1
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Walsh SL, Townsend SW, Engesser S, Ridley AR. Call combination production is linked to the social environment in Western Australian magpies ( Gymnorhina tibicen dorsalis). Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230198. [PMID: 38768205 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
It has recently become clear that some language-specific traits previously thought to be unique to humans (such as the capacity to combine sounds) are widespread in the animal kingdom. Despite the increase in studies documenting the presence of call combinations in non-human animals, factors promoting this vocal trait are unclear. One leading hypothesis proposes that communicative complexity co-evolved with social complexity owing to the need to transmit a diversity of information to a wider range of social partners. The Western Australian magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen dorsalis) provides a unique model to investigate this proposed link because it is a group-living, vocal learning species that is capable of multi-level combinatoriality (independently produced calls contain vocal segments and comprise combinations). Here, we compare variations in the production of call combinations across magpie groups ranging in size from 2 to 11 birds. We found that callers in larger groups give call combinations: (i) in greater diversity and (ii) more frequently than callers in smaller groups. Significantly, these observations support the hypothesis that combinatorial complexity may be related to social complexity in an open-ended vocal learner, providing an important step in understanding the role that sociality may have played in the development of vocal combinatorial complexity. This article is part of the theme issue 'The power of sound: unravelling how acoustic communication shapes group dynamics'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Walsh
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia , Crawley, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - Simon W Townsend
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Zurich , Zurich 8032, Switzerland
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Language Evolution (ISLE), University of Zurich , Zurich 8032, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Sabrina Engesser
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen , Kobenhavn 2100, Denmark
| | - Amanda R Ridley
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia , Crawley, Western Australia 6008, Australia
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2
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Langehennig-Peristenidou A, Scheumann M. Sex differences in the impact of social relationships on individual vocal signatures in grey mouse lemurs ( Microcebus murinus). Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230193. [PMID: 38768201 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Vocalizations coordinate social interactions between conspecifics by conveying information concerning the individual or group identity of the sender. Social accommodation is a form of vocal learning where social affinity is signalled by converging or diverging vocalizations with those of conspecifics. To investigate whether social accommodation is linked to the social lifestyle of the sender, we investigated sex-specific differences in social accommodation in a dispersed living primate, the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus), where females form stable sleeping groups whereas males live solitarily. We used 482 trill calls of 36 individuals from our captive breeding colony to compare acoustic dissimilarity between individuals with genetic relatedness, social contact time and body weight. Our results showed that female trills become more similar the more time females spend with each other, independent of genetic relationship, suggesting vocal convergence. In contrast, male trills were affected more by genetic than social factors. However, focusing only on socialized males, increasing time as cage partners caused greater divergence in males' trills. Thus, grey mouse lemurs show the capacity for social accommodation, with females converging their trills to signal social closeness to sleeping group partners, whereas males do not adapt or diverge their trills to signal individual distinctiveness. This article is part of the theme issue 'The power of sound: unravelling how acoustic communication shapes group dynamics'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Scheumann
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover 30559, Germany
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3
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Smeele SQ, Tyndel SA, Aplin LM, McElreath MB. Multilevel Bayesian analysis of monk parakeet contact calls shows dialects between European cities. Behav Ecol 2024; 35:arad093. [PMID: 38193012 PMCID: PMC10773303 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arad093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Geographic differences in vocalizations provide strong evidence for animal culture, with patterns likely arising from generations of social learning and transmission. Most studies on the evolution of avian vocal variation have predominantly focused on fixed repertoire, territorial song in passerine birds. The study of vocal communication in open-ended learners and in contexts where vocalizations serve other functions is therefore necessary for a more comprehensive understanding of vocal dialect evolution. Parrots are open-ended vocal production learners that use vocalizations for social contact and coordination. Geographic variation in parrot vocalizations typically take the form of either distinct regional variations known as dialects or graded variation based on geographic distance known as clinal variation. In this study, we recorded monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus) across multiple spatial scales (i.e., parks and cities) in their European invasive range. We then compared calls using a multilevel Bayesian model and sensitivity analysis, with this novel approach allowing us to explicitly compare vocalizations at multiple spatial scales. We found support for founder effects and/or cultural drift at the city level, consistent with passive cultural processes leading to large-scale dialect differences. We did not find a strong signal for dialect or clinal differences between parks within cities, suggesting that birds did not actively converge on a group level signal, as expected under the group membership hypothesis. We demonstrate the robustness of our findings and offer an explanation that unifies the results of prior monk parakeet vocalization studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeon Q Smeele
- Cognitive & Cultural Ecology Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Am Obstberg 1, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Pl. 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Nordre Ringgade 1, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Stephen A Tyndel
- Cognitive & Cultural Ecology Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Am Obstberg 1, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Lucy M Aplin
- Cognitive & Cultural Ecology Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Am Obstberg 1, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 134 Linnaeus Way, Acton ACT 2601, Australia
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Science, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mary Brooke McElreath
- Cognitive & Cultural Ecology Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Am Obstberg 1, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Pl. 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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4
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Audet JN, Couture M, Jarvis ED. Songbird species that display more-complex vocal learning are better problem-solvers and have larger brains. Science 2023; 381:1170-1175. [PMID: 37708288 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh3428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Complex vocal learning, a critical component of human spoken language, has been assumed to be associated with more-advanced cognitive abilities. Tests of this hypothesis between individuals within a species have been inconclusive and have not been done across species. In this work, we measured an array of cognitive skills-namely, problem-solving, associative and reversal learning, and self-control-across 214 individuals of 23 bird species, including 19 wild-caught songbird species, two domesticated songbird species, and two wild-caught vocal nonlearning species. We found that the greater the vocal learning abilities of a species, the better their problem-solving skills and the relatively larger their brains. These conclusions held when controlling for noncognitive variables and phylogeny. Our results support a hypothesis of shared genetic and cognitive mechanisms between vocal learning, problem-solving, and bigger brains in songbirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Nicolas Audet
- The Rockefeller University Field Research Center, Millbrook, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Language, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mélanie Couture
- The Rockefeller University Field Research Center, Millbrook, NY, USA
- The Vertebrate Genome Laboratory, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erich D Jarvis
- The Rockefeller University Field Research Center, Millbrook, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Language, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- The Vertebrate Genome Laboratory, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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5
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Smith-Vidaurre G, Pérez-Marrufo V, Hobson EA, Salinas-Melgoza A, Wright TF. Individual identity information persists in learned calls of introduced parrot populations. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011231. [PMID: 37498847 PMCID: PMC10374045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals can actively encode different types of identity information in learned communication signals, such as group membership or individual identity. The social environments in which animals interact may favor different types of information, but whether identity information conveyed in learned signals is robust or responsive to social disruption over short evolutionary timescales is not well understood. We inferred the type of identity information that was most salient in vocal signals by combining computational tools, including supervised machine learning, with a conceptual framework of "hierarchical mapping", or patterns of relative acoustic convergence across social scales. We used populations of a vocal learning species as a natural experiment to test whether the type of identity information emphasized in learned vocalizations changed in populations that experienced the social disruption of introduction into new parts of the world. We compared the social scales with the most salient identity information among native and introduced range monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) calls recorded in Uruguay and the United States, respectively. We also evaluated whether the identity information emphasized in introduced range calls changed over time. To place our findings in an evolutionary context, we compared our results with another parrot species that exhibits well-established and distinctive regional vocal dialects that are consistent with signaling group identity. We found that both native and introduced range monk parakeet calls displayed the strongest convergence at the individual scale and minimal convergence within sites. We did not identify changes in the strength of acoustic convergence within sites over time in the introduced range calls. These results indicate that the individual identity information in learned vocalizations did not change over short evolutionary timescales in populations that experienced the social disruption of introduction. Our findings point to exciting new research directions about the robustness or responsiveness of communication systems over different evolutionary timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Smith-Vidaurre
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Language, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Rockefeller University Field Research Center, Millbrook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Valeria Pérez-Marrufo
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Hobson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Timothy F. Wright
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
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6
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Calviño-Cancela M, Piña L, Martín-Herrero J. Bioacoustic differentiation of calls in the chiffchaff complex. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14261. [PMID: 36340206 PMCID: PMC9632459 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The chiffchaff complex is a group of common forest bird species, notorious for the number of cryptic taxa recently discovered, being a great example of speciation in action. Vocalizations have been crucial to unveil its hidden diversity. In this study we quantitatively analyze the acoustic characteristics of their calls with permutational analysis of variance, canonical variate analysis and a self-organizing map, to determine their variability and differences. We related these differences with the geographical and genetic distances between taxonomic groups, by means of Pearson correlations. We used recordings from Xeno-canto, an open database of bird vocalizations. Inter-taxa distances based on call traits were broadly consistent with geographic distances but not correlated with genetic distances. The Iberian Chiffchaff (Phylloscopus ibericus), presumably the most ancient lineage, was the most central in the variation space, while the Siberian Chiffchaff (P. collybita tristis) was the most peripheric and also very uniform, in contrast with the Canarian Chiffchaff (P. canariensis) highly variable, as expected by the "character release hypothesis" on islands. Calls proved to be an excellent tool, especially amenable for non-biased mathematical analyses which, combined with the wide availability of records in Xeno-canto, greatly facilitates the widespread use of this methodology in a wide range of species and geographical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Piña
- Department of Ecology and Animal Bioloy, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Julio Martín-Herrero
- Deptartment of Signal Theory and Communications, atlanTTic, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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7
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Girard-Buttoz C, Bortolato T, Laporte M, Grampp M, Zuberbühler K, Wittig RM, Crockford C. Population-specific call order in chimpanzee greeting vocal sequences. iScience 2022; 25:104851. [PMID: 36034222 PMCID: PMC9399282 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Primates rarely learn new vocalizations, but they can learn to use their vocalizations in different contexts. Such “vocal usage learning,” particularly in vocal sequences, is a hallmark of human language, but remains understudied in non-human primates. We assess usage learning in four wild chimpanzee communities of Taï and Budongo Forests by investigating population differences in call ordering of a greeting vocal sequence. Whilst in all groups, these sequences consisted of pant-hoots (long-distance contact call) and pant-grunts (short-distance submissive call), the order of the two calls differed across populations. Taï chimpanzees consistently commenced greetings with pant-hoots, whereas Budongo chimpanzees started with pant-grunts. We discuss different hypotheses to explain this pattern and conclude that higher intra-group aggression in Budongo may have led to a local pattern of individuals signaling submission first. This highlights how within-species variation in social dynamics may lead to flexibility in call order production, possibly acquired via usage learning. Chimpanzees combine pant-grunt and pant-hoot calls into a greeting hoot sequence Call-order of these greeting and contact calls is population specific Pant-grunt is uttered first in the population with higher in-group aggressions Vocal usage learning may lead to these population differences in sequence structure
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8
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Lehmann KDS, Jensen FH, Gersick AS, Strandburg-Peshkin A, Holekamp KE. Long-distance vocalizations of spotted hyenas contain individual, but not group, signatures. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220548. [PMID: 35855604 PMCID: PMC9297016 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In animal societies, identity signals are common, mediate interactions within groups, and allow individuals to discriminate group-mates from out-group competitors. However, individual recognition becomes increasingly challenging as group size increases and as signals must be transmitted over greater distances. Group vocal signatures may evolve when successful in-group/out-group distinctions are at the crux of fitness-relevant decisions, but group signatures alone are insufficient when differentiated within-group relationships are important for decision-making. Spotted hyenas are social carnivores that live in stable clans of less than 125 individuals composed of multiple unrelated matrilines. Clan members cooperate to defend resources and communal territories from neighbouring clans and other mega carnivores; this collective defence is mediated by long-range (up to 5 km range) recruitment vocalizations, called whoops. Here, we use machine learning to determine that spotted hyena whoops contain individual but not group signatures, and that fundamental frequency features which propagate well are critical for individual discrimination. For effective clan-level cooperation, hyenas face the cognitive challenge of remembering and recognizing individual voices at long range. We show that serial redundancy in whoop bouts increases individual classification accuracy and thus extended call bouts used by hyenas probably evolved to overcome the challenges of communicating individual identity at long distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenna D. S. Lehmann
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, 1101T Street, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Frants H. Jensen
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA,Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Andrew S. Gersick
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, 106A Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ariana Strandburg-Peshkin
- Biology Department, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany,Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany,Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behaviour, Bücklestrasse 5a, 78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Kay E. Holekamp
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA,Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, 293 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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9
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Vocal recognition of distance calls in a group-living basal bird: the greylag goose, Anser anser. Anim Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Savage PE, Loui P, Tarr B, Schachner A, Glowacki L, Mithen S, Fitch WT. Toward inclusive theories of the evolution of musicality. Behav Brain Sci 2021; 44:e121. [PMID: 34588076 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x21000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We compare and contrast the 60 commentaries by 109 authors on the pair of target articles by Mehr et al. and ourselves. The commentators largely reject Mehr et al.'s fundamental definition of music and their attempts to refute (1) our social bonding hypothesis, (2) byproduct hypotheses, and (3) sexual selection hypotheses for the evolution of musicality. Instead, the commentators generally support our more inclusive proposal that social bonding and credible signaling mechanisms complement one another in explaining cooperation within and competition between groups in a coevolutionary framework (albeit with some confusion regarding terminologies such as "byproduct" and "exaptation"). We discuss the proposed criticisms and extensions, with a focus on moving beyond adaptation/byproduct dichotomies and toward testing of cross-species, cross-cultural, and other empirical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Savage
- Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Fujisawa252-0882, , http://PatrickESavage.com
| | - Psyche Loui
- College of Arts, Media and Design, Northeastern University, Boston, MA02115, , http://www.psycheloui.com
| | - Bronwyn Tarr
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Oxford, OxfordOX2 6PN, , , https://www.anthro.ox.ac.uk/people/dr-bronwyn-tarr
| | - Adena Schachner
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093, , https://madlab.ucsd.edu
| | - Luke Glowacki
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, MA02215, , https://www.hsb-lab.org/
| | - Steven Mithen
- Department of Archaeology, University of Reading, ReadingRG6 6AB, , http://www.reading.ac.uk/archaeology/about/staff/s-j-mithen.aspx
| | - W Tecumseh Fitch
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna1090, Austria. , https://homepage.univie.ac.at/tecumseh.fitch/
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Smith-Vidaurre G, Perez-Marrufo V, Wright TF. Individual vocal signatures show reduced complexity following invasion. Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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12
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Wright TF, Derryberry EP. Defining the multidimensional phenotype: New opportunities to integrate the behavioral ecology and behavioral neuroscience of vocal learning. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 125:328-338. [PMID: 33621636 PMCID: PMC8628558 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Vocal learning has evolved independently in several lineages. This complex cognitive trait is commonly treated as binary: species either possess or lack it. This view has been a useful starting place to examine the origins of vocal learning, but is also incomplete and potentially misleading, as specific components of the vocal learning program - such as the timing, extent and nature of what is learned - vary widely among species. In our review we revive an idea first proposed by Beecher and Brenowitz (2005) by describing six dimensions of vocal learning: (1) which vocalizations are learned, (2) how much is learned, (3) when it is learned, (4) who it is learned from, (5) what is the extent of the internal template, and (6) how is the template integrated with social learning and innovation. We then highlight key examples of functional and mechanistic work on each dimension, largely from avian taxa, and discuss how a multi-dimensional framework can accelerate our understanding of why vocal learning has evolved, and how brains became capable of this important behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy F Wright
- Dept of Biology, New Mexico State Univ, Las Cruces, NM, 88005, USA.
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13
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Memory-specific correlated neuronal activity in higher-order auditory regions of a parrot. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1618. [PMID: 33452344 PMCID: PMC7810846 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80726-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Male budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) are open-ended learners that can learn to produce new vocalisations as adults. We investigated neuronal activation in male budgerigars using the expression of the protein products of the immediate early genes zenk and c-fos in response to exposure to conspecific contact calls (CCs: that of the mate or an unfamiliar female) in three subregions (CMM, dNCM and vNCM) of the caudomedial pallium, a higher order auditory region. Significant positive correlations of Zenk expression were found between these subregions after exposure to mate CCs. In contrast, exposure to CCs of unfamiliar females produced no such correlations. These results suggest the presence of a CC-specific association among the subregions involved in auditory memory. The caudomedial pallium of the male budgerigar may have functional subdivisions that cooperate in the neuronal representation of auditory memory.
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14
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Araya-Salas M, Hernández-Pinsón HA, Rojas N, Chaverri G. Ontogeny of an interactive call-and-response system in Spix's disc-winged bats. Anim Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Five members of a mixed-sex group of bottlenose dolphins share a stereotyped whistle contour in addition to maintaining their individually distinctive signature whistles. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233658. [PMID: 32442214 PMCID: PMC7244121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Most commonly, animal communication systems are driven by shared call repertoires, with some individual distinctiveness encoded as a byproduct of voice cues. We provide evidence that bottlenose dolphins produce both individually distinctive whistles, and a shared whistle type. A stereotyped whistle contour (termed the group whistle) is shared by five bottlenose dolphins that have lived, worked, and traveled together for at least 21 years. These five dolphins are members of a group of eight dolphins that work as a specialized team for the Navy Marine Mammal Program. Each dolphin is routinely recorded during periods when an individual is isolated from the others in above ground pools as part of their routine training. Each of the eight dolphins has an individually distinctive signature whistle. In addition, at least five of these dolphins share a distinct non-signature whistle type. This shared whistle contour was produced an average of 22.4% +/- 9.0% of the time during periods in which individuals were isolated. During these isolations the signature whistle was produced an average of 42.9% +/- 11.9% of the time. This is consistent with decades of signature whistle research. A group of 10 naïve observers rated the similarity of the different whistle contours. The observers rated the group whistle contour produced by all five dolphins as highly similar (P < 0.01). Their ratings further showed that the signature whistles of the five dolphins were very different (P < 0.01). These findings were further supported by discriminant function analyses. That said, the shared whistle contours still exhibited individual differences which may allow conspecifics to identify the producer even when a whistle contour is shared among multiple dolphins. This is the first in-depth analysis of a non-signature whistle type shared among multiple conspecifics.
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16
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Call production induces motor-driven ZENK response in the song control system of black-capped chickadees. Anim Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Smith-Vidaurre G, Araya-Salas M, Wright TF. Individual signatures outweigh social group identity in contact calls of a communally nesting parrot. Behav Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arz202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Despite longstanding interest in the evolutionary origins and maintenance of vocal learning, we know relatively little about how social dynamics influence vocal learning processes in natural populations. The “signaling group membership” hypothesis proposes that socially learned calls evolved and are maintained as signals of group membership. However, in fission–fusion societies, individuals can interact in social groups across various social scales. For learned calls to signal group membership over multiple social scales, they must contain information about group membership over each of these scales, a concept termed “hierarchical mapping.” Monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus), small parrots native to South America, exhibit vocal mimicry in captivity and fission–fusion social dynamics in the wild. We examined patterns of contact call acoustic similarity in Uruguay to test the hierarchical mapping assumption of the signaling group membership hypothesis. We also asked whether geographic variation patterns matched regional dialects or geographic clines that have been documented in other vocal learning species. We used visual inspection, spectrographic cross-correlation and random forests, a machine learning approach, to evaluate contact call similarity. We compared acoustic similarity across social scales and geographic distance using Mantel tests and spatial autocorrelation. We found high similarity within individuals, and low, albeit significant, similarity within groups at the pair, flock and site social scales. Patterns of acoustic similarity over geographic distance did not match mosaic or graded patterns expected in dialectal or clinal variation. Our findings suggest that monk parakeet social interactions rely more heavily upon individual recognition than group membership at higher social scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Smith-Vidaurre
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, 1200 S. Horseshoe Ave, Foster Hall, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Marcelo Araya-Salas
- Recinto de Golfito, Universidad de Costa Rica, 14, Puntarenas, Golfito, Costa Rica
| | - Timothy F Wright
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, 1200 S. Horseshoe Ave, Foster Hall, Las Cruces, NM, USA
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18
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Fishbein AR, Idsardi WJ, Ball GF, Dooling RJ. Sound sequences in birdsong: how much do birds really care? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 375:20190044. [PMID: 31735149 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex and melodic nature of many birds' songs has raised interest in potential parallels between avian vocal sequences and human speech. The similarities between birdsong and speech in production and learning are well established, but surprisingly little is known about how birds perceive song sequences. One popular laboratory songbird, the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata), has recently attracted attention as an avian model for human speech, in part because the male learns to produce the individual elements in its song motif in a fixed sequence. But psychoacoustic evidence shows that adult zebra finches are relatively insensitive to the sequential features of song syllables. Instead, zebra finches and other birds seem to be exquisitely sensitive to the acoustic details of individual syllables to a degree that is beyond human hearing capacity. Based on these findings, we present a finite-state model of zebra finch perception of song syllable sequences and discuss the rich informational capacity of their vocal system. Furthermore, we highlight the abilities of budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus), a parrot species, to hear sequential features better than zebra finches and suggest that neurophysiological investigations comparing these species could prove fruitful for uncovering neural mechanisms for auditory sequence perception in human speech. This article is part of the theme issue 'What can animal communication teach us about human language?'
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Fishbein
- Psychology Department, University of Maryland, 4094 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA.,Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - William J Idsardi
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.,Linguistics Department, University of Maryland, 1401 Marie Mount Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Gregory F Ball
- Psychology Department, University of Maryland, 4094 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA.,Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Robert J Dooling
- Psychology Department, University of Maryland, 4094 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA.,Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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19
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Porter CK, Benkman CW. Character displacement of a learned behaviour and its implications for ecological speciation. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190761. [PMID: 31362636 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultural evolution may accelerate population divergence and speciation, though most support for this hypothesis is restricted to scenarios of allopatric speciation driven by random cultural drift. By contrast, the role of cultural evolution in non-allopatric speciation (i.e. speciation with gene flow) has received much less attention. One clade in which cultural evolution may have figured prominently in speciation with gene flow includes the conifer-seed-eating finches in the red crossbill (Loxia curvirostra) complex. Here we focus on Cassia crossbills (Loxia sinesciuris; an ecotype recently split taxonomically from red crossbills) that learn social contact calls from their parents. Previous work found that individuals modify their calls throughout life such that they become increasingly divergent from a closely related, sympatric red crossbill ecotype. This open-ended modification of calls could lead to character displacement if it causes population-level divergence in call structure that, in turn, reduces (maladaptive) heterospecific flocking. Heterospecific flocking is maladaptive because crossbills use public information from flockmates to assess resource quality, and feeding rates are depressed when flockmates differ in their ability to exploit a shared resource (i.e. when flockmates are heterospecifics). We confirm the predictions of character displacement by documenting substantial population-level divergence in Cassia crossbill call structure over just two decades and by using field experiments to demonstrate that Cassia and red crossbills differentially respond to these evolved differences in call structure, reducing heterospecific flock formation. Moreover, because crossbills choose mates from within flocks, a reduction in heterospecific flocking should increase assortative mating and may have been critical for speciation of Cassia crossbills in the face of ongoing gene flow in as few as 5000 years. Our results provide evidence for a largely neglected yet potentially widespread mechanism by which reproductive isolation can evolve between sympatric lineages as a byproduct of adaptive cultural evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody K Porter
- Program in Ecology, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Craig W Benkman
- Program in Ecology, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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20
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Araya-Salas M, Smith-Vidaurre G, Mennill DJ, González-Gómez PL, Cahill J, Wright TF. Social group signatures in hummingbird displays provide evidence of co-occurrence of vocal and visual learning. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190666. [PMID: 31138067 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vocal learning, in which animals modify their vocalizations based on social experience, has evolved in several lineages of mammals and birds, including humans. Despite much attention, the question of how this key cognitive trait has evolved remains unanswered. The motor theory for the origin of vocal learning posits that neural centres specialized for vocal learning arose from adjacent areas in the brain devoted to general motor learning. One prediction of this hypothesis is that visual displays that rely on complex motor patterns may also be learned in taxa with vocal learning. While learning of both spoken and gestural languages is well documented in humans, the occurrence of learned visual displays has rarely been examined in non-human animals. We tested for geographical variation consistent with learning of visual displays in long-billed hermits ( Phaethornis longirostris), a lek-mating hummingbird that, like humans, has both learned vocalizations and elaborate visual displays. We found lek-level signatures in both vocal parameters and visual display features, including display element proportions, sequence syntax and fine-scale parameters of elements. This variation was not associated with genetic differentiation between leks. In the absence of genetic differences, geographical variation in vocal signals at small scales is most parsimoniously attributed to learning, suggesting a significant role of social learning in visual display ontogeny. The co-occurrence of learning in vocal and visual displays would be consistent with a parallel evolution of these two signal modalities in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Araya-Salas
- 1 Department of Biology, New Mexico State University , Las Cruces, NM , USA.,2 Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY , USA.,3 Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica , San Pedro, San José , Costa Rica
| | | | - Daniel J Mennill
- 4 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor , Windsor, Ontario , Canada
| | - Paulina L González-Gómez
- 5 Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis , Davis, CA , USA.,6 Universidad Autónoma de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - James Cahill
- 7 Laboratory of the Neurogenetics of Language, Rockefeller University , New York, NY , USA
| | - Timothy F Wright
- 1 Department of Biology, New Mexico State University , Las Cruces, NM , USA
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21
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Early vocal ontogeny in a polytocous mammal: no evidence of social learning among sibling piglets, Sus scrofa. Anim Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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22
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Whiten A. Conformity and over-imitation: An integrative review of variant forms of hyper-reliance on social learning. ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.asb.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Elie JE, Theunissen FE. Zebra finches identify individuals using vocal signatures unique to each call type. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4026. [PMID: 30279497 PMCID: PMC6168511 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06394-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual recognition is critical in social animal communication, but it has not been demonstrated for a complete vocal repertoire. Deciphering the nature of individual signatures across call types is necessary to understand how animals solve the problem of combining, in the same signal, information about identity and behavioral state. We show that distinct signatures differentiate zebra finch individuals for each call type. The distinctiveness of these signatures varies: contact calls bear strong individual signatures while calls used during aggressive encounters are less individualized. We propose that the costly solution of using multiple signatures evolved because of the limitations of the passive filtering properties of the birds' vocal organ for generating sufficiently individualized features. Thus, individual recognition requires the memorization of multiple signatures for the entire repertoire of conspecifics of interests. We show that zebra finches excel at these tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Elie
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Frédéric E Theunissen
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Psychology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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24
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Geographic variation of contact calls suggest distinct modes of vocal transmission in a leaf-roosting bat. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-018-2543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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25
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Is the Capacity for Vocal Learning in Vertebrates Rooted in Fish Schooling Behavior? Evol Biol 2018; 45:359-373. [PMID: 30459479 PMCID: PMC6223759 DOI: 10.1007/s11692-018-9457-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The capacity to learn and reproduce vocal sounds has evolved in phylogenetically distant tetrapod lineages. Vocal learners in all these lineages express similar neural circuitry and genetic factors when perceiving, processing, and reproducing vocalization, suggesting that brain pathways for vocal learning evolved within strong constraints from a common ancestor, potentially fish. We hypothesize that the auditory-motor circuits and genes involved in entrainment have their origins in fish schooling behavior and respiratory-motor coupling. In this acoustic advantages hypothesis, aural costs and benefits played a key role in shaping a wide variety of traits, which could readily be exapted for entrainment and vocal learning, including social grouping, group movement, and respiratory-motor coupling. Specifically, incidental sounds of locomotion and respiration (ISLR) may have reinforced synchronization by communicating important spatial and temporal information between school-members and extending windows of silence to improve situational awareness. This process would be mutually reinforcing. Neurons in the telencephalon, which were initially involved in linking ISLR with forelimbs, could have switched functions to serve vocal machinery (e.g. mouth, beak, tongue, larynx, syrinx). While previous vocal learning hypotheses invoke transmission of neurons from visual tasks (gestures) to the auditory channel, this hypothesis involves the auditory channel from the onset. Acoustic benefits of locomotor-respiratory coordination in fish may have selected for genetic factors and brain circuitry capable of synchronizing respiratory and limb movements, predisposing tetrapod lines to synchronized movement, vocalization, and vocal learning. We discuss how the capacity to entrain is manifest in fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals, and propose predictions to test our acoustic advantages hypothesis.
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26
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Martins BA, Rodrigues GSR, de Araújo CB. Vocal dialects and their implications for bird reintroductions. Perspect Ecol Conserv 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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27
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Ruch H, Zürcher Y, Burkart JM. The function and mechanism of vocal accommodation in humans and other primates. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:996-1013. [PMID: 29111610 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The study of non-human animals, in particular primates, can provide essential insights into language evolution. A critical element of language is vocal production learning, i.e. learning how to produce calls. In contrast to other lineages such as songbirds, vocal production learning of completely new signals is strikingly rare in non-human primates. An increasing body of research, however, suggests that various species of non-human primates engage in vocal accommodation and adjust the structure of their calls in response to environmental noise or conspecific vocalizations. To date it is unclear what role vocal accommodation may have played in language evolution, in particular because it summarizes a variety of heterogeneous phenomena which are potentially achieved by different mechanisms. In contrast to non-human primates, accommodation research in humans has a long tradition in psychology and linguistics. Based on theoretical models from these research traditions, we provide a new framework which allows comparing instances of accommodation across species, and studying them according to their underlying mechanism and ultimate biological function. We found that at the mechanistic level, many cases of accommodation can be explained with an automatic perception-production link, but some instances arguably require higher levels of vocal control. Functionally, both human and non-human primates use social accommodation to signal social closeness or social distance to a partner or social group. Together, this indicates that not only some vocal control, but also the communicative function of vocal accommodation to signal social closeness and distance must have evolved prior to the emergence of language, rather than being the result of it. Vocal accommodation as found in other primates has thus endowed our ancestors with pre-adaptations that may have paved the way for language evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Ruch
- University Research Priority Program Language and Space, University of Zurich, 8032, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yvonne Zürcher
- Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Judith M Burkart
- Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
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28
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Wright TF, Dahlin CR. Vocal dialects in parrots: patterns and processes of cultural evolution. THE EMU 2017; 118:50-66. [PMID: 29962561 PMCID: PMC6020700 DOI: 10.1080/01584197.2017.1379356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Vocal dialects have fascinated biologists for over 50 years. This mosaic pattern of geographic variation in learned vocalizations was first described in a songbird, and since that time, most studies investigating dialects have focused on songbird species. Here we examine patterns of geographic variation in the calls of a different group of vocal learning birds, the parrots (Order Psittaciformes). We summarize the growing literature on vocal variation in parrots, and complement this review with a survey of variation in the genus Amazona using calls from sound libraries. We find strikingly similar patterns to those previously found in songbirds. Over 90% of parrots examined in the literature, and 69% of Amazona species surveyed, showed geographic variation consistent with a propensity to share local call types. This trait is evolutionarily labile and widespread; within Amazona most clades contained species with and without geographic variation, and most major lineages of parrots include representatives with dialects. We found little support for the long-standing hypothesis that dialects isolate populations and thus generate genetic differences among populations. Instead, most studies support the idea that dialects are maintained by social benefits of matching local call types, a finding that has implications for the management of captive and endangered populations. Considerable scope remains for studies that experimentally test hypotheses for the exact nature of these benefits, as well as studies that employ comparisons among species, to understand how the interplay between ecology, social dynamics and vocal learning capacities produces different patterns of variation across the parrots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy F. Wright
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces NM, USA
| | - Christine R. Dahlin
- Department of Biology, University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown, Johnstown, PA, USA
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29
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Individual recognition of opposite sex vocalizations in the zebra finch. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5579. [PMID: 28717221 PMCID: PMC5514125 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05982-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual vocal recognition plays an important role in the social lives of many vocally active species. In group-living songbirds the most common vocalizations during communal interactions are low-intensity, soft, unlearned calls. Being able to tell individuals apart solely from a short call would allow a sender to choose a specific group member to address, resulting in the possibility to form complex communication networks. However, little research has yet been carried out to discover whether soft calls contain individual identity. In this study, males and females of zebra finch pairs were tested with six vocalization types - four different soft calls, the distance call and the male song - to investigate whether they are able to distinguish individuals of the opposite sex. For both sexes, we provide the first evidence of individual vocal recognition for a zebra finch soft unlearned call. Moreover, while controlling for habituation and testing for repeatability of the findings, we quantify the effects of hitherto little studied variables such as partners’ vocal exchange previous to the experiment, spectral content of playback calls and quality of the answers. We suggest that zebra finches can recognize individuals via soft vocalizations, therefore allowing complex directed communication within vocalizing flocks.
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30
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Coppinger B, Cannistraci RA, Karaman F, Kyle SC, Hobson EA, Freeberg TM, Hay JF. Studying audience effects in animals: what we can learn from human language research. Anim Behav 2017. [PMID: 29527016 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ferhat Karaman
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, U.S.A
| | - Steven C Kyle
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, U.S.A
| | - Elizabeth A Hobson
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, U.S.A.,ASU-SFI Center for Biosocial Complex Systems, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, U.S.A.,Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, U.S.A
| | - Todd M Freeberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, U.S.A.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, U.S.A.,NeuroNET Research Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, U.S.A
| | - Jessica F Hay
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, U.S.A.,NeuroNET Research Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, U.S.A
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