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Rubert-Nason KF, Yang P, Morrow CJ, Lindroth RL. Environment and Genotype Influence Quantitative and Qualitative Variation in Condensed Tannins in Aspen. J Chem Ecol 2023; 49:325-339. [PMID: 37183205 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-023-01430-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Condensed tannins (CTs) are abundant, ecologically-relevant secondary metabolites in many plants, which respond to variables associated with anthropogenic environmental change. While many studies have reported how genetic and environmental factors affect CT concentrations, few have explored how they influence CT molecular structure. Here, using trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) as a model organism, we report how foliar CT concentrations, polymer sizes, representation of procyanidins and prodelphinidins, and stereochemistry vary in response to changes in air temperature (warming and freeze damage), air composition (elevated CO2 and O3), soil quality (nutrients and microbiome), and herbivory (mammal and lepidopteran). Use of multiple aspen genotypes enabled assessment of genetic influences on aspen CTs. CT concentration and composition were analyzed by thiolysis-ultra high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry in archived leaf samples from prior experiments. All environmental variables explored except for soil microbiome influenced both CT quantity and quality, with climate factors appearing to have larger effect magnitudes than herbivory. Climate, soil, and herbivory effects varied among genotypes, while air composition effects were consistent across genotypes. Considering that CT properties (concentrations and molecular structures) mediate functions at the organismal through ecosystem scales, intraspecific variation in responses of CT properties to environmental factors could provide a pathway through which environmental change exerts selective pressure on Populus populations. Future studies are needed to identify the molecular-level mechanisms by which environmental factors influence CT concentrations and structures, and to establish their ecological and evolutionary significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy F Rubert-Nason
- Dept. of Entomology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Division of Natural Sciences, University of Maine - Fort Kent, 23 University Drive, Fort Kent, ME, 04743, USA.
| | - Phia Yang
- Dept. of Zoology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Clay J Morrow
- Dept. of Entomology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Richard L Lindroth
- Dept. of Entomology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Tozer K, Douglas G, Dodd M, Müller K. Vegetation Options for Increasing Resilience in Pastoral Hill Country. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.550334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Steep, uncultivable hill country below 1,000 m comprises about 40% of New Zealand's land surface area. Hill country farmers require options to increase the resilience of their farms to climatic and economic extremes while addressing soil conservation and water quality issues. We profile and discuss two options that can assist in transforming hill country. The first comprises a simple approach to grazing management in hill country pastures to increase pasture resilience and the second approach focuses on including selected forage shrubs (and trees) to create grazed pasture-shrublands. Deferred grazing, the cessation of grazing from flowering until seed dispersal of the desirable species in a pasture, is an old practice which has novel applications to improve resilience of hill country farming systems. We draw on current research and practitioner experience to demonstrate the impact of deferred grazing on the resilience of the deferred pasture and the farm system. We propose that deferred grazing will: (i) increase resilience of a pasture by enabling it to better recover from biotic and abiotic stresses and (ii) reduce the risk of nutrient and sediment losses in hill country by increasing ground cover, rooting depth and soil structural stability. Introducing woody forage shrubs into hill country pastures is another option that can improve farm profitability and resilience to current and future economic and climatic variabilities. The extensive root networks of shrubs can increase soil structural stability and reduce the risk of soil erosion. In addition, shrubs can supply many other ecosystem services, such as forage and shelter for livestock. In this paper, we discuss: (i) the potential benefits of a grazed pasture-shrubland at farm, landscape and national scales; (ii) candidate woody exotic and indigenous forage species; and (iii) priorities for research.
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Khanal P, Nielsen MO. Impacts of prenatal nutrition on animal production and performance: a focus on growth and metabolic and endocrine function in sheep. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8:75. [PMID: 28919976 PMCID: PMC5594587 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of foetal programming (FP) originated from human epidemiological studies, where foetal life nutrition was linked to health and disease status later in life. Since the proposal of this phenomenon, it has been evaluated in various animal models to gain further insights into the mechanisms underlying the foetal origins of health and disease in humans. In FP research, the sheep has been quite extensively used as a model for humans. In this paper we will review findings mainly from our Copenhagen sheep model, on the implications of late gestation malnutrition for growth, development, and metabolic and endocrine functions later in life, and discuss how these implications may depend on the diet fed to the animal in early postnatal life. Our results have indicated that negative implications of foetal malnutrition, both as a result of overnutrition and, particularly, late gestation undernutrition, can impair a wide range of endocrine functions regulating growth and presumably also reproductive traits. These implications are not readily observable early in postnatal life, but are increasingly manifested as the animal approaches adulthood. No intervention or cure is known that can reverse this programming in postnatal life. Our findings suggest that close to normal growth and slaughter results can be obtained at least until puberty in animals which have undergone adverse programming in foetal life, but manifestation of programming effects becomes increasingly evident in adult animals. Due to the risk of transfer of the adverse programming effects to future generations, it is therefore recommended that animals that are suspected to have undergone adverse FP are not used for reproduction. Unfortunately, no reliable biomarkers have as yet been identified that allow accurate identification of adversely programmed offspring at birth, except for very low or high birth weights, and, in pigs, characteristic changes in head shape (dolphin head). Future efforts should be therefore dedicated to identify reliable biomarkers and evaluate their effectiveness for alleviation/reversal of the adverse programming in postnatal life. Our sheep studies have shown that the adverse impacts of an extreme, high-fat diet in early postnatal life, but not prenatal undernutrition, can be largely reversed by dietary correction later in life. Thus, birth (at term) appears to be a critical set point for permanent programming in animals born precocial, such as sheep. Appropriate attention to the nutrition of the late pregnant dam should therefore be a priority in animal production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Khanal
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, 1st floor, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,Current address: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Transgenic Animal and Lipid Storage, Norwegian Transgenic Centre (NTS), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mette Olaf Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, 1st floor, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Potential for Hybrid Poplar Riparian Buffers to Provide Ecosystem Services in Three Watersheds with Contrasting Agricultural Land Use. FORESTS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/f7020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Karonen M, Oraviita M, Mueller-Harvey I, Salminen JP, Green RJ. Binding of an Oligomeric Ellagitannin Series to Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA): Analysis by Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:10647-54. [PMID: 26608224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A unique series of oligomeric ellagitannins was used to study their interactions with bovine serum albumin (BSA) by isothermal titration calorimetry. Oligomeric ellagitannins, ranging from monomer to heptamer and a mixture of octamer-undecamers, were isolated as individual pure compounds. This series allowed studying the effects of oligomer size and other structural features. The monomeric to trimeric ellagitannins deviated most from the overall trends. The interactions of ellagitannin oligomers from tetramers to octa-undecamers with BSA revealed strong similarities. In contrast to the equilibrium binding constant, enthalpy showed an increasing trend from the dimer to larger oligomers. It is likely that first the macrocyclic part of the ellagitannin binds to the defined binding sites on the protein surface and then the "flexible tail" of the ellagitannin coats the protein surface. The results highlight the importance of molecular flexibility to maximize binding between the ellagitannin and protein surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarit Karonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku , Vatselankatu 2, Turun Yliopisto, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Marianne Oraviita
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku , Vatselankatu 2, Turun Yliopisto, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Irene Mueller-Harvey
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading , Earley Gate, P.O. Box 236, Reading RG6 6AT, United Kingdom
| | - Juha-Pekka Salminen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku , Vatselankatu 2, Turun Yliopisto, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Rebecca J Green
- School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading , Whiteknights, P.O. Box 224, Reading RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
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AbuHafsa SH, Hassan AA, Camacho LM, Salem AZM. Replacement of berseem hay by Salix tetrasperma on physiological performance of New Zealand White rabbits under subtropical conditions of Egypt. Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 46:1119-25. [PMID: 24838979 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-014-0609-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Forty-eight growing New Zealand White male rabbits aged 6 weeks (874 ± 1.3 g initial body weight (BW)) were used to study effects of partial replacement of berseem hay (BH) with Salix tetrasperma hay (ST) on growth and physiological responses. Rabbits were allotted to one of four diets of 12 rabbits each for 75 days in a completely randomized design. The treatments were as follows: control (30 % BH), ST25 (7.5 % ST + 22.5 % BH), ST50 (15 % ST + 15 % BH), ST75 (22.5 % ST + 7.5 % BH). Nutrient digestibility coefficients, nutritive value and N utilization of rabbits fed with the ST50 rations were higher (P < 0.05) than the other groups. Final live BW, average daily gain, feed intake and feed efficiency of rabbits fed ST25 and ST50 were higher (P < 0.05) than those fed ST75 and the control. Serum biochemical metabolites of urea, creatinine, aspartate amino transferase and alanine amino transferase concentrations varied among diets, with the rank order (P < 0.05) ST75 > ST25 and ST50 > control. Glucose level was higher (P < 0.05) for the control than the other diets. Rabbits fed with the mixed diets of ST had lower (P < 0.05) total lipids, cholesterol and triglycerides levels than those fed with control. Haematological indices of packed cell volume, haemoglobin, red blood cells, white blood cells and lymphocyte counts were lower (P < 0.05), but monocyte was higher, in rabbits fed with the ST75 than the other groups. However, other haematological parameters were similar among diets. Since all the performance and blood parameters were within normal ranges for healthy rabbits, and there were no signs of toxicity, we conclude that partial replacement of BH by ST improves rabbit growth performance, and did not impact rabbit health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma H AbuHafsa
- Livestock Research Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
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Arrebola FA, Abecia JA, Forcada F, Garcia A, Martín RA, Mesa O. Effects of annual rainfall and farm on lamb production after treatment with melatonin implants in Merino sheep: a 4-year study. N Z Vet J 2009; 57:141-5. [PMID: 19521462 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2009.36893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the effects of annual rainfall and farm on the efficacy of melatonin implants in improving lamb production in Merino sheep in Spain. METHODS A study was conducted on 3,871 Merino sheep on six farms over a 4-year period (2004-2007). Melatonin implants were inserted during the second half of February or early March (winter) (Melatonin group) or not (Control group). Multinomial logistic regression was used to determine the effects of melatonin, farm and year, and their interactions, on reproductive outcomes. Regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between annual rainfall and the percentage of ewes lambing, percentage of lambs born to ewes lambing, and overall lambing percentage, for each year and treatment group within farm. RESULTS Annual rainfall, farm and treatment with melatonin, and their interactions, had a significant effect on the reproductive performance of ewes (p<0.001). Treatment with melatonin increased the percentage of ewes lambing (Melatonin group = 77 (SEM 4)%, Control group = 44 (SEM 7)%; p<0.0001), and overall lambing percentage (Melatonin group = 109 (SEM 1)%, Control group = 59 (SEM 2)%; p<0.0001). Treatment differences were especially pronounced in 2005 and 2006, when annual rainfall was exceptionally low; ewes in the Control group had the lowest lambing rates those years. Lambing rates and overall lambing percentage were positively correlated (p<0.05) with the amount of annual rainfall but the correlation coefficients were higher in the Control than Melatonin group. CONCLUSIONS Melatonin implants are an effective means of improving lamb production of Merino ewes, especially in harsh environments where low annual rainfall limits the availability of food. When melatonin treatment was used, however, the responses of flocks on individual farms were difficult to predict because within a year, responses did not occur on all farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Arrebola
- IFAPA Hinojosa del Duque, Carretera el Viso, km 2, 14270 Córdoba, Spain
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Musonda K, Barry T, McWilliam E, Lopez-Villalobos N, Pomroy W. Grazing willow (Salix spp.) fodder blocks for increased reproductive rates and internal parasite control in mated hoggets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fitz-Rodríguez G, De Santiago-Miramontes MA, Scaramuzzi RJ, Malpaux B, Delgadillo JA. Nutritional supplementation improves ovulation and pregnancy rates in female goats managed under natural grazing conditions and exposed to the male effect. Anim Reprod Sci 2009; 116:85-94. [PMID: 19231114 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 12/31/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine if nutritional supplementation improved ovulation and pregnancy rates in female goats managed under grazing conditions and submitted to the male effect. In Experiment 1, one group of does did not receive nutritional supplementation, while the other group was supplemented daily for 7 days starting at the time when the males were introduced to the females. The ovulation rate at the second male-induced ovulation was greater (P<0.05) in supplemented (2.0+/-0.1) than in non-supplemented (1.6+/-0.1) does. For Experiment 2, female goats were supplemented for 0, 7, 14 or 28 days, starting 9 days following buck introduction. The proportion of does that were pregnant in the group supplemented for 28 days was greater (P<0.05) than in the non-supplemented group, but did not differ from 14-day and the 7-day supplemented groups. The proportion of pregnant does was greater (P<0.05) in the group supplemented for 14 days compared to the group supplemented for 7 days and the non-supplemented group. These latter two groups did not differ (P>0.05). In conclusion, feed supplementation for 7 days, starting at the time when males were introduced increased ovulation rate and feed supplementation for 14 or 28 days starting 9 days after males were introduced improved pregnancy rates in goats managed under grazing conditions and exposed to males.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fitz-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Caprina, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, C.P., Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico
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Blache D, Maloney SK, Revell DK. Use and limitations of alternative feed resources to sustain and improve reproductive performance in sheep and goats. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Pitta D, Barry T, Lopez-Villalobos N, Kemp P. Willow fodder blocks—An alternate forage to low quality pasture for mating ewes during drought? Anim Feed Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Pitta D, Barry T, Lopez-Villalobos N, Kemp P. Effects on ewe reproduction of grazing willow fodder blocks during drought. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Effects of willow (Salix) supplementation for 31 and 63d on the reproductive performance of ewes grazing low quality drought pasture during mating. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2004.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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McWilliam E, Barry T, Lopez-Villalobos N, Cameron P, Kemp P. Effects of willow (Salix) versus poplar (Populus) supplementation on the reproductive performance of ewes grazing low quality drought pasture during mating. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2004.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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