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Li BL, Hu PH, Guo L, Che YL, Wang ZQ. Discovery of five new species of Allacta from Yunnan and Hainan, China (Blattodea, Pseudophyllodromiidae). Zookeys 2024; 1191:1-21. [PMID: 38357249 PMCID: PMC10862344 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1191.113043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
We examined new Allacta materials from Yunnan and Hainan Province, China, and discovered new species using both morphological and molecular species delimitation (ABGD) methods. Five new species are described: A.bifolium Li & Wang, sp. nov., A.hemiptera Li & Wang, sp. nov., A.lunulara Li & Wang, sp. nov., A.redacta Li & Wang, sp. nov., and A.unicaudata Li & Wang, sp. nov. All five species are placed under the hamifera species group. An updated key and checklist of Allacta species from China are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bian-Lun Li
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, ChinaSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Peng-Hui Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, ChinaSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Lin Guo
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, ChinaSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yan-Li Che
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, ChinaSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Zong-Qing Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, ChinaSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
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2
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Lopez-Trujillo E, Segura S, Sánchez-Schmidt JM. Painful Hemorrhage of Vestibular Papillae: A Probably Underreported Complication of Vestibular Papillomatosis. Dermatol Pract Concept 2024; 14:dpc.1401a15. [PMID: 38364418 PMCID: PMC10868893 DOI: 10.5826/dpc.1401a15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Segura
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Ghanbari Z, Kazemi M, Eshraghi N, Shiri Hamedani S, Zafarbakhsh A. "Normal vulva" based on the first national Labiagram design in adult Iranian women not seeking female genital cosmetic surgery: a pilot study. Sex Med 2023; 11:qfad070. [PMID: 38250335 PMCID: PMC10799718 DOI: 10.1093/sexmed/qfad070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies have been published to present normal values of female genitalia in different age and racial groups. Aim The primary objective of our study was to measure the parameters of the external genitalia in adult Iranian women, record the data using the Labiagram system (the first national Labiagram design in Iran), and establish a preliminary database. Methods A descriptive study was conducted from March 2022 to December 2022, involving 220 nonpregnant adult women who presented to the gynecology clinic. Women who met the inclusion criteria for the study underwent a comprehensive examination of the external genitalia. The data collected during the examinations were recorded in electronic files and the Labiagram system. Outcomes The data showed the diversity of external genital parameters of nonpregnant adult Iranian women. Results In this descriptive study, the mean ± SD age of the participants was 51.5 ± 13.44 years, ranging from 15 to 84 years. A total of 192 women (87.3%) had a history of vaginal delivery. There was no statistically significant difference observed in the average measurements of the vulva among the 4 age groups (P < .05). The Pearson correlation coefficient test indicated a statistically weak correlation between body mass index and perineum length (r = 0.174, P = .010). Additionally, a weak correlation was found between body mass index and the width of the labia minora at the left-lower point (r = 0.143, P = .030) and the right-middle point (r = 0.146, P = .031). Furthermore, the results demonstrated that women with a history of vaginal delivery had a significantly longer introitus (49.3 vs 44.3 mm, P = .037), longer labia majora (91.3 vs 87.3 mm, P = .046), and longer labia minora (56.8 vs 50.9 mm, P = .008) when compared with women without prior labor experience. Clinical Implications The data will be used as a basis for future studies. Strengths and Limitations The use of simple tools for the measuring, data recording, and digital drawing of female external genital anatomy, along with privacy protection, is one of the strengths of this research. The weakness is the small sample size, which is the reason for piloting the Labiagram chart for more extensive studies. Conclusion Increasing age and the number of births had no statistically significant effect on the size of external genital parameters among Iranian women. Despite the considerable diversity in these parameters, it has not resulted in a significant demand among Iranian women for female cosmetic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinat Ghanbari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vali-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417613151, Iran
| | - Maryam Kazemi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vali-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417613151, Iran
| | - Nasim Eshraghi
- Vali-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Family Health Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1419733141, Iran
| | - Sina Shiri Hamedani
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, 59811-34197, Iran
| | - Azam Zafarbakhsh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, 73461-81746, Iran
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Wolski A, Masłowski A, Taszakowski A. Revisiting the Taxonomy of Cylapocoris Carvalho, 1954 (Hemiptera: Miridae: Cylapinae) with Descriptions of Five New Species and Morphology-Based Phylogenetic Analysis of the Genus. Insects 2023; 14:721. [PMID: 37754689 PMCID: PMC10531595 DOI: 10.3390/insects14090721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides descriptions of five new species of the Neotropical genus Cylapocoris Carvalho, 1954 (C. bimaculatus n. sp., C. brooksi n. sp., C. carvalhoi n. sp., C. scutellatus n. sp., and C. simplexoides n. sp.). Cylapocoris and Cylapocoroides Carvalho, 1989 are redescribed and rediagnosed. Illustrations of male genitalia, scanning electron micrographs of selected structures of certain taxa, and an identification key to species are provided. Female genitalia are described and illustrated for the first time for Cylapocoris in nine out of 19 known species. A cladistic analysis of the genus, based on 62 morphological characters, is presented as a contribution to the understanding of relationships within Cylapocoris and its relationships with other groups of Cylapinae. The analysis comprises 16 ingroup species and 15 outgroup taxa. Both equal and implied weighting parsimony analyses were used in the phylogenetic reconstruction. We confirm the monophyly of Cylapocoris and its sister-group relationship with Cylapocoroides. Additionally, we identify subgroupings within Cylapocoris. Intertribal relationships within Cylapinae are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Wolski
- Institute of Biology, University of Opole, Oleska 22, 45-052 Opole, Poland
| | - Adrian Masłowski
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Artur Taszakowski
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland;
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5
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Beckmann MW, Borkenhagen A, Fahlbusch C, Gold D, Hoffmann J, Löhrs B, Luze H, Mirastschijski U, OʼDey DM, Pöschke P, Remmel E, Schaefer D, Schulmeyer CE, Schuster T, Sohn M, von Fritschen U, Beier JP. Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeries on the Female Genitalia. Guideline of the DGGG, DGPRÄC, OEGGG and SGGG (S2k-Level, AWMF Registry No. 009/019, May 2022). Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2023; 83:802-826. [PMID: 37404977 PMCID: PMC10317568 DOI: 10.1055/a-2065-4458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim This official guideline was coordinated and published by the German Society for Gynaecology and Obstetrics (DGGG), the German Society for Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery (DGPRÄC), the Austrian Society for Gynaecology and Obstetrics (OEGGG), and the Swiss Society for Gynaecology and Obstetrics (SGGG). The guideline aims to provide a consensus-based overview of reconstructive and aesthetic surgeries on female genitalia based on an evaluation of the relevant literature. Methods This S2k-guideline was developed by representative members from different medical professions on behalf of the guidelines commission of the DGGG, DGPRÄC, OEGGG and SGGG using a structured consensus process. Recommendations Statements and recommendations on the epidemiology, aetiology, classification, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of acquired changes of the external genitalia are presented and special situations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias W. Beckmann
- Frauenklinik des Universitätsklinikums Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen/Europäische Metropolregion Nürnberg
(CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ada Borkenhagen
- Universitätsklinik für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christine Fahlbusch
- Frauenklinik des Universitätsklinikums Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen/Europäische Metropolregion Nürnberg
(CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniela Gold
- Universitätsklinik für Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe, Abteilung für Gynäkologie, Medizinische Universität Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Juergen Hoffmann
- Brustzentrum, Abteilung für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bettina Löhrs
- Abteilung für Geburtshilfe und Gynäkologie, Klinikum Landshut, Landshut, Germany
| | - Hanna Luze
- Klinische Abteilung für Plastische, Ästhetische und Rekonstruktive Chirurgie, Abteilung für Chirurgie, Medizinische Universität Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Dan M. OʼDey
- Klinik für Plastische, Rekonstruktive und Ästhetische Chirurgie, Handchirurgie, Zentrum für Rekonstruktive Chirurgie weiblicher Geschlechtsmerkmale, Luisenhospital Aachen,
Lehrkrankenhaus der RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Patrik Pöschke
- Frauenklinik des Universitätsklinikums Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen/Europäische Metropolregion Nürnberg
(CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eugenia Remmel
- Plastische & Ästhetische Chirurgie im Rheinland, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dirk Schaefer
- Klinik für Plastische, Rekonstruktive, Ästhetische und Handchirurgie, Universitätsspital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carla E. Schulmeyer
- Frauenklinik des Universitätsklinikums Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen/Europäische Metropolregion Nürnberg
(CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Schuster
- Abteilung für Kinderchirurgie, Klinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sohn
- Klinik für Urologie, Agaplesion Markus-Krankenhaus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Uwe von Fritschen
- Klinik für Plastische- und Ästhetische Chirurgie, Handchirurgie, Helios Klinikum Emil von Behring, Berlin, Germany
| | - Justus P. Beier
- Klinik für Plastische Chirurgie, Hand- und Verbrennungschirurgie, Universitätsklinik RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Oliveira-Correia JPS, Gil-Santana HR, Dos Santos-Mallet JR, Galvão C. Characterization of External Female Genitalia in Five Triatoma Laporte Species of South America (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8050240. [PMID: 37235288 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8050240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are 158 valid species of triatomines, all of which are potential vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. The correct taxonomic identification of triatomines is essential since each species hos a different epidemiological importance. The aim of the study is to compare five species of South American Triatoma. Here we present a comparative study of terminal abdominal segments in females by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the species Triatoma delpontei, T. jurbergi, T. infestans var. melanosoma, T. platensis, and T. vandae. The results showed diagnostic characters for the studied species. The dorsal view featured more valuable characters, with seven informative characters. Similarities were observed among T. delpontei, T. infestans var. melanosoma, and T. platensis, and between T. jurbergi and T. vandae, correlating with previous studies. Thus, female genital characters proved to be reliable and useful in the diagnosis of the Triatoma species studied here; additional studies, along with other sets of behavioral, morphological, and molecular data, helped to reinforce the hypotheses found here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jacenir Reis Dos Santos-Mallet
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz 21040-900, Brazil
- Laboratório de Vigilância e Biodiversidade em Saúde, Universidade Iguaçu, Nova Iguaçu 26260-045, Brazil
| | - Cleber Galvão
- Laboratório Nacional e Internacional de Referência em Taxonomia de Triatomíneos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz 21040-900, Brazil
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Hayes JA, Temple-Smith MJ. Teaching vulval anatomy in the twenty-first century: The Australian experience. Anat Sci Educ 2023. [PMID: 36807881 DOI: 10.1002/ase.2264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Anatomy has often been regarded as an immutable discipline where everything that needs to be known is known. This article focuses on the teaching of vulval anatomy, the diversification of gender in contemporary society, and the increasing popularity of the Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery (FGCS) industry. The binary language and singular structural arrangements contained in lectures and chapters on "female genital anatomy" are nowadays rendered exclusive and incomplete. A series of 31 semi-structured interviews with Australian anatomy teachers identified barriers and facilitators for teaching vulval anatomy to contemporary student cohorts. Barriers included lack of connection to contemporary clinical practice, time and technical difficulty involved in regularly updating online presentations, the crowded curriculum, personal sensitivity to teaching vulval anatomy, and reluctance to introduce inclusive terminology. Facilitators included lived experience, regular use of social media, and institutional initiatives toward inclusivity including the support of queer colleagues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Hayes
- Department of General Practice, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Meredith J Temple-Smith
- Department of General Practice, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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8
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Cheng Z, Kamimura Y, Ferreira RL, Lienhard C, Yoshizawa K. Acquisition of novel muscles enabled protruding and retracting mechanisms of female penis in sex-role reversed cave insects. R Soc Open Sci 2023; 10:220471. [PMID: 36686554 PMCID: PMC9832286 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Brazilian sex-role reversed cave insects (genus Neotrogla) have a striking structure called the gynosome (or female penis), which deeply penetrates male vagina-like genitalia during copulation to receive nutritious semen. However, the protruding and retracting mechanisms of the female penis, including their evolutionary origin, are poorly understood. By using micro-computed tomography (µCT), we compared the genital morphology and musculature between species with a gynosome and others lacking this structure. As a result, we discovered two groups of muscles related to the protrusion and retraction of gynosomes. These muscles were also observed in species with non-protrusible prepenis. This suggests that evolution of these muscles preceded the acquisition of the protruding function of the gynosome, originally having a putative stimulatory function to receive nutritious semen. This intermediate stage probably allowed for the reversal of genital functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Cheng
- Systematic Entomology, School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | | | - Rodrigo L. Ferreira
- Ecology and Conservation, Federal University of Lavras, CEP 37200-900 Lavras (MG), Brazil
| | - Charles Lienhard
- Geneva Natural History Museum, 1211 Geneva 6, CP 6434 Switzerland
| | - Kazunori Yoshizawa
- Systematic Entomology, School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
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9
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Deng X, Shan J, Xiao C, Zhu J, Wang Z, Che Y. Establishment of two new Anaplecta species (Blattodea, Blattoidea, Anaplectidae) based on morphological and COI data with an additional description of Anaplectafurcata Deng & Che, 2020. Zookeys 2022; 1130:153-166. [PMID: 36761016 PMCID: PMC9836627 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1130.87810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on morphological characteristics, including male and female genitalia, combined with DNA barcodes, two new species, Anaplectacircinalis Deng & Che, sp. nov. and Anaplectabihamata Deng & Che, sp. nov., are described in detail. Additional information on the female genitalia of Anaplectafurcata Deng & Che, 2020 is also provided. Photographs of external morphology and caudal anatomy of these species, as well as a key to the Chinese Anaplecta species, are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Deng
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, ChinaSouthwest UniversityBeibeiChina
| | - Jieyu Shan
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, ChinaSouthwest UniversityBeibeiChina
| | - Chengcheng Xiao
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, ChinaSouthwest UniversityBeibeiChina
| | - Jing Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, ChinaSouthwest UniversityBeibeiChina
| | - Zongqing Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, ChinaSouthwest UniversityBeibeiChina
| | - Yanli Che
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, ChinaSouthwest UniversityBeibeiChina
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10
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Brockmann E, Zhang J, Cong Q, Grishin NV. Genomics reveals a new genus and species from a single female specimen (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae: Hesperiini: Moncina). Insecta mundi 2022; 2022:0957. [PMID: 36275857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
New taxa in Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) are traditionally proposed after inspection of male genitalia, which largely form the basis for Hesperiidae taxonomy. However, with genomic DNA sequencing, even a single female specimen can be placed in a phylogenetic context of existing classification and taxonomically assigned with confidence. Genomic sequencing of an unusually patterned Hesperiidae female from San Martin, Peru, characterized by pearly spots outlining an inverted heart pattern on the rust-colored ventral hindwing, reveals that it represents an undescribed genus and species named here as Gemmia buechei Brockmann and Grishin, new genus and new species.
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Xochipiltecatl D, Cordero C, Baixeras J. The Functional Morphology of the Bursa Copulatrix of a Butterfly That Does Not Digest Spermatophores ( Leptophobiaaripa, Pieridae). Insects 2022; 13:714. [PMID: 36005339 PMCID: PMC9409082 DOI: 10.3390/insects13080714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The bursa copulatrix of female Lepidoptera is a complex organ where crucial male-female reproductive interactions occur during and after copulation. The bursa copulatrix receives, stores, and digests the spermatophore and other substances transferred by the male during copulation, and is involved in changes in female receptivity, ovogenesis, and oviposition. Although females of the butterfly Leptophobia aripa do not digest the spermatophore, they possess a prominent signum. Since, in general, the function of the signum is considered to be the piercing or tearing of the spermatophore to initiate its digestion, its presence in L. aripa poses a conundrum. We undertook a microscopic study of the different components of the bursa copulatrix (ductus bursae and corpus bursae) and found structural differences that we interpreted in functional terms. We provide a detailed description of the signum and present experimental data regarding its effect on the spermatophore. Our observations led us to propose a novel hypothesis regarding the function of the signum.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Xochipiltecatl
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - Carlos Cordero
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - Joaquín Baixeras
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de Valencia, Paterna, 6980 Valencia, Spain
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12
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Hayes JA, Temple‐Smith MJ. New context, new content-Rethinking genital anatomy in textbooks. Anat Sci Educ 2022; 15:943-956. [PMID: 35098676 PMCID: PMC9541205 DOI: 10.1002/ase.2173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
It has been widely claimed that reductions in allocated teaching time and the widespread implementation of short-cut teaching methodologies have led to a shortfall in anatomy knowledge among graduating doctors. This decline in knowledge is evident in the failure of anatomy content to prepare graduates for contemporary clinical practice. The implications for postgraduate surgical training are addressed in the numerous extracurricular anatomy courses available to surgical candidates. This paper focuses on genital diversity and its relevance to non-surgical graduates, thus highlighting another potential impact of this knowledge shortfall on frontline clinic consultations. As the gender revolution and female genital cosmetic surgery industry flourish, nothing in contemporary anatomy textbooks addresses issues of diversification of female genitalia nor gives medical graduates a realistic view of what is normal regarding female genital appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Hayes
- Department of General PracticeMelbourne Medical SchoolUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceSchool of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Meredith J. Temple‐Smith
- Department of General PracticeMelbourne Medical SchoolUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
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Pavlicev M, Herdina AN, Wagner G. Female Genital Variation Far Exceeds that of Male Genitalia: A Review of Comparative Anatomy of Clitoris and the Female Lower Reproductive Tract in Theria. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:icac026. [PMID: 35524696 PMCID: PMC9494530 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A review of the literature on the anatomy of the lower female genital tract in therian mammals reveals, contrary to the general perception, a large amount of inter-specific variation. Variation in female external genitalia is anatomically more radical than that in the male genitalia. It includes the absence of whole anatomical units, like the cervix in many Xenarthra, or the absence of the urogenital sinus (UGS), as well as the complete spatial separation of the external clitoral parts from the genital canal (either vagina or UGS). A preliminary phylogenetic analysis shows two patterns. Some morphs are unique to early branching clades, like the absence of the cervix, while others arose multiple times independently, like the flattening out or loss of the UGS, or the extreme elongation of the clitoris. Based on available information, the ancestral eutherian configuration of the external female genitalia included a cervix, a single vaginal segment, a tubular UGS, and an unperforated clitoris close to the entrance of the genital canal. The evidence for either bilobed or unitary glandes clitorides is ambivalent. Despite the wealth of information available, many gaps in knowledge remain and will require a community-wide effort to come to a more robust model of female genital evolutionary patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Pavlicev
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Nele Herdina
- Division of Clinical Virology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Günter Wagner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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14
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Brand JN, Harmon LJ, Schärer L. Frequent origins of traumatic insemination involve convergent shifts in sperm and genital morphology. Evol Lett 2022; 6:63-82. [PMID: 35127138 PMCID: PMC8802240 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic insemination is a mating behavior during which the (sperm) donor uses a traumatic intromittent organ to inject an ejaculate through the epidermis of the (sperm) recipient, thereby frequently circumventing the female genitalia. Traumatic insemination occurs widely across animals, but the frequency of its evolution, the intermediate stages via which it originates, and the morphological changes that such shifts involve remain poorly understood. Based on observations in 145 species of the free-living flatworm genus Macrostomum, we identify at least nine independent evolutionary origins of traumatic insemination from reciprocal copulation, but no clear indication of reversals. These origins involve convergent shifts in multivariate morphospace of male and female reproductive traits, suggesting that traumatic insemination has a canalizing effect on morphology. We also observed sperm in both the sperm receiving organ and within the body tissue of two species. These species had intermediate trait values indicating that traumatic insemination evolves through initial internal wounding during copulation. Finally, signatures of male-female coevolution of genitalia across the genus indicate that sexual selection and sexual conflict drive the evolution of traumatic insemination, because it allows donors to bypass postcopulatory control mechanisms of recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremias N. Brand
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoological InstituteUniversity of BaselBaselCH‐4051Switzerland
- Department of Tissue Dynamics and RegenerationMax Planck Institute for Biophysical ChemistryGöttingenDE‐37077Germany
| | - Luke J. Harmon
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of IdahoMoscowIdaho83843
| | - Lukas Schärer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoological InstituteUniversity of BaselBaselCH‐4051Switzerland
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15
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Cong Q, Barbosa EP, Marín MA, Freitas AVL, Lamas G, Grishin NV. Two new species of Hermeuptychia from North America and three neotype designations (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Taxon Rep Int Lepid Surv 2021; 9:7. [PMID: 34806023 PMCID: PMC8601677 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5622602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two new species of Hermeuptychia Forster, 1964 are described. Hermeuptychia sinuosa Grishin, sp. n. (type locality Guatemala: El Progreso, Morazán) is an isolated member of the genus that does not readily fit into known species groups, as suggested by its distinct male and female genitalia and COI DNA barcode sequences. It is distinguished from its congeners by prominently wavy submarginal lines, rounder wings and distinctive genitalia, and can typically be identified by a white dot, instead of an eyespot, near the ventral hindwing apex. Hermeuptychia occidentalis Grishin, sp. n. (type locality Mexico: Guerrero, Acapulco) belongs to the Hermeuptychia sosybius group as indicated by the presence of androconia on the dorsal surface of the wings, genitalia and COI DNA barcodes, and in addition to DNA characters, differs from its relatives in the shape of the uncus and female genitalia. Neotypes of Oreas strigata canthe Hübner, [1811] (type locality Suriname: Gelderland, Suriname River), Megisto acmenis Hübner, 1823 (type locality Argentina: Buenos Aires), and Satyrus cantheus Godart, [1824] (type locality USA: Florida, Pinellas Co., St. Petersburg) and lectotype of Euptychia celmis var. bonaërensis [sic] Burmeister, 1878 (type locality Argentina: Buenos Aires) are designated. These designations establish Hermeuptychia canthe as a valid species widely distributed in South America from Colombia to Bolivia and Southeast Brazil, Euptychia celmis var. bonaërensis [sic] Burmeister, 1878 as a junior objective synonym of Yphthimoides acmenis, and S. cantheus as a junior subjective synonym of Hermeuptychia sosybius (Fabricius, 1793). Papilio camerta Cramer, 1780 is treated as nomen dubium requiring further studies to determine an identity that is consistent with the original description, as it may be conspecific with Paryphthimoides poltys (Prittwitz, 1865) instead of being a Hermeuptychia species as currently assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Cong
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9050
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth & Development, University of Texas Southwestern, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9050
| | - Eduardo P. Barbosa
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Sistemática de Borboletas, Departamento de Biologia Animal e Museu da Diversidade Biológica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario A. Marín
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Sistemática de Borboletas, Departamento de Biologia Animal e Museu da Diversidade Biológica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André V. L. Freitas
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Sistemática de Borboletas, Departamento de Biologia Animal e Museu da Diversidade Biológica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gerardo Lamas
- Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Nick V. Grishin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9050
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9050
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9050
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16
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Al-Balbeesi AO, Alhallaf RA, Alsubeeh NA, Fathaddin AA, Bedaiwi AA, Omair MA. Coexistence of Polyarteritis Nodosa of the Vulva and Retina in a Behçet's Disease Patient: A Case Report. Cureus 2021; 13:e16096. [PMID: 34277300 PMCID: PMC8276900 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.16096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a multisystem disease that may affect the vessels of multiple organ systems. It has clinical variants including single-organ disease and cutaneous-only PAN. To our knowledge, this is a unique case report describing the coexistence of PAN of the vulva and retina in a Behçet's disease (BD) patient. We report a case of a 31-year-old Lebanese woman with painful genital ulcers and multiple oral aphthae associated with arthralgia, light flashes, blurry vision, and photosensitivity. There were well-defined, punched-out erosions over the buccal and gingival mucosa; specifically, multiple punched-out, deep ulcers with unremarkable borders and black eschar involving two-thirds of both labia majora and minora sparing the clitoris with bilateral inguinal lymphadenopathy. Dilated fundus examination showed a few cotton wool spots and intraretinal hemorrhage. Fundus fluorescein angiography showed multiple arteriolar infarctions involving the macula in both eyes, more so in the right eye. Vulvar biopsy was consistent with PAN due to the involvement of a medium-sized subcutaneous artery and showed neutrophilic infiltration of its wall. Stain for elastic lamina showed medium-sized subcutaneous artery involvement. After ruling out infectious aetiologies, she was managed by intravenous pulse methylprednisolone 1,000 mg for three days, followed by oral prednisolone 50 mg with a slow taper, oral colchicine 0.5 mg twice daily, and adalimumab 40 mg once every two weeks to stop the progression of the ocular insult and genital mutilation. There was significant improvement of the ulcer with no new cutaneous or systemic manifestations. This case report highlights the importance of considering PAN-like lesions in cases of Behçet's disease. We emphasized the addition of cutaneous PAN as one of the cutaneous manifestations of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Asma A Bedaiwi
- Rheumatology, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, SAU
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17
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Pyrcz TW, Stachowicz I, Zubek A, Espeland M, Jiménez OM, Lachowska-Cierlik D, Florczyk K. A New Species of Butterfly of the Genus Protopedaliodes from the Isolated Tramen Tepui in the Guyana Shield (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Neotrop Entomol 2021; 50:218-228. [PMID: 33620710 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-020-00830-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A new species of Protopedaliodes Viloria & Pyrcz, a satyrine butterfly genus endemic to the highest part of the Guyana Shield, P. arekuna Pyrcz & Stachowicz n. sp., is described from the summit area, ca. 2400 m, of Tramen Tepui, an isolated mountain situated on the Venezuela-Guyana border. It is a remarkable finding as it is probably a narrow endemic, and only the fourth known member of the genus. Morphologically it most closely resembles P. kukenani Viloria & Pyrcz from the Roraima-Kukenán twin peaks. COI barcode analysis shows, however, high genetic distances between these two species, 9-10%. Protopedaliodes taxonomy is briefly revised, from the perspective of the monophyly of the genus based on preliminary molecular and morphological comparative data, including the female genitalia described for the first time for P. kukenani and P. ridouti Viloria & Pyrcz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Wilhelm Pyrcz
- Entomology Dept, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian Univ, Kraków, Poland
- Nature Education Centre, Jagiellonian Univ, Kraków, Poland
| | - Izabela Stachowicz
- Dept of Biodiversity Studies and Bioeducation, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Univ of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Anna Zubek
- Nature Education Centre, Jagiellonian Univ, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Oscar Mahecha Jiménez
- Nature Education Centre, Jagiellonian Univ, Kraków, Poland
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Univ Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Dorota Lachowska-Cierlik
- Entomology Dept, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian Univ, Kraków, Poland
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18
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Pyrcz TW, Zubek A, Boyer P, Nakamura I, Wacławik B, Florczyk K. Revisional Notes on the Cloud Forest Butterfly Genus Oxeoschistus Butler in Central America (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Neotrop Entomol 2020; 49:392-411. [PMID: 32172389 PMCID: PMC7253525 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-019-00757-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
So far, six species of Oxeoschistus Butler, including its junior synonym Dioriste Thieme, were listed from Central America, with five of them from Costa Rica alone, which appears to represent the highest regional diversity of this Neotropical montane butterfly genus. Our research based on field work, morphological studies and barcode analysis proved that one record is a misunderstanding perpetuated in scientific literature for over a century: Oxeoschistus cothonides Grose-Smith is identified here as an individual form of the female of O. cothon Salvin. The presence of Oxeoschistus tauropolis (Westwood) in Costa Rica, subject to some controversy, is confirmed, and a new local subspecies is described from Costa Rica, O. tauropolis mitsuko Pyrcz & Nakamura n. ssp. Specific status of O. euriphyle Butler is reinstated based on morphological and molecular data. A new subspecies O. hilara lempira Pyrcz n. ssp. is described from Honduras. O. puerta submaculatus Butler is reported for the first time from the Darién region on the Panama-Colombia border. Species relationships are preliminarily evaluated based on COI data concluding, among others, that O. hilara and O. euriphyle are less closely related than previously assumed. Altitudinal and distributional data are revised, and ecological and behavioural information of all the species of Central American Oxeoschistus is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Pyrcz
- Nature Education Centre, Jagiellonian Univ., ul. Gronostajowa 5, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
- Entomology Dept., Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian Univ, Kraków, Poland
| | - A Zubek
- Nature Education Centre, Jagiellonian Univ., ul. Gronostajowa 5, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - P Boyer
- , Le Puy Sainte Réparade, France
| | | | - B Wacławik
- Entomology Dept., Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian Univ, Kraków, Poland
| | - K Florczyk
- Nature Education Centre, Jagiellonian Univ., ul. Gronostajowa 5, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
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19
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Chang ZM, Yang L, Chen XS. First records of the genera Sivaloka Distant, 1906, with two new species from China, and description of a new species of genus Kodaianella Fennah, 1956 (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Issidae). Zookeys 2020; 917:85-104. [PMID: 32206019 PMCID: PMC7076059 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.917.47326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Sivaloka Distant, 1906 (Hemisphaeriinae, Kodaianellini) is recorded from China for the first time, with two new species Sivalokaarcuata Chang & Chen, sp. nov. (China: Guizhou) and Sivalokatrigona Chang & Chen, sp. nov. (China: Guangxi). One new species of Kodaianella Fennah, 1956, Kodaianellafurcata Chang & Chen, sp. nov. (China: Guangxi) is also described and illustrated; female genitalia of two known species in Kodaianella are described. A checklist of species of the tribe Kodaianellini with their distribution and a key to genera are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Min Chang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China Guizhou University Guiyang China.,Institute of Entomology/Special Key Laboratory for Developing and Utilizing of Insect Resources, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Lin Yang
- Institute of Entomology/Special Key Laboratory for Developing and Utilizing of Insect Resources, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China Guizhou University Guiyang China.,The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Xiang-Sheng Chen
- Institute of Entomology/Special Key Laboratory for Developing and Utilizing of Insect Resources, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China Guizhou University Guiyang China.,The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China Guizhou University Guiyang China
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20
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Felix TC, de Araújo LB, Röder DVDDB, Pedroso RDS. Evaluation of Vulvovaginitis and Hygiene Habits of Women Attended in Primary Health Care Units of the Family. Int J Womens Health 2020; 12:49-57. [PMID: 32099484 PMCID: PMC6996544 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s229366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aims to investigate the occurrence of vulvovaginal infections, to describe and to relate the hygiene habits of women who were treated at the Units of Primary Attention to Family Health in a municipality in the interior of Brazil. Methods This was a cross-sectional study that was carried out in two Primary Health Care Units of the Family of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The population sample consisted of 100 women who underwent gynecological consultation in the health units. Data were collected through interviews and by the analysis of medical records. Results were reported according to laboratory reports. Results The participants' ages ranged from 18 to 45 years, with a median of 36 years. Thirty women (30%) presented alterations in the microbiota from a Pap smear, where bacterial vaginosis (diagnosed with Amsel criteria) was the predominant microorganism (83.3%). More than half of the women in the study who had vulvovaginitis wore cotton panties (70%, p = 0.651) and tight jeans/pants (83.3%, p = 0.010). The habit of depilating the genital area was reported by all the women, with the razor blade being the most commonly used tool (68%; p = 0.196). Conclusion Bacterial vaginosis was the most commonly reported infection in the cytological exams. Care with genitalia and genital hygiene habits may be associated with the occurrence of vulvovaginitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Chimati Felix
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Medical School, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lúcio Borges de Araújo
- Faculty of Mathematics, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Denise Von Dolinger de Brito Röder
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Medical School, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Reginaldo Dos Santos Pedroso
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Medical School, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Technical Course in Clinical Analysis, Health Technical School, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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21
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Torres-de la Roche LA, Krentel H, Devassy R, de Wilde MS, Leicher L, De Wilde RL. Surgical repair of genital injuries after sexual abuse. GMS Interdiscip Plast Reconstr Surg DGPW 2019; 8:Doc14. [PMID: 31728263 PMCID: PMC6838733 DOI: 10.3205/iprs000140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Genital injuries occur in half of cases of sexual assault through digital or penile penetration as well as the use of objects. Women aged >45 years are more likely to have physical injury and anogenital lesions, transmission of STI and HIV. This review focuses on the evidence about surgical reconstruction of the pelvic floor anatomy of adolescents and adult women sexually assaulted during adolescence or adulthood. Method: A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed and Orbis plus for articles published in English and German from June 2008 to June 2018. The literature search was performed in October 2018 by topic combining the following Medical Subject Headings: genital trauma, genital injuries, sexual assault, rape, surgical repair, treatment. Results: 34 records of descriptive studies were identified and 16 full-text articles were included in the present review. Due to the limited number of articles retrieved, articles were not excluded based on methodological design. Superficial genital lesions are common and usually left untreated. For deep vaginal or anal lacerations, intraperitoneal bleeding is usually assessed by means of and additional CT scan or diagnostic colposcopy, cystoscopy, rectoscopy and laparoscopy. Complete reconstruction of the injured is done after. To prevent rectovaginal fistula and uncomplicated primary wound healing a temporary colostomy can be performed. Conclusion: Although most of genital injuries due to sexual assault do not require any major surgical intervention, there is a lack of good quality evidence regarding the best diagnostic and surgical approach to restore deep lesions of genital organs as well lack evidence on contributors to poor wound healing. Therefore, clinical protocols that standardize examination as well as surgical management are encouraged to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harald Krentel
- Clinic for Obstetrics and Gynecology. St. Anna Hospital, Herne, Germany
| | - Rajesh Devassy
- Dubai London Clinic and Specialty Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maya Sophie de Wilde
- University Hospital for Gynecology, Pius Hospital, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Lasse Leicher
- University Hospital for Gynecology, Pius Hospital, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Rudy Leon De Wilde
- University Hospital for Gynecology, Pius Hospital, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany
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22
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Mauskar MM, Marathe K, Venkatesan A, Schlosser BJ, Edwards L. Vulvar diseases: Approach to the patient. J Am Acad Dermatol 2019; 82:1277-1284. [PMID: 31712174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.07.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Patients with vulvar dermatoses often delay seeking medical treatment because of anxiety and embarrassment. Moreover, women frequently self-treat with various home remedies and see multiple clinicians before presenting to a dermatologist. Despite serving as the primary providers for patients with vulvovaginal symptoms, gynecologists typically receive limited training in the causes and management of these conditions. Dermatologists are experts in the evaluation and management of cutaneous disease and should be the caretakers of all skin, including the genitalia. Vulvar disorders are underrecognized by dermatologists for numerous reasons: inadequate training, lack of comfort with both interview and examination techniques, and unfamiliarity with normal anatomic variations. The first article in this continuing medical education series on vulvar dermatoses reviews the fundamentals, approach, and techniques that can be used to ensure a successful visit for both patient and provider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Mauskar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
| | - Kalyani Marathe
- Department of Dermatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Aruna Venkatesan
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Division of Dermatology, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California
| | - Bethanee J Schlosser
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Libby Edwards
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina; Division of Dermatology, Carolinas Medical Center and Southeast Vulvar Clinic, Charlotte, North Carolina
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23
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Kigata T, Shibata H. Ramification Pattern of the Arteries Supplying the Rabbit Female Genital Organs. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:1478-1488. [PMID: 31444985 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Uterine adenocarcinoma occurs in more than 60% of female rabbits aged 4 years and over. To cure or prevent this uterine disorder, ovariohysterectomy should be performed. Although knowledge of the arterial supply to the ovary, uterus, and vagina is required, few studies have described the arterial anatomy. Therefore, we dissected ovarian, uterine, and vaginal arteries in 15 New Zealand White and 15 Japanese White rabbits to clarify the anatomy. The ovarian artery arose from the abdominal aorta, and in 50% of cases, the left artery emerged more cranially than the right artery. The ovarian artery provided the ovarian, uterine, and tubal branches with three branching types. The most frequent type (67% of the halves on the right and 63% of the halves on the left) exhibited three branches that independently arose from the ovarian artery. The uterine artery usually originated from the umbilical artery, with its ramification pattern divided into two types, having one or two uterine arteries, respectively. The most frequent type (all halves on the right and 83% of the halves on the left) had one uterine artery that originated from the umbilical artery. We observed three types of vaginal artery origins, with the branching type where the vaginal artery arose from the internal iliac artery being the most frequent (97% of the halves on the right and 90% of the halves on the left). The detailed arterial supply pattern of the rabbit female genital organs determined in the present study will be helpful when performing rabbit gynecological surgeries. Anat Rec, 303:1478-1488, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhito Kigata
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty and Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Basic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideshi Shibata
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty and Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Basic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu, Japan
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Yang R, Wang Z, Zhou Y, Wang Z, Che Y. Establishment of six new Rhabdoblatta species (Blattodea, Blaberidae, Epilamprinae) from China. Zookeys 2019; 851:27-69. [PMID: 31205442 PMCID: PMC6557905 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.851.31403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined 504 Rhabdoblatta specimens sampled from China, of which, 86 Rhabdoblatta specimens were used for COI sequencing. A phylogenetic analysis using the ML method and MOTUs estimations by ABGD and GMYC based on COI sequences was performed. Eighteen Rhabdoblatta species were identified when these data were combined with morphological data. Six new species were established among these samples, i.e., Rh.similsinuatasp. n., Rh.densimaculatasp. n., Rh.gyroflexasp. n., Rh.chaulformissp. n., Rh.maculatasp. n., and Rh.ecarinatasp. n. For the first time, females including female genitalia of 14 known Rhabdoblatta species are described worldwide. Our study shows that combining molecular species delimitation methods with morphological data helps to delimit species and understand cockroach biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yang
- Institute of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University Beibei China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Institute of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University Beibei China
| | - Yanshuang Zhou
- Institute of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University Beibei China
| | - Zongqing Wang
- Institute of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University Beibei China
| | - Yanli Che
- Institute of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University Beibei China
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Silva Gomes TB, Brasil CA, Barreto APP, Ferreira RS, Berghmans B, Lordelo P. Female genital image: is there a relationship with body image? Turk J Obstet Gynecol 2019; 16:84-90. [PMID: 31360580 PMCID: PMC6637776 DOI: 10.4274/tjod.galenos.2019.49799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dissatisfaction with body image may extend to the genital region, and the most dissatisfied with their bodies are women. To analyze the relation between body image and genital image in female, and to verify demographic and/or clinical factors related to body image and genital image. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a cross-sectional study in 421 women. The Body Shape Questionnaire-34 (BSQ-34) was used to evaluate body image perception; scores ≤110 indicate no dissatisfaction. Also, the female genital self-image scale-7 (FGSIS-7) was used to evaluate genital self-image; scores range between 7 and 28, with higher values considered to indicate a more positive genital self-image. The relation between body image and genital image was determined using the Pearson Correlation test, as well as the relation of these with body mass index (BMI) and age. The relation between these data and genital image was determined by using the ANOVA test or the independent t-test (statistical difference was accepted as p<0.05). In order to verify predictors of dissatisfaction with body image, variables with p<0.10 were inserted into the logistic regression model and checked if they remained significant (p<0.05). RESULTS Three hundred eighty-nine women were analyzed. The mean age was 34.7±10.2 years. The mean BMI was 24.1±3.6 kg/m², 49% were single, and the mean BSQ-34 and FGSIS scores were 83.2±30.8 and 23.8±3.4, respectively. The correlation (r=-0.24) was found between body image and genital image (p<0.001). A total of 315 women indicated to be satisfied with their body and presented an FGSIS-7 score of 24±3.3. Participants who were dissatisfied with their body had an average FGSIS-7 score of 22.6±3.3. CONCLUSION Genital image, age, and BMI influence body image. Change in the perception of body image seems to have low correlation with genital self-image in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Barbara Silva Gomes
- Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Center for Attention to the Pelvic Floor, Course of Physiotherapy, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Cristina Aires Brasil
- Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Center for Attention to the Pelvic Floor, Course of Physiotherapy, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Pitia Barreto
- Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Center for Attention to the Pelvic Floor, Course of Physiotherapy, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Roseny Santos Ferreira
- Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Center for Attention to the Pelvic Floor, Course of Physiotherapy, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Bary Berghmans
- Maastricht University Medical Centre, Pelvic Care Center Maastricht, Department of Epidemiology at Maastricht University, Department of Urology, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Patricia Lordelo
- Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Center for Attention to the Pelvic Floor, Course of Physiotherapy, Bahia, Brazil
- * Address for Correspondence: Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Center for Attention to the Pelvic Floor, Course of Physiotherapy, Bahia, Brazil E-mail:
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Li K, Liang H. A comparative study of external female genitalia (including the 8 th and 9 th abdominal segments) in the family Megalopodidae and other related families of Chrysomeloidea. Zookeys 2018:69-104. [PMID: 29887739 PMCID: PMC5990547 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.762.22163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The external female genitalia of 29 species belonging to three genera of Megalopodidae and 80 species belonging to 61 genera of another four families in Chrysomeloidea were studied. The external female genitalia within the superfamily Chrysomeloidea can be divided into a cerambycid type and a chrysomelid type. The comparative study of external female genitalia shows Megalopodidae is more closely related to the family Cerambycidae than to the family Chrysomelidae s.l. Among five subfamilies of Cerambycidae we studied, the subfamily Lamiinae is most closely allied to Megalopodidae. An evolutionary path is proposed for the spiculum gastrale in Chrysomeloidea: the characteristic state of the spiculum gastrale without a joint is primary, and that with a joint is secondary. The family Orsodacnidae has probably evolved in isolation from the early chrysomelids, due to their shared external female genitalia (cerambycid type). In the family Chrysomelidae, the structure of external female genitalia and ovipositing behavior show that the subfamily Synetinae is closer to the Camptosomata than the subfamily Eumolpinae. In general, the shape of the terminal ovipositor is palp-like in the Chrysomeloidea. Terminal ovipositors are generally palp-shaped in Chrysomeloidea except for those that are lamellate in the genus Callispa and the subfamily Cassidinae who produce egg-sheaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqin Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Hongbin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Kamimura Y, Ferreira RL. Earwigs from Brazilian caves, with notes on the taxonomic and nomenclatural problems of the Dermaptera (Insecta). Zookeys 2017; 713:25-52. [PMID: 29187791 PMCID: PMC5704199 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.713.15118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on samples collected during surveys of Brazilian cave fauna, seven earwig species are reported: Cylindrogaster cavernicola Kamimura, sp. n., Cylindrogaster sp. 1, Cylindrogaster sp. 2, Euborellia janeirensis, Euborellia brasiliensis, Paralabellula dorsalis, and Doru luteipes, as well as four species identified to the (sub)family level. To date, C. cavernicola Kamimura, sp. n. has been recorded only from cave habitats (but near entrances), whereas the other four organisms identified at the species level have also been recorded from non-cave habitats. Wings and female genital structures of Cylindrogaster spp. (Cylindrogastrinae) are examined for the first time. The genital traits, including the gonapophyses of the 8th abdominal segment shorter than those of the 9th segement, and venation of the hind wings of Cylindrogastrinae correspond to those of the members of Diplatyidae and not to Pygidicranidae. This is the first synopsis of cave-dwelling earwigs of Brazil, one of the most species-rich areas of Dermaptera in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Kamimura
- Department of Biology, Keio University, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8521, Japan
| | - Rodrigo L. Ferreira
- Center of Studies in Subterranean Biology, Biology Department, Federal University of Lavras, CEP 37200-000 Lavras (MG), Brazil
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28
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Beena V, Pawaiya RVS, Gururaj K, Singh DD, Mishra AK, Gangwar NK, Gupta VK, Singh R, Sharma AK, Karikalan M, Kumar A. Molecular etiopathology of naturally occurring reproductive diseases in female goats. Vet World 2017; 10:964-972. [PMID: 28919691 PMCID: PMC5591487 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.964-972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to investigate the molecular etiopathology of occurrence of reproductive diseases in female goats. Reproductive diseases in goats account for major economic losses to goat farmers in terms of valuable loss of offspring and animal productivity. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 660 female genitalia were examined for pathological conditions (macroscopic and microscopic lesions). The etiopathological study was carried out for the presence of pathogenic organisms such as Brucella, Chlamydia, and Campylobacter in the uterus and ovary. Based on the microscopic lesions, suspected samples were subjected to diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for various etiological agents employing 16srRNA genus specific primers for Campylobacter and Chlamydophila and OMP31 gene-based PCR for Brucella melitensis and nested PCR using ITS-1 gene primers for Toxoplasma gondii. For Brucella suspected samples, immunohistochemistry (IHC) was also performed. RESULTS In studied female genitalia, 108 (16.30%) showed gross abnormalities with overall 23.32% occurrence of pathological conditions (macroscopic and microscopic lesions). Pathological involvement of the uterus was the highest 68 (62.96%), followed by the ovaries 27 (25%) and other organs. Major uterine condition observed was endometritis (5.60%). In uterine infections, 35 (5.30%) samples were found positive for Campylobacter spp., 12 (1.81%) samples for B. melitensis, and 3 (0.45%) samples were positive for Chlamydophila spp. Among the samples positive for B. melitensis by PCR, 3 were found positive by IHC also. Corynebacterium ovis was detected by PCR using specific primers in a case of hydrosalpinx. It was concluded that many pathological lesions in female genitalia of functional significance play a major role in infertility in goats. CONCLUSION The present study concluded that many pathological lesions in female genitalia of functional significance play a major role in infertility in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Beena
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura - 281 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - R V S Pawaiya
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura - 281 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - K Gururaj
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura - 281 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - D D Singh
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura - 281 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A K Mishra
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura - 281 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - N K Gangwar
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura - 281 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - V K Gupta
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis (CADRAD), ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - R Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A K Sharma
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - M Karikalan
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura - 281 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
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29
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Friesen CR, Uhrig EJ, Mason RT, Brennan PLR. Female behaviour and the interaction of male and female genital traits mediate sperm transfer during mating. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:952-64. [PMID: 26809830 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Natural selection and post-copulatory sexual selection, including sexual conflict, contribute to genital diversification. Fundamental first steps in understanding how these processes shape the evolution of specific genital traits are to determine their function experimentally and to understand the interactions between female and male genitalia during copulation. Our experimental manipulations of male and female genitalia in red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) reveal that copulation duration and copulatory plug deposition, as well as total and oviductal/vaginal sperm counts, are influenced by the interaction between male and female genital traits and female behaviour during copulation. By mating females with anesthetized cloacae to males with spine-ablated hemipenes using a fully factorial design, we identified significant female-male copulatory trait interactions and found that females prevent sperm from entering their oviducts by contracting their vaginal pouch. Furthermore, these muscular contractions limit copulatory plug size, whereas the basal spine of the male hemipene aids in sperm and plug transfer. Our results are consistent with a role of sexual conflict in mating interactions and highlight the evolutionary importance of female resistance to reproductive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Friesen
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, USA
| | - E J Uhrig
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - R T Mason
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - P L R Brennan
- Department of Biological Sciences, 104 Clapp Laboratory, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, USA
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30
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Barbara G, Facchin F, Meschia M, Vercellini P. "The first cut is the deepest": a psychological, sexological and gynecological perspective on female genital cosmetic surgery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2015; 94:915-20. [PMID: 25891185 DOI: 10.1111/aogs.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years increased numbers of healthy women and girls have been seeking female genital cosmetic surgery for esthetic reasons and/or to enhance sexual functioning. This phenomenon is associated with the development of a new vulvovaginal standard due to Internet pornography and the increased exposure of female genitalia. This strict standard may negatively affect women's psychological health and cause increased insecurity, which may drive even teenagers to seek female genital cosmetic surgery. Psychological counseling is recommended to inform women that surgery is not a definitive solution to treat psychologically based pain or dysfunction. Moreover, there is no robust evidence supporting the effectiveness of female genital cosmetic surgery, especially regarding sexual enhancement, as underlined by major scientific societies. The importance of a definite regulation of female genital cosmetic surgery should be emphasized and be based on an ethically oriented, multidisciplinary model aimed at providing exhaustive information on all gynecological, sexological, and psychological concerns raised by this type of surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giussy Barbara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "G. Fornaroli" Hospital, Magenta, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Facchin
- Faculty of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Meschia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "G. Fornaroli" Hospital, Magenta, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Vercellini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "IRCCS Ca' Granda" Foundation, "Maggiore Policlinico" Hospital and University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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31
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Abstract
Female genital injury following penile sexual intercourse in healthy women is a matter of importance and debate in many parts of society. However, the literature on the subject is sparse. There are a few studies regarding minor injury that does not require treatment in adult, pre-menopausal women, a single study of adolescent women, and none regarding post-menopausal women. Larger lesions requiring treatment are described casuistically. The purpose of this article is to provide a short, easy-to-read review of the literature regarding the prevalence and nature of female genital injury following consensual sexual intercourse in otherwise healthy women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Schmidt Astrup
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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32
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Cong Q, Grishin NV. A new Hermeuptychia (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) is sympatric and synchronic with H. sosybius in southeast US coastal plains, while another new Hermeuptychia species - not hermes - inhabits south Texas and northeast Mexico. Zookeys 2014:43-91. [PMID: 24574857 PMCID: PMC3935228 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.379.6394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hermeuptychia intricata Grishin, sp. n. is described from the Brazos Bend State Park in Texas, United States, where it flies synchronously with Hermeuptychia sosybius (Fabricius, 1793). The two species differ strongly in both male and female genitalia and exhibit 3.5% difference in the COI barcode sequence of mitochondrial DNA. Setting such significant genitalic and genotypic differences aside, we were not able to find reliable wing pattern characters to tell a difference between the two species. This superficial similarity may explain why H. intricata, only distantly related to H. sosybius, has remained unnoticed until now, despite being widely distributed in the coastal plains from South Carolina to Texas, USA (and possibly to Costa Rica). Obscuring the presence of a cryptic species even further, wing patterns are variable in both butterflies and ventral eyespots vary from large to almost absent. To avoid confusion with the new species, neotype for Papilio sosybius Fabricius, 1793, a common butterfly that occurs across northeast US, is designated from Savannah, Georgia, USA. It secures the universally accepted traditional usage of this name. Furthermore, we find that DNA barcodes of Hermeuptychia specimens from the US, even those from extreme south Texas, are at least 4% different from those of H. hermes (Fabricius, 1775)-type locality Brazil: Rio de Janeiro-and suggest that the name H. hermes should not be used for USA populations, but rather reserved for the South American species. This conclusion is further supported by comparison of male genitalia. However, facies, genitalia and 2.1% different DNA barcodes set Hermeuptychia populations in the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas apart from H. sosybius. These southern populations, also found in northeastern Mexico, are described here as Hermeuptychia hermybius Grishin, sp. n. (type locality Texas: Cameron County). While being phylogenetically closer to H. sosybius than to any other Hermeuptychia species, H. hermybius can usually be recognized by wing patterns, such as the size of eyespots and the shape of brown lines on hindwing. "Intricate Satyr" and "South Texas Satyr" are proposed as the English names for H. intricata and H. hermybius, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nick V Grishin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute ; Departments of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA 75390-9050
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Hennekam RCM, Allanson JE, Biesecker LG, Carey JC, Opitz JM, Vilain E. Elements of morphology: standard terminology for the external genitalia. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:1238-63. [PMID: 23650202 PMCID: PMC4440541 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An international group of clinicians working in the field of dysmorphology has initiated the standardization of terms used to describe human morphology. The goals are to standardize these terms and reach consensus regarding their definitions. In this way, we will increase the utility of descriptions of the human phenotype and facilitate reliable comparisons of findings among patients. Discussions with other workers in dysmorphology and related fields, such as developmental biology and molecular genetics, will become more precise. Here we introduce the anatomy of the male and female genitalia, and define and illustrate the terms that describe the major characteristics of these body regions. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoul C M Hennekam
- Department of Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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34
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Izquierdo MA, Rubio GD. Male genital mutilation in the high-mountain goblin spider, Unicorn catleyi. J Insect Sci 2011; 11:118. [PMID: 22225476 PMCID: PMC3391919 DOI: 10.1673/031.011.11801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Male genital mutilation is a common mechanism by which males reduce sperm competition by plugging female insemination ducts with different parts of its own genital system. This behavior is frequent in many spider families but is uncommon in Haplogynae. The reproductive biology of Dysderoidea is not well studied and the data is fragmentary; male genital mutilation has been reported only for one species of Oonopidae. This study provides evidence of male genital mutilation in Unicorn catleyi Platnick and Brescovit (Araneae: Oonopidae). Pieces of the embolus were found in the female posterior receptaculum. This behavior is a strategy used by the males in order to guarantee their paternity and not for escape from female attacks as has been reported for other species of Araneae, since cannibalism is unlikely in this species. The presence of embolus in the posterior receptaculum suggests this is the first place where sperm is received. The similarity of the female genitalia of U. catleyi to those of Orsolobidae, along with sclerotization of the seminal duct in the male copulatory bulb that is also present in Orchestina, Xiombarg, and Orsolobidae, provide strong evidence of the basal position of this genus in the family Oonopidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías A. Izquierdo
- CONICET. División de Aracnología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Av. Ángel Gallardo 470, C1405DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo D. Rubio
- CONICET. División de Aracnología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Av. Ángel Gallardo 470, C1405DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET. Diversidad Animal I, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, X5000JJC Córdoba, Argentina
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