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Bernal XE, Page RA. Tactics of evasion: strategies used by signallers to deter eavesdropping enemies from exploiting communication systems. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:222-242. [PMID: 36176190 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Eavesdropping predators, parasites and parasitoids exploit signals emitted by their prey and hosts for detection, assessment, localization and attack, and in the process impose strong selective pressures on the communication systems of the organisms they exploit. Signallers have evolved numerous anti-eavesdropper strategies to mitigate the trade-off between the costs imposed from signal exploitation and the need for conspecific communication. Eavesdropper strategies fall along a continuum from opportunistic to highly specialized, and the tightness of the eavesdropper-signaller relationship results in differential pressures on communication systems. A wide variety of anti-eavesdropper strategies mitigate the trade-off between eavesdropper exploitation and conspecific communication. Antagonistic selection from eavesdroppers can result in diverse outcomes including modulation of signalling displays, signal structure, and evolutionary loss or gain of a signal from a population. These strategies often result in reduced signal conspicuousness and in decreased signal ornamentation. Eavesdropping enemies, however, can also promote signal ornamentation. While less common, this alternative outcome offers a unique opportunity to dissect the factors that may lead to different evolutionary pathways. In addition, contrary to traditional assumptions, no sensory modality is completely 'safe' as eavesdroppers are ubiquitous and have a broad array of sensory filters that allow opportunity for signal exploitation. We discuss how anthropogenic change affects interactions between eavesdropping enemies and their victims as it rapidly modifies signalling environments and community composition. Drawing on diverse research from a range of taxa and sensory modalities, we synthesize current knowledge on anti-eavesdropper strategies, discuss challenges in this field and highlight fruitful new directions for future research. Ultimately, this review offers a conceptual framework to understand the diverse strategies used by signallers to communicate under the pressure imposed by their eavesdropping enemies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena E Bernal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | - Rachel A Page
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
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2
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LaDage LD, Yu T, Zani PA. Higher Rate of Male Sexual Displays Correlates with Larger Ventral Posterior Amygdala Volume and Neuron Soma Volume in Wild-Caught Common Side-Blotched Lizards, Uta stansburiana. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2022; 97:298-308. [PMID: 35537399 DOI: 10.1159/000524915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Several areas of the vertebrate brain are involved in facilitating and inhibiting the production of sexual behaviors and displays. In the laboratory, a higher rate of sexual displays is correlated with a larger ventral posterior amygdala (VPA), an area of the brain involved in the expression of sexual display behaviors, as well as larger VPA neuronal somas. However, it remains unclear if individuals in the field reflect similar patterns, as there are likely many more selective pressures in the field that may also modulate the VPA architecture. In this study, we examined variation in VPA volume and neuron soma volume in wild-caught common side-blotched lizards (Uta stansburiana) from two different populations. In a population from Nevada, males experience high predation pressure and have decreased sexual display rates during the breeding season, whereas a population in Oregon has lower levels of predation and higher rates of male sexual displays. We found that wild-caught males from the population with lower display rates also exhibited decreased VPA volume and VPA neuron cell soma volume, which may suggest that decreased display rate, possibly due to increased predation rate, covaries with VPA attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara D LaDage
- Division of Mathematics & Natural Sciences, Penn State Altoona, Altoona, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tracy Yu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peter A Zani
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin - Stevens Point, Stevens Point, Wisconsin, USA
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3
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Phylogeny and secondary sexual trait evolution in Schizocosa wolf spiders (Araneae, Lycosidae) shows evidence for multiple gains and losses of ornamentation and species delimitation uncertainty. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2022; 169:107397. [PMID: 35031456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Nearctic spider genus Schizocosa Chamberlin, 1904 have garnered much attention in behavioral studies and over many decades, a number of species have developed as model systems for investigating patterns of sexual selection and multimodal communication. Many of these studies have employed a comparative approach using putative, but not rigorously tested, sister species pairs that have distinctive morphological traits and attendant behaviors. Despite past emphasis on the efficacy of these presumably comparative-based studies of closely related species, generating a robust phylogenetic hypothesis for Schizocosa has been an ongoing challenge. Here, we apply a phylogenomic approach using anchored hybrid enrichment to generate a data set comprising over 400 loci representing a comprehensive taxonomic sample of 23 Nearctic Schizocosa. Our sampling also includes numerous outgroup lycosid genera that allow for a robust evaluation of genus monophyly. Based on analyses using concatenation and coalescent-based methods, we recover a well-supported phylogeny that infers the following: 1) The New World Schizocosa do not form a monophyletic group; 2) Previous hypotheses of North American species require reconsideration along with the composition of species groups; 3) Multiple longstanding model species are not genealogically exclusive and thus are not "good" species; 4) This updated phylogenetic framework establishes a new working paradigm for studying the evolution of characters associated with reproductive communication and mating. Ancestral character state reconstructions show a complex pattern of homoplasy that has likely obfuscated previous attempts to reconstruct relationships and delimit species. Important characters presumably related to sexual selection, such as foreleg pigmentation and dense bristle formation, have undergone repeated gain and loss events, many of which have led to increased morphological divergence between sister-species. Evaluation of these traits in a comparative framework illuminates how sexual selection and natural selection influence character evolution and provides a model for future studies of multimodal communication evolution and function.
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Zúñiga-Vega JJ, Pruett JA, Ossip-Drahos AG, Campos SM, Seddon RJ, Price SL, Romero-Diaz C, Rivera JA, Vital-García C, Hews DK, Martins EP. Information out of the blue: phenotypic correlates of abdominal color patches in Sceloporus lizards. ZOOLOGY 2021; 149:125961. [PMID: 34592493 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2021.125961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Colorful ornaments are important visual signals for animal communication that can provide critical information about the quality of the signaler. In this study, we focused on different color characteristics of the abdominal patches of males of six lizard species from the genus Sceloporus. We addressed three main objectives. First, we examined if size, brightness, saturation, and conspicuousness of these ornaments are indicative of body size, condition, immune function, or levels of testosterone and corticosterone. Second, we evaluated if the distinct components of these abdominal patches (blue or green patches and black stripes) transmit similar information about the signaler, which would support the redundant signal hypothesis, or if these components are related to different phenotypic traits, which would support the multiple message hypothesis. Third, we compared the phenotypic correlates of these ornaments among our six species to understand the degree of conservatism in the signaling patterns or to find species-specific signals. Using data collected from males in natural conditions and a multi-model inference framework, we found that in most species the area of the patches and the brightness of the blue component are positively related to body size. Thus, these color characteristics are presumably indicative of the physical strength and competitive ability of males and these shared signals were likely inherited from a common ancestor. In half of the species, males in good body condition also exhibit relatively larger blue and black areas, suggesting that the expression of these ornaments is condition-dependent. Abdominal patches also provide information about immunocompetence of the males as indicated by different correlations between certain color characteristics and ectoparasite load, counts of heterophils, and the heterophil:lymphocyte ratio. Our findings reveal that area and brightness of the abdominal patches signal the size and body condition of males, whereas blue saturation and conspicuousness with respect to the surrounding substrate are indicative of immune condition, thus supporting the multiple message hypothesis. However, some of these correlations were not shared by all species and, hence, point to intriguing species-specific signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jaime Zúñiga-Vega
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico.
| | - Jake A Pruett
- Department of Biology, Indiana State University, Science Building Room 283, 600 North Chestnut Street, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Oklahoma State University, 425 W. University Boulevard, Durant, OK 74701, USA.
| | - Alison G Ossip-Drahos
- Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, Marian University, 3200 Cold Springs Road, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA.
| | - Stephanie M Campos
- Biology Department, Swarthmore College, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA.
| | - Ryan J Seddon
- Department of Biology, Indiana State University, Science Building Room 283, 600 North Chestnut Street, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA; Center for Global Communication Strategies, University of Tokyo, 3-8-4 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
| | - Savannah L Price
- Department of Biology, Indiana State University, Science Building Room 283, 600 North Chestnut Street, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA.
| | - Cristina Romero-Diaz
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 East Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Julio A Rivera
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 East Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Cuauhcihuatl Vital-García
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Anillo Envolvente y Estocolmo s/n, Colonia Progresista, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, 32310, Mexico.
| | - Diana K Hews
- Department of Biology, Indiana State University, Science Building Room 283, 600 North Chestnut Street, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA.
| | - Emília P Martins
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 East Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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Ibáñez A, Fritz U, Auer M, Martínez-Silvestre A, Praschag P, Załugowicz E, Podkowa D, Pabijan M. Evolutionary history of mental glands in turtles reveals a single origin in an aquatic ancestor and recurrent losses independent of macrohabitat. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10396. [PMID: 34001926 PMCID: PMC8129087 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89520-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the relevance of chemical communication in vertebrates, comparative examinations of macroevolutionary trends in chemical signaling systems are scarce. Many turtle and tortoise species are reliant on chemical signals to communicate in aquatic and terrestrial macrohabitats, and many of these species possess specialized integumentary organs, termed mental glands (MGs), involved in the production of chemosignals. We inferred the evolutionary history of MGs and tested the impact of macrohabitat on their evolution. Inference of ancestral states along a time-calibrated phylogeny revealed a single origin in the ancestor of the subclade Testudinoidea. Thus, MGs represent homologous structures in all descending lineages. We also inferred multiple independent losses of MGs in both terrestrial and aquatic clades. Although MGs first appeared in an aquatic turtle (the testudinoid ancestor), macrohabitat seems to have had little effect on MG presence or absence in descendants. Instead, we find clade-specific evolutionary trends, with some clades showing increased gland size and morphological complexity, whereas others exhibiting reduction or MG loss. In sister clades inhabiting similar ecological niches, contrasting patterns (loss vs. maintenance) may occur. We conclude that the multiple losses of MGs in turtle clades have not been influenced by macrohabitat and that other factors have affected MG evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Ibáñez
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland ,grid.10789.370000 0000 9730 2769Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
| | - Uwe Fritz
- grid.438154.f0000 0001 0944 0975Museum of Zoology, Senckenberg Dresden, 01109 Dresden, Germany
| | - Markus Auer
- grid.438154.f0000 0001 0944 0975Museum of Zoology, Senckenberg Dresden, 01109 Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Emilia Załugowicz
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Dagmara Podkowa
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maciej Pabijan
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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6
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Argaez V, Pruett JA, Seddon RJ, Solano-Zavaleta I, Hews DK, Zúñiga-Vega JJ. Steroid hormones, ectoparasites, and color: Sex, species, and seasonal differences in Sceloporus lizards. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 304:113717. [PMID: 33476662 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Testosterone, in addition to promoting the expression of sexual ornaments can negatively affect immune function, leaving individuals more susceptible to parasites (immunocompetence handicap hypothesis). Immunosuppressive effects of testosterone also can occur indirectly, through increased glucocorticoid hormones (corticosterone, cortisol). Therefore, the expression of sexual ornaments and the ability to respond to parasites and diseases may be influenced by the interaction between testosterone and corticosterone. In this study we examined correlations of both testosterone and corticosterone with ectoparasite load and with expression of colorful sexual ornaments (patches on belly and throat) in three species of Sceloporus lizards (S. grammicus, S. megalepidurus, S. torquatus). In addition, we evaluated contributions of sex, body condition, and reproductive season. We expected that individuals with higher testosterone and lower corticosterone levels would have more colorful ornaments than individuals with higher corticosterone levels. In addition, if testosterone has negative effects on immune function but only at higher corticosterone levels, individuals with higher levels of testosterone and corticosterone should have higher ectoparasite loads. Contrary to these expectations, we did not detect an interaction between testosterone and corticosterone statistically affecting either ectoparasite load or the expression of colorful ornaments. Further, we did not find a positive association of either testosterone or corticosterone on ectoparasite loads in any of the three study species. Only in S. grammicus males was a hormone statistically associated with ectoparasite load, but it was a negative association with testosterone. The relationships between both hormones and different aspects of the colorful patches (brightness and chroma) varied drastically among the three species as well as between sexes. Hence, even among congeneric species, we did not observe consistent patterns among color, steroid hormones and ectoparasites. Different associations between these variables may reflect different physiological strategies for the production of colorful signals and immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Argaez
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Jake A Pruett
- Department of Biology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Oklahoma State University, Durant, OK 74701, USA.
| | - Ryan J Seddon
- Department of Biology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA.
| | - Israel Solano-Zavaleta
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Diana K Hews
- Department of Biology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA.
| | - J Jaime Zúñiga-Vega
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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7
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Romero-Diaz C, Pruett JA, Campos SM, Ossip-Drahos AG, Zúñiga-Vega JJ, Vital-García C, Hews DK, Martins EP. Evolutionary loss of a signalling colour is linked to increased response to conspecific chemicals. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210256. [PMID: 33784866 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioural responses to communicative signals combine input from multiple sensory modalities and signal compensation theory predicts that evolutionary shifts in one sensory modality could impact the response to signals in other sensory modalities. Here, we conducted two types of field experiments with 11 species spread across the lizard genus Sceloporus to test the hypothesis that the loss of visual signal elements affects behavioural responses to a chemical signal (conspecific scents) or to a predominantly visual signal (a conspecific lizard), both of which are used in intraspecific communication. We found that three species that have independently lost a visual signal trait, a colourful belly patch, responded to conspecific scents with increased chemosensory behaviour compared to a chemical control, while species with the belly patch did not. However, most species, with and without the belly patch, responded to live conspecifics with increased visual displays of similar magnitude. While aggressive responses to visual stimuli are taxonomically widespread in Sceloporus, our results suggest that increased chemosensory response behaviour is linked to colour patch loss. Thus, interactions across sensory modalities could constrain the evolution of complex signalling phenotypes, thereby influencing signal diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jake A Pruett
- Department of Biology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Oklahoma State University, Durant, OK, USA
| | - Stephanie M Campos
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alison G Ossip-Drahos
- Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - J Jaime Zúñiga-Vega
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
| | - Cuauhcihuatl Vital-García
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, México
| | - Diana K Hews
- Department of Biology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, USA
| | - Emília P Martins
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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8
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Mental gland secretions as a social cue in gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus): tortoise presence stimulates and maintains social behaviour with chemical cues. Acta Ethol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10211-020-00353-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Doherty CT, Laidre ME. Evolutionary loss of threat display in more social species: phylogenetic comparisons, natural interactions in the wild, and experiments with models. BEHAVIOUR 2020. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-bja10038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Fitness can be increased dramatically by communication. So why, given the benefits of communication, would displays ever be completely lost evolutionarily? Threat displays, in particular, are relatively cheap to produce and are precursors of attack, so should be especially hard for both senders and receivers to lose completely. Here we explore an evolutionary transition in sociality, testing whether complete evolutionary loss of threat display has occurred in ‘more social’ hermit crab species, which interact more frequently with conspecifics. First, we synthesised literature and observations on the presence versus absence of threat display across hermit crab species, mapping this information onto a phylogenetic tree. We found that all ‘less social’ species — marine and terrestrial — produce threat displays, consistent with threat display being the ancestral state. But ‘more social’ terrestrial species, which are highly derived, do not produce a threat display, suggesting an evolutionary loss. Next, we contrasted natural interactions in the wild within a less social species (Pagurus bernhardus) versus within a more social species (Coenobita compressus), finding that the less social species, despite a lower rate of social encounter, had a higher rate of display per encounter (24%). In contrast, the more social species’ rate of display per encounter was negligible (<1%), effectively indicating a loss in production. Finally, we experimentally reanimated threat display in the more social species, using postured models to test whether receivers retained any responsiveness to threat display. Starkly, receivers were not deterred by threat display, showing equal responsiveness across both threat and non-threat models, regardless of whether the models were stationary or dynamically moving. Our results thus reveal a case of complete collapse of communication involving threat display, implicating the social environment in this loss. In more social species, an extreme dependence on conspecific-derived shells likely drove a ‘desperado effect’, with threat displays being lost because they could not stop others from pursuing these valuable resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare T.M. Doherty
- aDepartment of Biological Sciences, 78 College Street, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- bGraduate Program in Ecology, Evolution, Environment, and Society, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Mark E. Laidre
- aDepartment of Biological Sciences, 78 College Street, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- bGraduate Program in Ecology, Evolution, Environment, and Society, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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10
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Campos SM, Pruett JA, Soini HA, Zúñiga-Vega JJ, Goldberg JK, Vital-García C, Hews DK, Novotny MV, Martins EP. Volatile fatty acid and aldehyde abundances evolve with behavior and habitat temperature in Sceloporus lizards. Behav Ecol 2020; 31:978-991. [PMID: 32764859 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/araa044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal signals evolve by striking a balance between the need to convey information through particular habitats and the limitations of what types of signals can most easily be produced and perceived. Here, we present new results from field measures of undisturbed behavior and biochemical analyses of scent marks from 12 species of Sceloporus lizards to explore whether evolutionary changes in chemical composition are better predicted by measures of species behavior, particularly those associated with visual displays, chemoreception, and locomotion, or by measures of habitat climate (precipitation and temperature). We found that more active lizard species used fewer compounds in their volatile scent marks, perhaps conveying less specific information about individual and species identity. Scent marks from more active lizard species also had higher proportions of saturated fatty acids, and the evolution of these compounds has been tracking the phylogeny closely as we would expect for a metabolic byproduct. In contrast, the proportions of unsaturated fatty acids were better explained by evolutionary shifts in habitat temperature (and not precipitation), with species in warmer climates using almost no volatile unsaturated fatty acids. The proportion of aldehydes was explained by both behavior and environment, decreasing with behavioral activity and increasing with habitat temperature. Our results highlight the evolutionary flexibility of complex chemical signals, with different chemical compounds responding to different elements of the selective landscape over evolutionary time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Campos
- Department of Biology and Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jake A Pruett
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Oklahoma State University, Durant, OK, USA
| | - Helena A Soini
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Pheromone Research, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - J Jaime Zúñiga-Vega
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jay K Goldberg
- Department of Biology and Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Cuauhcihuatl Vital-García
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Anillo envolvente y Estocolmo s/n, Zona PRONAF, Juárez, Chihuahua, CP, Mexico
| | - Diana K Hews
- Department of Biology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, USA
| | - Milos V Novotny
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Pheromone Research, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Emília P Martins
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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11
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Simpson RK, McGraw KJ. Interspecific Covariation in Courtship Displays, Iridescent Plumage, Solar Orientation, and Their Interactions in Hummingbirds. Am Nat 2019; 194:441-454. [DOI: 10.1086/704774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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12
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13
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Romero‐Diaz C, Rivera JA, Ossip‐Drahos AG, Zúñiga‐Vega JJ, Vital‐García C, Hews DK, Martins EP. Losing the trait without losing the signal: Evolutionary shifts in communicative colour signalling. J Evol Biol 2019; 32:320-330. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julio A. Rivera
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University Tempe Arizona
| | | | - José Jaime Zúñiga‐Vega
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Mexico City Mexico
| | - Cuauhcihuatl Vital‐García
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez Ciudad Juárez Mexico
| | - Diana K. Hews
- Department of Biology Indiana State University Terre Haute Indiana
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14
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Simpson RK, McGraw KJ. Experimental trait mismatches uncover specificity of evolutionary links between multiple signaling traits and their interactions in hummingbirds*. Evolution 2018; 73:436-451. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard K. Simpson
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University Tempe Arizona 85287
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Windsor Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Kevin J. McGraw
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University Tempe Arizona 85287
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15
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Martins EP, Ossip-Drahos AG, Vital García C, Zúñiga-Vega JJ, Campos SM, Hews DK. Trade-offs between visual and chemical behavioral responses. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-018-2617-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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16
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Ossip‐Drahos AG, Berry NJ, King CM, Martins EP. Information‐gathering as a response to manipulated signals in the eastern fence lizard,
Sceloporus undulatus. Ethology 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alison G. Ossip‐Drahos
- Department of Biology Indiana University Bloomington Indiana
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior Indiana University Bloomington Indiana
- Department of Natural Sciences Middle Georgia State University Macon Georgia
| | - Nicolas J. Berry
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior Indiana University Bloomington Indiana
| | | | - Emília P. Martins
- Department of Biology Indiana University Bloomington Indiana
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior Indiana University Bloomington Indiana
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University Tempe Arizona
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Seddon RJ, Hews DK. Correlates of melanization in multiple high- and low-elevation populations of the lizard,Sceloporus occidentalis: Behavior, hormones, and parasites. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2018; 327:481-492. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.2133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Seddon
- Department of Biology; Indiana State University; Terre Haute Indiana
| | - Diana K. Hews
- Department of Biology; Indiana State University; Terre Haute Indiana
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Vicente NS. Headbob displays signal sex, social context and species identity in a Liolaemus lizard. AMPHIBIA-REPTILIA 2018. [DOI: 10.1163/15685381-17000163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Animal communication has a key role in animals and identifying the signals’ function is crucial. Most lizards communicate with each other through visual signals with headbob displays, which are up-and-down movements of the head or the anterior part of the body. In the present work, I described and analysed the headbob displays of Liolaemus pacha lizards in their natural habitat. Specifically, the objectives were to describe the form of headbobs, to analyse their structure and to compare between sexes and social contexts. Adult lizards were video-recorded, registering the sex and the social context, classified as broadcast, same-sex and female-male interactions. The form and structure of sequences and headbobs were obtained. To evaluate the effect of sex and social context on the structure of headbob sequences and on headbob bouts, generalized linear mixed models were made. Intersexual differences were found in headbob display frequency and in the structure of headbob sequences. Lizards in same-sex context made sequences with more bouts, shorter intervals, headbob bouts of longer duration and higher amplitude than broadcast and female-male context. Presence of concurring behaviour such as lateral compression, gular expansion, and back arching occurred simultaneously with headbobs in same-sex context. Liolaemus pacha made four different headbob bout forms, and males were characterised by using bouts A and B, whereas females used bouts D more frequent. Sex and social context influenced only the structure of bouts A and B. The results showed that bouts A and B might be multi-component signals and non-redundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalin S. Vicente
- Instituto de Herpetología, Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, Fundación Miguel Lillo, CONICET. San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
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Vicente NS, Halloy M. Interaction between visual and chemical cues in a Liolaemus lizard: a multimodal approach. ZOOLOGY 2017; 125:24-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ronald KL, Zeng R, White DJ, Fernández-Juricic E, Lucas JR. What makes a multimodal signal attractive? A preference function approach. Behav Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arx015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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21
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Ossip-Drahos AG, Oyola Morales JR, Vital-García C, Zúñiga-Vega JJ, Hews DK, Martins EP. Shaping communicative colour signals over evolutionary time. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:160728. [PMID: 28018661 PMCID: PMC5180159 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Many evolutionary forces can shape the evolution of communicative signals, and the long-term impact of each force may depend on relative timing and magnitude. We use a phylogenetic analysis to infer the history of blue belly patches of Sceloporus lizards, and a detailed spectrophotometric analysis of four species to explore the specific forces shaping evolutionary change. We find that the ancestor of Sceloporus had blue patches. We then focus on four species; the first evolutionary shift (captured by comparison of S. merriami and S. siniferus) represents an ancient loss of the belly patch by S. siniferus, and the second evolutionary shift, bounded by S. undulatus and S. virgatus, represents a more recent loss of blue belly patch by S. virgatus. Conspicuousness measurements suggest that the species with the recent loss (S. virgatus) is the least conspicuous. Results for two other species (S. siniferus and S. merriami) suggest that over longer periods of evolutionary time, new signal colours have arisen which minimize absolute contrast with the habitat while maximizing conspicuousness to a lizard receiver. Specifically, males of the species representing an ancient loss of blue patch (S. siniferus) are more conspicuous than are females in the UV, whereas S. merriami males have evolved a green element that makes their belly patches highly sexually dimorphic but no more conspicuous than the white bellies of S. merriami females. Thus, our results suggest that natural selection may act more immediately to reduce conspicuousness, whereas sexual selection may have a more complex impact on communicative signals through the introduction of new colours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison G. Ossip-Drahos
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Biology, University of North Georgia, Oakwood, GA 30566, USA
| | - José R. Oyola Morales
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Cuauhcihuatl Vital-García
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Mexico
| | - J. Jaime Zúñiga-Vega
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diana K. Hews
- Department of Biology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, USA
| | - Emília P. Martins
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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22
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Evolutionary Interactions Between Visual and Chemical Signals: Chemosignals Compensate for the Loss of a Visual Signal in Male Sceloporus Lizards. J Chem Ecol 2016; 42:1164-1174. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0778-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Populations of the Lizard,Sceloporus occidentalis, that Differ in Melanization have Different Rates of Wound Healing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 325:491-500. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.2033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Seddon RJ, Hews DK. Phenotypic correlates of melanization in two Sceloporus occidentalis (Phrynosomatidae) populations: Behavior, androgens, stress reactivity, and ectoparasites. Physiol Behav 2016; 163:70-80. [PMID: 27137079 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying production of animal coloration can affect key traits besides coloration. Melanin, and molecules regulating melanin, can directly and indirectly affect other phenotypic traits including aggression, stress-reactivity, and immune function. We studied correlation of melanization with these other traits, comparing within- and between-population differences of adult male western fence lizards, Sceloporus occidentalis. We compared one high- and one low-elevation population in California where individuals are increasingly darker at higher elevations, working during comparable periods of the breeding season at each site (first egg clutch). We measured agonistic behaviors of free-ranging males in response to staged territorial intrusions (STIs). In other sets of males we measured baseline testosterone and corticosterone levels, and hormonal-reactivity to a stress handling paradigm. We counted ectoparasite loads for all males. There were no significant associations between individual variation in melanization and individual variation in any of the variables measured. However, analysis of behavior from the STIs revealed that males in the darker high-elevation population responded with more aggressive behavior compared to males in the lighter low-elevation population. Males in the low-elevation population had significantly higher mean baseline testosterone, but the two populations did not differ in adrenal function (baseline corticosterone or corticosterone after 1-h confinement stress). Males in the darker high-elevation population had higher mean mite loads compared to males in the lighter population. This array of phenotypic differences between the two populations, and the absence of trait associations when assessing individual variation, do not parallel the patterns in other vertebrates. We describe potential differences in selective regimes that could produce these different patterns across vertebrates. These data suggest that hormonal pleiotropy does not constrain phenotypic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Seddon
- Department of Biology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA.
| | - Diana K Hews
- Department of Biology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA
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Klomp DA, Ord TJ, Das I, Diesmos A, Ahmad N, Stuart-Fox D. Ornament size and colour as alternative strategies for effective communication in gliding lizards. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:1689-700. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Klomp
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre; the School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - T. J. Ord
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre; the School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - I. Das
- Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation; Universiti Malaysia Sarawak; Kota Samarahan Sarawak Malaysia
| | - A. Diesmos
- Herpetology Section; Zoology Division; National Museum of the Philippines; Manila Philippines
| | - N. Ahmad
- Faculty of Science and Technology; School of Environment and Natural Resource Sciences; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Selangor Malaysia
| | - D. Stuart-Fox
- School of BioSciences; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
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26
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Leaché AD, Banbury BL, Linkem CW, de Oca ANM. Phylogenomics of a rapid radiation: is chromosomal evolution linked to increased diversification in north american spiny lizards (Genus Sceloporus)? BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:63. [PMID: 27000803 PMCID: PMC4802581 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0628-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Resolving the short phylogenetic branches that result from rapid evolutionary diversification often requires large numbers of loci. We collected targeted sequence capture data from 585 nuclear loci (541 ultraconserved elements and 44 protein-coding genes) to estimate the phylogenetic relationships among iguanian lizards in the North American genus Sceloporus. We tested for diversification rate shifts to determine if rapid radiation in the genus is correlated with chromosomal evolution. Results The phylogenomic trees that we obtained for Sceloporus using concatenation and coalescent-based species tree inference provide strong support for the monophyly and interrelationships among nearly all major groups. The diversification analysis supported one rate shift on the Sceloporus phylogeny approximately 20–25 million years ago that is associated with the doubling of the speciation rate from 0.06 species/million years (Ma) to 0.15 species/Ma. The posterior probability for this rate shift occurring on the branch leading to the Sceloporus species groups exhibiting increased chromosomal diversity is high (posterior probability = 0.997). Conclusions Despite high levels of gene tree discordance, we were able to estimate a phylogenomic tree for Sceloporus that solves some of the taxonomic problems caused by previous analyses of fewer loci. The taxonomic changes that we propose using this new phylogenomic tree help clarify the number and composition of the major species groups in the genus. Our study provides new evidence for a putative link between chromosomal evolution and the rapid divergence and radiation of Sceloporus across North America. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0628-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Leaché
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA. .,Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA.
| | - Barbara L Banbury
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Mail Stop M4-B402, Seattle, 98109, Washington, USA
| | - Charles W Linkem
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Adrián Nieto-Montes de Oca
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México
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