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Kamimura Y, Matsumura Y, Yang CCS, Gorb SN. Random or handedness? Use of laterally paired penises in Nala earwigs (Insecta: Dermaptera: Labiduridae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Animals can show bias in their use of laterally paired organs that do not have any conspicuous anatomical differentiation between the right and left organs. Like right handedness in humans, males of the giant earwig Labidura riparia (Labiduridae: Labidurinae) preferentially (~90%) use the right one of their laterally paired penises for copulation. To elucidate the evolutionary origin of this lateralization, patterns of penis use were examined for the related species of the genus Nala (Labiduridae: Nalinae). In multiple populations and broods of both Nala lividipes and Nala nepalensis, males that were ready to use the right or left penis were equally frequent, providing a striking contrast to Labidura. Surgical ablation of one of the two penises revealed that both penises are functionally competent in N. lividipes. Nevertheless, each male almost consistently used only one of the paired penises, either the right or the left one. Changes in penis use were estimated to occur only once per 64–143 days per male. The present study is the first report of individual-level lateralization for animal genitalia that do not show any conspicuous anatomical differentiation between the right and left organs. Possible advantages of lateralization are discussed in relationship to co-evolution of the genitalia between the sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoko Matsumura
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
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Stuart OP, Binns M, Umina PA, Holloway J, Severtson D, Nash M, Heddle T, van Helden M, Hoffmann AA. Morphological and Molecular Analysis of Australian Earwigs (Dermaptera) Points to Unique Species and Regional Endemism in the Anisolabididae Family. INSECTS 2019; 10:E72. [PMID: 30875825 PMCID: PMC6468374 DOI: 10.3390/insects10030072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dermaptera (earwigs) from the Anisolabididae family may be important for pest control but their taxonomy and status in Australia is poorly studied. Here we used taxonomic information to assess the diversity of southern Australian Anisolabididae and then applied cox1 barcodes as well as additional gene fragments (mitochondrial and nuclear) to corroborate classification and assess the monophyly of the putative genera. Anisolabididae morphospecies fell into two genera, Anisolabis Fieber and Gonolabis Burr, based on paramere morphology. Combinations of paramere and forceps morphology distinguished seven morphospecies, which were further supported by morphometric analyses. The morphospecies were corroborated by barcode data; all showed within-species genetic distance < 4% and between-species genetic distance > 10%. Molecular phylogenies did not support monophyly of putative genera nor clades based on paramere shape, instead pointing to regional clades distinguishable by forceps morphology. This apparent endemism needs to be further tested by sampling of earwig diversity outside of agricultural production regions but points to a unique regional insect fauna potentially important in pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver P Stuart
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Matthew Binns
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
- Agriculture and Food Business Unit, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Black Mountain, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.
| | - Paul A Umina
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
- Cesar, 293 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Joanne Holloway
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Pine Gully Road, Charles Sturt University, New South Wales 2795, Australia.
| | - Dustin Severtson
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, Western Australia 6151, Australia.
| | - Michael Nash
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, the University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia.
- School of Life Science, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia.
| | - Thomas Heddle
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Entomology, Waite Road, Waite, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia.
| | - Maarten van Helden
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, the University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia.
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Entomology, Waite Road, Waite, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia.
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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Kamimura Y, Ferreira RL. Earwigs from Brazilian caves, with notes on the taxonomic and nomenclatural problems of the Dermaptera (Insecta). Zookeys 2017; 713:25-52. [PMID: 29187791 PMCID: PMC5704199 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.713.15118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on samples collected during surveys of Brazilian cave fauna, seven earwig species are reported: Cylindrogaster cavernicola Kamimura, sp. n., Cylindrogaster sp. 1, Cylindrogaster sp. 2, Euborellia janeirensis, Euborellia brasiliensis, Paralabellula dorsalis, and Doru luteipes, as well as four species identified to the (sub)family level. To date, C. cavernicola Kamimura, sp. n. has been recorded only from cave habitats (but near entrances), whereas the other four organisms identified at the species level have also been recorded from non-cave habitats. Wings and female genital structures of Cylindrogaster spp. (Cylindrogastrinae) are examined for the first time. The genital traits, including the gonapophyses of the 8th abdominal segment shorter than those of the 9th segement, and venation of the hind wings of Cylindrogastrinae correspond to those of the members of Diplatyidae and not to Pygidicranidae. This is the first synopsis of cave-dwelling earwigs of Brazil, one of the most species-rich areas of Dermaptera in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Kamimura
- Department of Biology, Keio University, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8521, Japan
| | - Rodrigo L. Ferreira
- Center of Studies in Subterranean Biology, Biology Department, Federal University of Lavras, CEP 37200-000 Lavras (MG), Brazil
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Matsumura Y, Kubo T. Eversion and withdrawal of an intromittent organ before sexual maturation prepares male beetles for copulation. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:161029. [PMID: 28878960 PMCID: PMC5579075 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.161029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Some species of criocerine beetles have a hyper-elongated part of the intromittent organ called a flagellum. In resting position, the flagellum is stored in a specialized internal sac in the intromittent organ. This specialized state of the flagellum and internal sac is indispensable during copulation for flagellar insertion into the female spermathecal duct for sperm transfer. However, the morphogenesis of the flagellum does not generate the active state of the flagellum; rather, the flagellum is generated in an inactive and completely coiled state. After eclosion, males of Lema coronata evert and withdraw the internal sac multiple times before sexual maturation, without mounting a female. This behaviour serves to uncoil the flagellum and guide it into the active state with the aid of surface structures on the internal sac. A closely related species, Lema dilecta, also has a long flagellum and undergoes the same behaviour to place the flagellum in the active position. However, some other species of criocerine beetles with much shorter flagella can attain the active state without exhibiting this behaviour. Based on a previously proposed phylogenetic tree, we discuss the evolutionary history of the hyper-elongation of the flagellum and associated behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Matsumura
- Laboratory of Systematic Entomology, Department of Ecology and Systematics, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Takuya Kubo
- Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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Filippov AE, Matsumura Y, Kovalev AE, Gorb SN. Stiffness gradient of the beetle penis facilitates propulsion in the spiraled female spermathecal duct. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27608. [PMID: 27334674 PMCID: PMC4918010 DOI: 10.1038/srep27608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that sexual selection is the main driving force of substantial diversity of genitalia found in animals. However, how it facilitates the diversity is still largely unknown, because genital morpho/physical features and motions/functional morphology of the structures in sexual intercourse are not linked for the vast majority of organisms. Here we showed the presence of material gradient and numerically studied an effect of stiffness gradient of the beetle penis during its propulsion through the female duct. We found that stiffness gradient on the penis essentially affects its propulsion. Microscopic investigation suggests the possibility that the tip of the hyper-elongated penis is softer than the rest of it, and our numerical model confirms that this type of distribution of stiffness gradient aids in faster propulsion than other types. This result indicates that previously ignored physical properties of genital materials are of crucial importance in evolutionary studies of genitalia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E Filippov
- Department Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute of the Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.,Donetsk Institute for Physics and Engineering, National Academy of Science, 340114, Donetsk, Ukraine
| | - Yoko Matsumura
- Department Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute of the Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.,Department of Biology, Keio University, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8521, Japan
| | - Alexander E Kovalev
- Department Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute of the Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Department Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute of the Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
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Kamimura Y, Tee HS, Lee CY. Ovoviviparity and genital evolution: a lesson from an earwig species with coercive traumatic mating and accidental breakage of elongated intromittent organs. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Kamimura
- Department of Biology; Keio University; 4-1-1 Hiyoshi Yokohama 223-8521 Japan
- Urban Entomology Laboratory; Vector Control Research Unit; School of Biological Sciences; Universiti Sains Malaysia; Minden 11800 Penang Malaysia
| | - Hui-Siang Tee
- Urban Entomology Laboratory; Vector Control Research Unit; School of Biological Sciences; Universiti Sains Malaysia; Minden 11800 Penang Malaysia
| | - Chow-Yang Lee
- Urban Entomology Laboratory; Vector Control Research Unit; School of Biological Sciences; Universiti Sains Malaysia; Minden 11800 Penang Malaysia
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Kalinka AT. How did viviparity originate and evolve? Of conflict, co-option, and cryptic choice. Bioessays 2015; 37:721-31. [PMID: 25904118 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
I propose that the underlying adaptation enabling the reproductive strategy of birthing live young (viviparity) is retraction of the site of fertilization within the female reproductive tract, and that this evolved as a means of postcopulatory sexual selection. There are three conspicuous aspects associated with viviparity: (i) internal development is a complex trait often accompanied by a suite of secondary adaptations, yet it is unclear how the intermediate state of this trait - egg retention - could have evolved; (ii) viviparity often results in a reduction in fecundity; (iii) viviparity has evolved independently many times across a diverse array of animal groups. Focusing on the Diptera (true flies), I provide explanations for these observations. I further propose that fecundity is not traded-off to enable potential benefits of viviparity, but rather that loss of fecundity is directly selected and egg retention is an indirect consequence - a model that provides a unifying common basis for the ubiquity of viviparity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex T Kalinka
- Institute of Population genetics, Vetmeduni, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
In many animal groups genital structures appear to have evolved extremely rapidly, prompting enduring interest in why this is so. Throughout this literature there remains a bias towards studying male genitalia; here we examine the extent of that bias and its possible causes. The diversity, variability, and apparent rapid evolution of animal genitalia are a vivid focus of research in evolutionary biology, and studies exploring genitalia have dramatically increased over the past decade. These studies, however, exhibit a strong male bias, which has worsened since 2000, despite the fact that this bias has been explicitly pointed out in the past. Early critics argued that previous investigators too often considered only males and their genitalia, while overlooking female genitalia or physiology. Our analysis of the literature shows that overall this male bias has worsened with time. The degree of bias is not consistent between subdisciplines: studies of the lock-and-key hypothesis have been the most male focused, while studies of cryptic female choice usually consider both sexes. The degree of bias also differed across taxonomic groups, but did not associate with the ease of study of male and female genital characteristics. We argue that the persisting male bias in this field cannot solely be explained by anatomical sex differences influencing accessibility. Rather the bias reflects enduring assumptions about the dominant role of males in sex, and invariant female genitalia. New research highlights how rapidly female genital traits can evolve, and how complex coevolutionary dynamics between males and females can shape genital structures. We argue that understanding genital evolution is hampered by an outdated single-sex bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Ah-King
- Centre for Gender Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Centre for Gender and Future Research, Marburg University, Marburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrew B. Barron
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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