Rakotomalala
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
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29
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Female dominance in two basal primates, Microcebus murinus and Microcebus lehilahytsara: variation and determinants. Anim Behav 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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30
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Eppley TM, Donati G, Ganzhorn JU. Unusual sleeping site selection by southern bamboo lemurs. Primates 2016; 57:167-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s10329-016-0516-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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31
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Karanewsky CJ, Wright PC. A preliminary investigation of sleeping site selection and sharing by the brown mouse lemurMicrocebus rufusduring the dry season. J Mammal 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyv143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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32
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Hohenbrink S, Koberstein-Schwarz M, Zimmermann E, Radespiel U. Shades of gray mouse lemurs: Ontogeny of female dominance and dominance-related behaviors in a nocturnal primate. Am J Primatol 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hohenbrink
- Institute of Zoology; University of Veterinary Medicine; Hannover Germany
| | | | - Elke Zimmermann
- Institute of Zoology; University of Veterinary Medicine; Hannover Germany
| | - Ute Radespiel
- Institute of Zoology; University of Veterinary Medicine; Hannover Germany
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33
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Goldingay RL. A review of home-range studies on Australian terrestrial vertebrates: adequacy of studies, testing of hypotheses, and relevance to conservation and international studies. AUST J ZOOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/zo14060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Describing the spatial requirements of animals is central to understanding their ecology and conservation needs. I reviewed 115 studies describing the home ranges of Australian terrestrial vertebrates that were published during 2001–12. Understanding the features that characterise best practice can guide future studies. I aimed to: evaluate the adequacy of these studies, examine the use of current analysis techniques, examine the application of home-range knowledge to species’ management, and examine hypotheses that seek to explain the size and location of home ranges. The reviewed studies were unevenly distributed across taxa with a majority (68%) involving mammals compared with birds (12%), reptiles (19%) and frogs (1%). Many studies had various shortcomings, suggesting that they had not fully described home ranges; many (41%) involved 10 or fewer individuals, ≤50 locations per individual (44%), and spanned periods of ≤3 months (46%). Studies of short duration risk underestimating home-range area and overlooking seasonal habitat use. Global positioning system telemetry was used in 10% of Australian studies. Many were also of short duration. Despite frequent criticism in the literature, the Minimum Convex Polygon was the most frequently used home-range estimator (84% of studies), followed by the Fixed Kernel (45% of studies). Applying knowledge of home ranges appears to be underappreciated, with only 39% of studies explicitly aiming to address management or conservation issues. Only three studies tested hypotheses that may explain home-range characteristics. Resource (food and shelter) distribution and, in one case, its heterogeneity, shaped home-range characteristics. I found that most studies use the term ‘home range’ in an indiscriminate way. Only 11% of studies within the international literature used qualifying terms (e.g. seasonal, annual). Tracking period is shown to influence home-range estimates. Therefore, I recommend that qualifying terms be used more frequently to avoid confusion when referring to animal home ranges.
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Brown DD, Montgomery RA, Millspaugh JJ, Jansen PA, Garzon‐Lopez CX, Kays R. Selection and spatial arrangement of rest sites within northern tamandua home ranges. J Zool (1987) 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. D. Brown
- Department of Biology Western Kentucky University Bowling Green KY USA
| | - R. A. Montgomery
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences University of Missouri Columbia MO USA
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
| | - J. J. Millspaugh
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences University of Missouri Columbia MO USA
| | - P. A. Jansen
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Ancón Panamá Panama
- Department of Environmental Sciences Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - C. X. Garzon‐Lopez
- The Netherlands Community and Conservation Ecology University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
- Grupo ARCO Centro Empresarial Potosi Sopo Colombia
| | - R. Kays
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Ancón Panamá Panama
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences Raleigh NC USA
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA
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35
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Williams RL, Goodenough AE, Hart AG, Stafford R. Using Long-Term Volunteer Records to Examine Dormouse (Muscardinusavellanarius) Nestbox Selection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67986. [PMID: 23826351 PMCID: PMC3694881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Within ecology, there are unanswered questions about species-habitat interactions, which could potentially be resolved by a pragmatic analysis of a long-term volunteer-collected dataset. Here, we analysed 18 years of volunteer-collected data from a UK dormouse nestbox monitoring programme to determine the influence of habitat variables on nestbox choice by common dormice (Muscardinusavellanarius). We measured a range of habitat variables in a coppiced woodland in Gloucestershire, UK, and analysed these in relation to dormouse nestbox occupancy records (by dormice, other small mammals, and birds) collected by volunteers. While some characteristics of the woodland had changed over 18 years, simple transformation of the data and interpretation of the results indicated that the dataset was informative. Using stepwise regressions, multiple environmental and ecological factors were found to determine nestbox selection. Distance from the edge of the wood was the most influential (this did not change over 18 years), with boxes in the woodland interior being selected preferentially. There was a significant negative relationship with the presence of ferns (indicative of damp shady conditions). The presence of oak (a long-lived species), and the clumped structural complexity of the canopy were also important factors in the final model. There was no evidence of competition between dormice and birds or other mammals. The results provide greater understanding of artificial dormouse nest-site requirements and indicate that, in terms of habitat selection, long-term volunteer-collected datasets contribute usefully to understanding the requirements of species with an important conservation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Williams
- School of Natural and Social Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, United Kingdom
| | - Anne E. Goodenough
- School of Natural and Social Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, United Kingdom
| | - Adam G. Hart
- School of Natural and Social Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Stafford
- School of Applied Sciences, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Poole, United Kingdom
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36
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Vuarin P, Dammhahn M, Henry P. Individual flexibility in energy saving: body size and condition constrain torpor use. Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Vuarin
- UMR 7179 CNRS‐MNHN 1 avenue du Petit Château 91800 Brunoy France
| | - Melanie Dammhahn
- Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology Unit German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research Kellnerweg 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
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37
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Effects of Habitat Degradation on Sleeping Site Choice and Use in Sahamalaza Sportive Lemurs (Lepilemur sahamalazensis). INT J PRIMATOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-013-9658-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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38
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Cheyne SM, Höing A, Rinear J, Sheeran LK. Sleeping site selection by agile gibbons: the influence of tree stability, fruit availability and predation risk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 83:299-311. [PMID: 23363590 DOI: 10.1159/000342145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Primates spend a significant proportion of their lives at sleeping sites: the selection of a secure and stable sleeping tree can be crucial for individual survival and fitness. We measured key characteristics of all tree species in which agile gibbons slept, including exposure of the tree crown, root system, height, species and presence of food. Gibbons most frequently slept in Dipterocarpaceae and Fabaceae trees and preferentially chose trees taller than average, slept above the mean canopy height and showed a preference for liana-free trees. These choices could reflect avoidance of competition with other frugivores, but we argue these choices reflect gibbons prioritizing avoidance of predation. The results highlight that gibbons are actively selecting and rejecting sleeping trees based on several characteristics. The importance of the presence of large trees for food is noted and provides insight into gibbon antipredatory behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Cheyne
- Orangutan Tropical Peatland Project, Palangka Raya, Indonesia. susan.cheyne @ zoo.ox.ac.uk
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Eichmueller P, Thorén S, Radespiel U. The lack of female dominance in golden-brown mouse lemurs suggests alternative routes in lemur social evolution. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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