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Penazzi L, Freire TGB, Theodoro SDS, Frias JL, Ala U, Carciofi AC, Prola L. Lentils pasta by-product in a complete extruded diet for dogs and its effect on extrusion, digestibility, and carbohydrate metabolism. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1429218. [PMID: 38993281 PMCID: PMC11238134 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1429218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recently, increasing effort has been directed toward environmental sustainability in pet food. The aim of this study was to evaluate the extrusion parameters, nutrient digestibility, fecal characteristics, palatability and insulinemic and glycaemic curves of a complete diet for dogs in which the main carbohydrate source was a red lentil pasta by-product (LP). Methods Five experimental diets were formulated: a basal diet (CO) based on rice and a poultry by-product meal; three experimental diets where LP substituted rice at 33, 66, or 100% (LP33, LP66, and LP100, respectively); and a diet formulated on 70% of the basal diet (CO) plus 30% LP (LPS) to evaluate the digestibility of LP ingredient. Results and discussion The extruder pressure, hardness and bulk density of the kibble increased in a linear manner with increasing LP percentage (P < 0.05), without affecting starch gelatinization. According to polynomial contrast analysis, rice replacement with LP at 33 and 66% caused no reduction in apparent total tract digestibility coefficient (ATTDC), with similar or higher values compared with the CO diet. Nitrogen balance did not change (P > 0.05), but we observed a linear increase in feces production and moisture content as the LP inclusion rate rose and a linear decrease in feces pH (P < 0.05). Nevertheless, the fecal score was unaffected. Fecal acetate, propionate, total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), branched-chain fatty acids, and lactate all increased linearly as the LP inclusion rate increased (P < 0.05), without altering ammonia concentration in feces. Feces concentrations of cadaverine, tyramine, histamine, and spermidine also increased in a linear manner with increasing LP inclusion (P < 0.05). The fermentation of LP dietary fiber by the gut microbiota increased the concentration of desirable fermentation by-products, including SCFA and spermidine. The post-prandial glucose and insulin responses were lower in the dogs fed the LP100 diet compared with CO, suggesting the possible use of this ingredient in diets designed to generate a low glycaemic response. Finally, the palatability study results showed a preference for the LP100 ration in both the "first choice" and the "consumption rate" evaluation (P < 0.05). This trial reveals how a by-product discarded from the human-grade food chain retains both its nutritional and organoleptic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Penazzi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Stephanie de Souza Theodoro
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Lopes Frias
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ugo Ala
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Aulus Cavalieri Carciofi
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liviana Prola
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
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Heydari A, Khalaji S, Yari M. Cereal type and conditioning temperature altered protein and carbohydrate molecular structure, nutrient retention and performance in broilers fed pellet diets during starter and grower period. Br Poult Sci 2024; 65:315-330. [PMID: 38393938 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2310668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
1. Effects of cereal type and conditioning temperature (CT) on protein and carbohydrate (CHO) molecular structures, nutrient retention, carcass and blood characteristics, caecal microbial population and growth criteria of broilers fed pellet diet were evaluated for a total period of 35 d.2. In total, 336-day-old Cobb 500 broiler chicks were randomly allotted into a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with two different cereal types (maize or wheat) processed in two different temperatures (CT; 68°C or 90°C) with seven pen replicates containing 12 birds each.3. Chicks fed the maize-based diets significantly gained higher body weight (BW) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) in comparison to the chicks fed wheat-based diets during the whole grow-out period (p < 0.01). Overall, the highest BW and feed intake (FI) were seen in birds fed wheat-based diets conditioned at 68°C, but the lowest FCR was observed in maize-based diet conditioned at 90°C at 7, 14 and 21 d of age (p < 0.01). However, BW was higher and FCR lower in chicks fed maize-based diets conditioned at 90°C in the grower period (28 and 35 d; p < 0.01).4. The α-helix height was higher in wheat-based starter diets in comparison to the maize-based diet (p < 0.01). Ratio of amide I to II area and total CHO peak height were increased when diets were processed at 90°C in both maize and wheat-based starter diet (p < 0.05). Increasing the CT from 68°C to 90°C reduced CHO peak 1 and 2 height by 11.6% and 3.95%, respectively, in maize-based starter diets, while increasing the CT from 68°C to 90°C reduced CHO peak 1 and 2 height by 54.3% and 57.2%, respectively, in wheat-based starter diets. In the grower diets, increasing the CT from 68°C to 90°C increased CHO peak 1 by 23% in maize-based diets, but reduced CHO peak 1 by 24.5% in wheat-based diets.5. Calcium and phosphorous retention were highest in chicks fed wheat-based diets conditioned at 90°C and lowest in chicks fed maize-based diets conditioned at 90°C (p < 0.01). Salmonella, E. coli and coliforms in the caeca reduced significantly (p < 0.05) in chicks fed wheat-based diets conditioned at 90°C on d 11 and increased with the same diet at 35 d of age compared to the chicks fed maize-based diets conditioned at both 68°C and 90°C or wheat-based diets conditioned at 68°C.6. Conditioning the wheat-based diets at 68°C improved production responses without causing any adverse effects on protein and CHO molecular structures, however increasing the conditioning temperature to 90°C impaired performance due to alteration of protein and CHO molecular structures. In contrast, conditioning of the maize-based diets at 90°C had the opposite effect, and improved production performance compared to diets conditioned at 68°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Heydari
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
| | - S Khalaji
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
| | - M Yari
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
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Kaur P, Kaur H, Aggarwal R, Bains K, Mahal AK, Singla LD, Gupta K. Analysing the Impact of Resistant Starch Formation in Basmati Rice Products: Exploring Associations with Blood Glucose and Lipid Profiles across Various Cooking and Storage Conditions In Vivo. Foods 2024; 13:1669. [PMID: 38890898 PMCID: PMC11171569 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Common cooking methods were used to prepare basmati rice products, including boiling 1 (boiling by absorption), boiling 2 (boiling in extra amount of water), frying, and pressure cooking. The cooked rice was held at various temperatures and times as follows: it was made fresh (T1), kept at room temperature (20-22 °C) for 24 h (T2), kept at 4 °C for 24 h (T3), and then reheated after being kept at 4 °C for 24 h (T4). The proximate composition, total dietary fibre, resistant starch (RS), and in vitro starch digestion rate of products were examined. The effect of RS on blood glucose and lipid profiles was measured in humans and rats, including a histopathological study of the liver and pancreas in rats. The basmati rice that was prepared via boiling 1 and stored with T3 was found to be low in glycaemic index and glycaemic load, and to be high in resistant starch. Similarly, in rats, the blood glucose level, cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL were reduced by about 29.7%, 37.9%, 31.3%, and 30.5%, respectively, after the consumption of basmati rice that was prepared via boiling 1 and stored with T3. Awareness should be raised among people about the health benefits of resistant starch consumption and the right way of cooking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhjot Kaur
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India (R.A.)
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India (R.A.)
| | - Renuka Aggarwal
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India (R.A.)
| | - Kiran Bains
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India (R.A.)
| | - Amrit Kaur Mahal
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India;
| | - Lachhman Das Singla
- Department of Parasitology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India
| | - Kuldeep Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India
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Chen K, Wei P, Jia M, Wang L, Li Z, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Shi L. Research Progress in Modifications, Bioactivities, and Applications of Medicine and Food Homologous Plant Starch. Foods 2024; 13:558. [PMID: 38397535 PMCID: PMC10888398 DOI: 10.3390/foods13040558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Starchy foods are an essential part of people's daily diet. Starch is the primary substance used by plants to store carbohydrates, and it is the primary source of energy for humans and animals. In China, a variety of plants, including edible medicinal plants, such as Pueraria root, yam tuber and coix seed, are rich in starch. However, limited by their inherent properties, kudzu starch and other starches are not suitable for the modern food industry. Natural starch is frequently altered by physical, chemical, or biological means to give it superior qualities to natural starch as it frequently cannot satisfy the demands of industrial manufacturing. Therefore, the deep processing market of modified starch and its products has a great potential. This paper reviews the modification methods which can provide excellent functional, rheological, and processing characteristics for these starches that can be used to improve the physical and chemical properties, texture properties, and edible qualities. This will provide a comprehensive reference for the modification and application of starch from medicinal and edible plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Shangrao Innovation Institute of Agricultural Technology, College of Life Science, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China; (K.C.); (P.W.)
| | - Pinghui Wei
- Shangrao Innovation Institute of Agricultural Technology, College of Life Science, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China; (K.C.); (P.W.)
| | - Meiqi Jia
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (M.J.); (L.W.)
| | - Lihao Wang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (M.J.); (L.W.)
| | - Zihan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; (Z.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhongwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; (Z.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Yuhuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; (Z.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Lin Shi
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (M.J.); (L.W.)
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Ichikawa S, Sakata M, Oba T, Kodama Y. Fluorescein staining of chloroplast starch granules in living plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:662-672. [PMID: 37792703 PMCID: PMC10828193 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast starch granules (cpSGs) store energy harvested through photosynthesis in plants, and cpSG dynamics have important roles in plant energy metabolism and stress responses. To date, cpSGs have been visualized using several methods, such as iodine staining; however, no method can be used to specifically visualize cpSGs in living cells from various plant species. Here, we report a simple method to visualize cpSGs in living plant cells in various species by staining with fluorescein, a commonly used fluorescent dye. We show that fluorescein is taken up into chloroplasts and interacts with cpSGs similarly to iodine. Fluorescein also interacts with refined starch in vitro. Using a fluorescein derivative for ultrabright cpSG imaging, we produced high-quality 3D reconstructions of cpSGs and evaluated their accumulation in multiple plant species. As fluorescein is well known and readily purchasable, our fluorescein-based staining method should contribute to all research regarding starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Ichikawa
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
- Graduate School of Regional Development and Creativity, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | - Momoko Sakata
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Toru Oba
- Graduate School of Regional Development and Creativity, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
- Faculty of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8585, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kodama
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
- Graduate School of Regional Development and Creativity, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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Huang D, Gu J, Xue C, Zhang L, Chen X, Wang Y, Liang H, Ren M. Different Starch Sources Affect the Growth Performance and Hepatic Health Status of Largemouth Bass ( Micropterus salmoides) in a High-Temperature Environment. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3808. [PMID: 38136845 PMCID: PMC10741064 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The experiment was designed to investigate the effects of different starch types on the growth performance and liver health status of largemouth bass in a high-temperature environment (33-35 °C). In this study, we designed five diets using corn starch (CS), tapioca starch (TS), sweet potato starch (SPS), potato starch (PS), and wheat starch (WS) as the starch sources (10%). We selected 225 healthy and uniformly sized largemouth bass (199.6 ± 0.43 g) and conducted the feeding experiment for 45 days. The results showed that the WS group had the highest WGR, SGR, and SR and the lowest FCR. Among the five groups, the WS group had the highest CAT activity, SOD activity, and GSH content, while the SPS group had the highest MDA content. Furthermore, oil red O staining of liver samples showed that the TS group had the largest positive region, indicating high lipid accumulation. Lastly, the gene expression results revealed that compared with the WS group, the CS, TS, and SPS groups showed suppressed expression of nrf2, keap1, cat, sod, gpx, il-8, and il-10. Therefore, our results demonstrated the effect of different starch sources on largemouth bass growth performance and hepatic health in a high-temperature environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Jiaze Gu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Chunyu Xue
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Tongwei Agricultural Development Co., Ltd., Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Healthy Culture of Aquatic Livestock and Poultry, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Healthy Aquaculture Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610093, China
| | - Xiaoru Chen
- Tongwei Agricultural Development Co., Ltd., Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Healthy Culture of Aquatic Livestock and Poultry, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Healthy Aquaculture Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610093, China
| | - Yongli Wang
- Tongwei Agricultural Development Co., Ltd., Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Healthy Culture of Aquatic Livestock and Poultry, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Healthy Aquaculture Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610093, China
| | - Hualiang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Mingchun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
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Carrari IF, Poczynek M, Fillus AM, Baptista FS, Los LB, Ferraretto LF, Maiorka A, de Almeida R. Short communication: Impact of corn grain particle size on production performance of lactating dairy cows. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:404. [PMID: 37957330 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03829-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Corn grain particle size has the potential to influence the performance of lactating dairy cows and the overall profitability of a dairy farm. The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive performance of lactating cows fed diets containing finely or coarsely ground corn grain. Fifty lactating Holstein cows (n = 50; 10 primiparous and 40 multiparous), averaging (mean ± standard deviation, SD) 658 ± 64 kg of BW, 38.8 ± 7.3 kg of milk/d, and 155 ± 80 DIM, were fed diets with finely ground corn grain (FGC) or coarsely ground corn grain (CGC) in a randomized block design with a 28-d treatment period. Finely and coarsely ground corn grain had an average particle size of 660 and 915 µm, respectively. Dry matter intake (DMI) was reduced (p < 0.01) for cows fed FGC (22.1 vs. 21.2 kg d-1). Milk yield and efficiency were not affected by treatments (37.9 vs. 36.8 kg d-1; p = 0.12 and 1.78 vs. 1.79; p = 0.15). Concentrations of milk protein and fat, as well as other milk solids, were unaffected (p > 0.05) by treatments. Fecal starch (FS) concentrations were greater (p < 0.01) for cows fed CGC (7.0 vs. 4.9%), whereas plasma concentrations of D-lactate were greater (p < 0.05) for cows fed FGC (98.5 vs. 79.7 µM). Overall, feeding finely ground corn grain increased total-tract starch digestibility and reduced DMI while maintaining milk yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Fonseca Carrari
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Rua Dos Funcionários, 1540, 80035-050, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Milaine Poczynek
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Rua Dos Funcionários, 1540, 80035-050, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Aline Milani Fillus
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Rua Dos Funcionários, 1540, 80035-050, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | | | - Leopoldo Bras Los
- Frísia Cooperativa Agroindustrial, Avenida Dos Pioneiros, 2324, 84145-000, Carambeí, PR, Brasil
| | - Luiz Felipe Ferraretto
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Alex Maiorka
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Rua Dos Funcionários, 1540, 80035-050, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo de Almeida
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Rua Dos Funcionários, 1540, 80035-050, Curitiba, PR, Brasil.
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Razzaghi A, Malekkhahi M, Brito AF. Lactation performance, milk fat output, and nutrient digestibility responses to the addition of liquid molasses or yeast culture in dairy cows fed super-conditioned corn. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:6080-6093. [PMID: 37479577 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Increased diet fermentability may decrease ruminal pH and fiber digestibility, and increase the flow of trans fatty acids (FA) to the lower tract ultimately leading to milk fat depression. We recently showed that feeding super-conditioned corn, a new method of corn processing (95°C for 6 min in super-conditioner) for ruminants has potential to the reduction in milk fat yield caused by changes in ruminal pH and increased trans FA in milk fat. Supplementing yeast culture (YC) and replacing starch with sugar sources in diet can counteract the negative effects of high fermentable diets by improving ruminal pH and milk fat output. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding beet liquid molasses (LM) and YC on intake and total-tract digestibility of nutrients, milk yield and composition, ruminal fermentation, milk FA profile, and plasma concentrations of glucose, nonesterified FA, β-hydroxybutyric acid, and urea N in early-lactation dairy cows fed high-starch diets containing super-conditioned corn. Twelve primiparous and 18 multiparous Holstein cows (mean ± SD; 67 ± 12 d in milk and 42 ± 2.1 kg of milk at the beginning of the experiment) were blocked by parity, pre-experimental milk yield, and DIM. Cows were used in a randomized complete block design experiment with 14 d as covariate period and 37 d for the experimental period. The following dietary treatments were fed as total mixed rations: (1) control diet (CTRL = no YC or LM supplementation), (2) LM supplementation at 5% of the diet dry matter (MOL diet), and (3) CTRL supplemented with 10 g/d of YC (YST diet). Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic. Intake of nutrients and apparent total-tract digestibility of crude protein and starch did not change across treatments. In contrast, cows fed the YST diet had the greatest apparent total-tract digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and neutral detergent fiber. Compared with the CTRL diet, yield of 4% FCM increased by 2.4 and 1.8 kg in cows fed MOL or YST, respectively. The ruminal molar proportions of acetate and butyrate increased in cows fed the YST or MOL diets, respectively, but the proportion of ruminal propionate was not affected by treatments. Milk fat concentration increased by supplementing both LM and YC and the milk yield of total trans-18:1 dropped by 45% and 18% relative to CTRL with MOL or YST diets, respectively. While the MOL diet increased the milk proportion and yield of de novo FA, no treatment effects were observed for the proportion and yield of preformed FA in the milk fat. Apart from β-hydroxybutyric acid concentration in plasma, which was greatest in cows fed MOL, remaining blood metabolites were not affected by treatments. Overall, MOL and YST diets increased 4% FCM and milk fat concentration and reduced the proportion of total trans-18:1 FA in milk fat in cows fed a concentrate based on super-conditioned corn. These responses were associated with increased ruminal pH and the molar proportions of acetate and butyrate with feeding the MOL and YST diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Razzaghi
- Innovation Center, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran.
| | - M Malekkhahi
- Innovation Center, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601.
| | - A F Brito
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824
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Wang Z, Zhong Z, Zheng B, Zhang Y, Zeng H. Effects of Porphyra haitanensis polysaccharides on gelatinization and gelatinization kinetics of starches with different crystal types. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125117. [PMID: 37247716 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The effects of Porphyra haitanensis polysaccharide (PHP) on the gelatinization and gelatinization kinetics of corn starch (CS), potato starch (PS) and lotus seed starch (LS) were studied. The gelatinization, rheological and thermal enthalpy properties of the samples were measured by a rapid viscosity analyzer (RVA), a rheometer, and a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), respectively. And the kinetic equations were further established. RVA confirmed that the addition of 0.4 %, 0.8 % and 1.2 % PHP elevated the gelatinization viscosity of CS and LS but decreased that of the PS, and also elevated the thermal balance of CS, PS, and LS, especially PS (The breakdown viscosity was decreased to 363.00 ± 6.08, 370.00 ± 1.15, and 362.00 ± 0.58, respectively). And the rheometer indicated that the addition of 0.4 %, 0.8 % and 1.2 % PHP improved the apparent viscosity of CS, PS and LS, especially PS (The consistency coefficient was increased to 18.26 ± 0.02, 21.71 ± 0.04, and 23.26 ± 0.01, respectively). Eventually, DSC displayed that the addition of 0.4 %, 0.8 % and 1.2 % PHP extended the gelatinization temperature and enthalpy of CS, PS, and LS, especially PS. Among them, the gelatinization temperature (63.40 ± 0.03, 70.26 ± 0.02 and 74.61 ± 0.01, respectively) and the gelatinization enthalpy (1.55 ± 0.01) of PS increased the most with 1.2 % PHP. Moreover, gelatinization kinetics displayed that the addition of 0.4 %, 0.8 % and 1.2 % PHP decreased the rate constants of CS, PS, and LS and accelerated the activation energies of CS (666.37 ± 4.23, 623.89 ± 4.21 and 558.39 ± 2.35, respectively) and PS (752.53 ± 4.13, 699.61 ± 3.78 and 662.15 ± 4.52, respectively) while reducing that of the LS (938.87 ± 3.38, 669.98 ± 4.61 and 491.48 ± 4.29, respectively). Therefore, the addition of PHP at all concentrations inhibited the gelatinization procedure of CS and PS but promoted that of the LS. This study provided a theoretical basis for the creation of new products based on PHP and starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyun Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhihong Zhong
- Engineering Research Center of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Baodong Zheng
- Engineering Research Center of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Subtropical Characteristic Fruits, Vegetables and Edible Fungi Processing (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Hongliang Zeng
- Engineering Research Center of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Subtropical Characteristic Fruits, Vegetables and Edible Fungi Processing (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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10
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Feng L, Guo W, Guo J, Zhang X, Zou X, Rao M, Ye J, Kuang C, Chen G, Chen C, Qin S, Yang W, Cheng J. FIB-SEM analysis on three-dimensional structures of growing organelles in wild Chlorella pyrenoidosa cells. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:885-897. [PMID: 36416933 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01821-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To clarify dynamic changes of organelle microstructures in Chlorella pyrenoidosa cells during photosynthetic growth with CO2 fixation, three-dimensional (3D) organelle microstructures in three growth periods of meristem, elongation, and maturity were quantitatively determined and comprehensively reconstructed with focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). The single round-pancake mitochondria in each cell split into a dumbbell and then into a circular ring, while the barycenter distance of mitochondria to chloroplast and nucleus was reduced to 45.5% and 88.3% to strengthen energy transfer, respectively. The single pyrenoid consisting of a large part and another small part in each chloroplast gradually developed to a mature state in which the two parts were nearly equal in size. The nucleolus progressively became larger with euchromatin replication. The number of starch grains gradually increased, but the mean grain volume remained nearly unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingchong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wangbiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiansheng Guo
- Center of Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Center of Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiangbo Zou
- Guangdong Energy Group Science and Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Mumin Rao
- Guangdong Energy Group Science and Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Ji Ye
- Guangdong Energy Group Science and Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Cao Kuang
- Guangdong Energy Group Science and Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Gongda Chen
- Guangdong Energy Group Science and Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Chuangting Chen
- Guangdong Energy Group Science and Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Shiwei Qin
- Guangdong Energy Group Science and Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Weijuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China.
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11
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Cho HW, Seo K, Chun JL, Jeon J, Kim CH, Lim S, Cheon SN, Kim KH. Effects of resistant starch on anti-obesity status and nutrient digestibility in dogs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 65:550-561. [PMID: 37332283 PMCID: PMC10271923 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2023.e11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of corn resistant starch (RS) on the anti-obesity properties, nutrient digestibility, and blood parameters in healthy beagles. Four spayed and six castrated beagle dogs were divided into a control group (CON) with a diet comprising rice and chicken meal and a treatment group (TRT) with a diet comprising corn with an increased RS content by heating-cooling and chicken meal. All dogs in the CON and TRT groups were fed a 1.2-fold higher energy diet than the daily recommended energy requirement for 16 weeks. Throughout the study period, the body weight of dogs in CON increased, whereas no change in body weight was observed in TRT, resulting in a significant difference in body weight between the two groups at the end of the experiment. Moreover, a significant reduction in the apparent total tract digestibility was observed upon the analysis of dry matter, nitrogen-free extract, and organic matter in TRT compared with that in CON. The complete blood cell composition and biochemical parameters were within the reference range in both groups. A significant increase in the concentration of serum adiponectin was found in TRT at the end of the experiment. These results suggest that the corn RS may be beneficial for weight management owing to its reduced nutrient digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Woo Cho
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Kangmin Seo
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Ju Lan Chun
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Junghwan Jeon
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Chan Ho Kim
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Sejin Lim
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Si Nae Cheon
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
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12
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Momeni-Pooya F, Kazemi-Bonchenari M, Mirzaei M, HosseinYazdi M. Effects of linseed oil supplementation in Holstein dairy calves received starters based on either corn or barley grain on growth performance and immune response. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:329-339. [PMID: 35417567 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of linseed oil (LO) and two-grain sources on growth performance, microbial protein yield (MPY), blood metabolites, and inflammatory markers in Holstein dairy calves. Forty-eight 3-day-old dairy calves (24 males and 24 females) with starting BW of 40.3 ± 1.6 kg were allocated in a completely randomised block design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement as follows; (1) Corn grain (CG) with no LO supplementation (CG-NLO), (2) CG with 2.5% LO supplementation (CG-LO), (3) Barley grain (BG) with no LO supplementation (BG-NLO), and (4) BG with 2.5% LO supplementation (BG-LO). The calves were weaned on d 59 but the study lasted for 14 days after weaning (Day 73 of experiment). The results showed that starter feed intake was influenced neither by grain source nor linseed oil. However, average daily gain, BW, hip height, and MPY were improved in calves received BG compared to CG diets. Linseed oil supplementation had no significant effects on growth performance and MPY. During preweaning period, calves fed BG-LO had the greatest feed efficiency and the highest wither height. However, the greatest tumour necrosis factor and serum amyloid A were observed in BG-NLO. Despite, LO supplementation did not influence growth performance of animals per se; however, it reduced circulating inflammatory markers in calves during preweaning period. Based on this study condition, BG is more favourable than CG in dairy calves from the daily gain and microbial protein synthesis perspectives, and supplementing the starters with n-3 FA can be strategy to improve immune performance of calves fed barley-based starter diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Momeni-Pooya
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | - Mehdi Kazemi-Bonchenari
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | - Mehdi HosseinYazdi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak, Iran
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13
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Shao Y, Jiao R, Wu Y, Xu F, Li Y, Jiang Q, Zhang L, Mao L. Physicochemical and functional properties of the protein-starch interaction in Chinese yam. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:1499-1506. [PMID: 36911839 PMCID: PMC10003003 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-starch interaction has an important impact on the properties of starchy foods rich in protein, but the contribution of the interaction to Chinese yam still remains unclear. This study aimed to characterize the physicochemical and functional properties related to the possible interaction between starch and protein in Chinese yam. Differential scanning calorimetry and rapid viscosity analyzer results revealed that the gelatinization temperature increased in protein and starch cross-linked powder, while the peak viscosity and the setback viscosity decreased. The swelling power and solubility at 80°C and 95°C decreased with increasing protein ratio in the powder. In vitro starch digestibility test indicated that a high protein ratio could rapidly reduce digestible starch, but increase both slowly digestible starch and resistant starch. Protein could act as the physical barrier toward starch against heating and digestion to exert the influence on starch properties. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy test revealed the interaction between protein and starch. These results revealed the role of protein-starch interaction and provided beneficial information for the utilization of Chinese yam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelin Shao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Ruize Jiao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Yingyin Wu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Fangcheng Xu
- Department of Agriculture and Biotechnology Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology Wenzhou China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Agriculture and Biotechnology Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology Wenzhou China
| | - Qiaojun Jiang
- Department of Agriculture and Biotechnology Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology Wenzhou China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Wencheng Institution of Modern Agriculture and Healthcare Industry Wenzhou China
| | - Linchun Mao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Zhejiang University Hangzhou China.,Ningbo Research Institute Zhejiang University Ningbo China
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14
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Effect of Spirulina Dietary Supplementation in Modifying the Rumen Microbiota of Ewes. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040740. [PMID: 36830527 PMCID: PMC9952741 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Supplementing ruminant diets with microalgae, may prove an effective nutritional strategy to manipulate rumen microbiota. Forty-eight ewes were divided into four homogenous groups (n = 12) according to their fat-corrected milk yield (6%), body weight, age, and days in milk, and were fed individually with concentrate, alfalfa hay, and wheat straw. The concentrate of the control group (CON) had no Spirulina supplementation, while in the treated groups 5 (SP5), 10 (SP10), and 15 g (SP15) of Spirulina were supplemented as an additive in the concentrate. An initial screening using metagenomic next-generation sequencing technology was followed by RT-qPCR analysis for the targeting of specific microbes, which unveiled the main alterations of the rumen microbiota under the Spirulina supplementation levels. The relative abundance of Eubacterium ruminantium and Fibrobacter succinogenes in rumen fluid, as well as Ruminococcus albus in rumen solid fraction, were significantly increased in the SP15 group. Furthermore, the relative abundance of Prevotella brevis was significantly increased in the rumen fluid of the SP5 and SP10 groups. In contrast, the relative abundance of Ruminobacter amylophilus was significantly decreased in the rumen fluid of the SP10 compared to the CON group, while in the solid fraction it was significantly decreased in the SP groups. Moreover, the relative abundance of Selenomonas ruminantium was significantly decreased in the SP5 and SP15 groups, while the relative abundance of Streptococcus bovis was significantly decreased in the SP groups. Consequently, supplementing 15 g Spirulina/ewe/day increased the relative abundance of key cellulolytic species in the rumen, while amylolytic species were reduced only in the solid fraction.
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15
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Zurak D, Vlajsović D, Duvnjak M, Salajpal K, Kljak K. Factors affecting starch digestibility rate of maize grain in poultry. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2023.2163043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Zurak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - D. Vlajsović
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M. Duvnjak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - K. Salajpal
- Department of Animal Science, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - K. Kljak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Zagreb, Croatia
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16
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Wang B, Chen S, Huang C, Lin Y, Liang Y, Xiong W, Zhang B, Liu R, Ding L. Comparative study on the structural and in vitro digestion properties of starch within potato parenchyma cells under different cooking methods. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:1443-1449. [PMID: 36379284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
To study the effects of cooking methods on the structure and digestion changes of starch encapsulated by cellular structure, intact potato parenchyma cells were successfully isolated and then subjected to different domestic cooking methods, including baking, frying, boiling, and autoclaving. The morphology, crystalline structure, thermal properties, and in vitro starch digestibility of cooked cell samples were investigated. Our results indicated that potato cell walls remained intact and performed as physical barriers preventing the diffusion/absorption of α-amylase to intracellular starch substrates after baking or frying treatment. However, boiling or autoclaving treatment destroyed cell wall structure, and the disrupted cellular structure reduced the digestion rate, likely by inhibiting diffusion of amylase through a weakened cell wall barrier, but could not lower the final digestion extent when compared to the pure starch. These findings suggested that potato products with lower glycemic index can be obtained by baking or frying treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxu Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shaoyun Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chenhui Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yechun Lin
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yongxin Liang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Weiyan Xiong
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Li Ding
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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17
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Li XB, Huang XX, Li Q, Li XY, Li JH, Li C, He LJ, Jing HX, Yang KL. Effects of different grains on bacterial diversity and enzyme activity associated with digestion of starch in the foal stomach. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:407. [PMCID: PMC9670411 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03510-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Compared with the stomach of ruminant cattle, the stomach of horse is small and mainly for chemical digestion, but the microorganisms in the stomach play an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of the internal environment. Due to the complexity of the microbes in the stomach, little is known about the diversity and structure of bacteria in the equine stomach. Grains are the main energy source for plant-eating livestock and energy is derived through enzymatic hydrolysis of grains into glucose or their microbial fermentation into Volatile fatty acids (VFA). However, the mechanism through which these ingested grains are chemically digested as well as the effect of these grains on the stomach remains elusive. This study explored the effects of feeding different grains (corn, oats, and barley) on bacterial diversity, structure, and composition in the foal’s stomach content. Furthermore, the effects of different grains on the vitality of starch digestion-related stomach enzymes were investigated.
Results
No significant differences were observed (P > 0.05) in the bacterial rarefaction curves of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) and diversity of the stomach microbiota in all foals. This study also revealed the statistical differences for Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Lactobacillaceae, Streptococcaceae, Unidentified_Clostridiales, Prevotellaceae, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Unidentified_Cyanobacteria, Unidentified_Clostridiales, Lactococcus, Sphingomonas, Lactobacillus_hayakitensis, Lactobacillus_equigenerosi, and Clostridium_perfringens. The linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis revealed 9 bacteria at each classification level. The functional analysis of species information by using FAPROTAX software was able to predict 35 functions, and the top 5 functions were chemoheterotrophy, fermentation, animal_parasites_or_symbionts, nitrate_reduction, and aerobic_chemoheterotrophy. The study also revealed statistical differences for pH, glucose concentration, β-amylase, maltase, and amylase.
Conclusions
The different grains had no significant effect on the microbial diversity of the stomach content of the foal. However, the relative bacterial abundances differed significantly in response to different diets. Particularly, oats fed to the foals significantly increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, and Lactobacillus_hayakitensis. The grain had no significant effect on the pH of the stomach content, glucose concentration, and enzyme viability in the foal.
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Perera WNU, Abdollahi MR, Zaefarian F, Wester TJ, Ravindran V. Barley, an Undervalued Cereal for Poultry Diets: Limitations and Opportunities. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192525. [PMID: 36230265 PMCID: PMC9558528 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary With the ever-increasing demand for poultry products, the continuous supply of conventional cereal grains such as maize has become a challenge. Barley has been recognised as a potential alternative feed ingredient that can replace common cereal grains in poultry diets. However, due to several limitations such as the presence of various anti-nutritive factors and the variability in nutrient composition and quality, the use of barley in poultry diets remains comparatively low. The previous findings on the optimum use of barley in poultry diets are also inconsistent primarily due to differences in research methodologies. The importance of using accurate nutrient profiles for specific barley cultivars to formulate barley-based diets is emphasised in this review. Moreover, the need to adapt feed processing conditions suitable to different barley cultivars to increase the inclusion of barley in poultry diets is highlighted in this review. Abstract The supply of conventional cereal grains, especially of maize, will be a significant constraint to the future growth of the poultry industry. Various alternative feed ingredients are being tested to replace maize in poultry diets. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one such feed ingredient, the use of which remains limited in poultry diets due to its low metabolisable energy, presence of anti-nutritive, soluble non-starch polysaccharides and consequent inter-cultivar variability. Differences in research methodologies used in published studies have also contributed to the inconsistent findings, preventing a good understanding of the nutritional value of barley for poultry. The importance of using accurate nutrient profiles, specifically metabolisable energy and digestible amino acids, for specific barley cultivars to formulate barley-based diets is emphasised. Nutritionists should also pay close attention to feed processing conditions tailored to the specific barley cultivars to increase the barley inclusion in poultry diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Nipuna U. Perera
- Monogastric Research Center, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - M. Reza Abdollahi
- Monogastric Research Center, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Faegheh Zaefarian
- Monogastric Research Center, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Timothy J. Wester
- Monogastric Research Center, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Velmurugu Ravindran
- Monogastric Research Center, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-27-224-0350
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Zduńczyk Z, Mikulski D, Jankowski J, Slominski BA, Juśkiewicz J. The effect of the dietary inclusion of pea seeds of colored-flowered and white-flowered varieties on gastrointestinal function in turkeys. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022; 10:167-177. [PMID: 35785251 PMCID: PMC9207289 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of dietary replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with graded levels of pea seeds (PS) on the gastrointestinal function of turkeys. Seeds of 2 pea varieties, a colored-flowered variety and a white-flowered variety (CFP and WFP, respectively) were fed to 56-d-old birds for 8 wk. A total of 539 female Hybrid turkeys were allocated to 7 groups, each group consisted of 7 pens with 11 birds per pen. The experiment had a 2-factorial design, with 3 dietary inclusion levels of PS (100, 200 and 300 g/kg) and 2 pea varieties (CFP and WFP). The control group (diets without PS) was compared with CFP and WFP treatments by simple contrast analysis. In comparison with CFP seeds, WFP seeds contained 7-fold less tannins (0.67 vs. 4.66 g/kg) and less non-starch polysaccharides (NSP, 117.8 vs. 132.7 g/kg), but more trypsin inhibitors (1.34 vs. 0.98 g/kg) and starch (489 vs. 455 g/kg). A rise in the PS content of diets from 100 to 200 and 300 g/kg increased the weight of the small intestine (P = 0.031) and the dry matter (DM) content of intestinal digesta (P = 0.001), but it had no effect on the pH of digesta. Only the highest PS content differentiated the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the small intestinal digesta (WFP > CFP, P = 0.008), whereas PS did not cause any changes in the morphological parameters of the small intestinal mucosa. The dietary inclusion of PS had no influence on the levels of acetate, butyrate, putrefactive SCFAs or total SCFAs in the cecal contents. Apart from increasing the activities of β-glucosidase (P = 0.017) and β-galactosidase (P = 0.025), pea varieties did not affect the activities of the analyzed cecal microbial enzymes. However, CFP seeds decreased the DM content (P = 0.041) and increased the pH of cecal digesta, compared with WFP seeds (P = 0.013). The results of this study, pointing to a few differences in the functional parameters of the small intestine and cecum, indicate that tannins are not a factor differentiating the suitability of CFP and WFP seeds in the nutrition of finisher turkeys. The inclusion of PS at 200 and 300 g/kg of the diet reduces the content of SBM and wheat in turkey diets, which has a positive effect on gastrointestinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenon Zduńczyk
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn 10-748, Poland
| | - Dariusz Mikulski
- Department of Poultry Science and Apiculture, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn 10-718, Poland
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Jan Jankowski
- Department of Poultry Science and Apiculture, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn 10-718, Poland
| | - Bogdan A. Slominski
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Jerzy Juśkiewicz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn 10-748, Poland
- Corresponding authors.
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20
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Physicochemical Changes of Heat-Treated Corn Grain Used in Ruminant Nutrition. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172234. [PMID: 36077954 PMCID: PMC9454732 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereal grain is processed using different combinations of heat, moisture, time, and mechanical action in order to improve its digestibility. The objective of the present research was to quantitatively represent the physicochemical properties of raw and processed starch using an in vitro methodology, as well as to describe the changes that occurred after heat treatment, such as pelleting, steam flaking, micronization, and extrusion of corn. Based on the obtained results, pelleting, steam flaking, and micronization can be considered as mild heat treatment methods, whereas extrusion proved to be a severe heat treatment method. Analysis of functional and pasting properties implied a possible interaction between the degraded components in the steam-flaked sample, as well as in the micronized sample, through to a lesser extent. Additionally, the occurrence of dextrins was noted after extrusion. The obtained results indicate the existence of significant differences in the physicochemical properties of corn starch depending on the heat treatment applied, which could possibly affect rumen starch degradation traits.
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21
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Ačkar Đ, Grec M, Grgić I, Gryszkin A, Styczyńska M, Jozinović A, Miličević B, Šubarić D, Babić J. Physical Properties of Starches Modified by Phosphorylation and High-Voltage Electrical Discharge (HVED). Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163359. [PMID: 36015615 PMCID: PMC9414949 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High-voltage electrical discharge (HVED) is considered as a novel, non-thermal process and is currently being researched regarding its effect on microorganisms (decontamination of food), waste water treatment, and modification of different compounds and food components. In this paper, four native starches (maize, wheat, potato, and tapioca) were treated with HVED, phosphorylated with Na2HPO4 and Na5P3O10, and modified by a combination of HVED with each phosphorylation reaction both prior and after chemical modification. Pasting properties, swelling power, solubility, gel texture, and particle size were analyzed. Although HVED induced lower contents of P in modified starches, it had an effect on analyzed properties. The results revealed that HVED treatment alone had a limited effect on pasting properties of starches, but it had an effect on properties of phosphorylated starches, both when it was conducted prior and after the chemical modification, reducing the influence of Na5P3O10 and Na2HPO4 on the decrease of pasting temperature. With minor exceptions, the gel strength of starches increased, and the rupture strength decreased by all modifications. HVED treatment resulted in a decrease of the particle size after the modification of maize and wheat starches, while potato and tapioca starches were not significantly influenced by the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Đurđica Ačkar
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, F. Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Correspondence:
| | - Marijana Grec
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, F. Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivanka Grgić
- Institute of Public Health Brod-Posavina County, V. Nazora 2A, 35000 Slavonski Brod, Croatia
| | - Artur Gryszkin
- Department of Food Storage and Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marzena Styczyńska
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Antun Jozinović
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, F. Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Borislav Miličević
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, F. Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Polytechnic in Požega, Vukovarska ulica 17, 34000 Požega, Croatia
| | - Drago Šubarić
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, F. Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Jurislav Babić
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, F. Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
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22
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Effect of Cereals and Legumes Processing on In Situ Rumen Protein Degradability: A Review. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8080363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The determination of the ruminal degradability rate of feeds, mainly starch and crude protein, is one of the most common methods to evaluate the nutritional value of ruminant feed. The protein requirements for ruminants are met from microbial protein and undegraded dietary protein digested in the small intestine. In order to reach maximum productivity, high-quality proteins are needed, and the requirement for undegraded dietary protein increases with the performance of the animal. This protein can be supplied by reducing the ruminal degradation to increase the amount of protein digested post-rumen, but the form in which a feed is administered influences degradability, and grain processing, especially, is a common practice to improve feed efficiency. Despite these aspects, studies on the effects of feed processing methods on protein degradability are limited, even though more and more ruminants are fed with processed feeds. For these reasons, this review investigated the protein degradability of different processed cereals and legumes in ruminants based on the analysis of available literature in order to take stock of the state of the art on this topic. Results showed that: First, the majority of the papers are focused on the energy aspects mainly due to carbohydrate-rich feeds; second, the majority of the studies in the literature are quite old, probably because the changes occurred in the animal testing legislation that made in vivo studies more and more difficult in the last 20 years; third, as a consequence, the few data available in recent years concern in vitro experiments; fourth, we found a high variability of the experimental conditions thus affecting protein degradability and making it quite difficult to compare the different results.
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Khongpradit A, Boonsaen P, Homwong N, Matsuba K, Kobayashi Y, Sawanon S. Evaluation of pineapple stem starch as a substitute for corn grain or ground cassava in a cattle feedlot for 206 or 344 days: feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and economic evaluation. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:226. [PMID: 35796806 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03223-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The pineapple stem starch substituted for ground cassava or corn as a carbohydrate source in the concentrate diet. The experiment used 36 Holstein crossbred steers (aged 22 months) with an average initial body weight of 453.0 ± 35.3 kg. The experimental units were randomly assigned to three different starch sources of concentrate diets: ground corn (GC), ground cassava (CA), or pineapple stem starch (PS) with two different feeding periods: (1) period 1 for 206 days or (2) period 2 for 344 days with six replicates per treatment (two steers per replication), arranged in a completely randomized design. The animals were slaughtered at the end of the experimental periods. After that, the feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and economic return were evaluated. The results showed that the steers fed PS had a greater weight gain, average daily gain, and lower feed: gain ratio when fed for 206 days than when fed for 344 days, but dry matter intake, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and fatty acids profile did not differ between treatments in both periods of feeding except C14:1 and C18:0. The steers fed PS showed the greatest economic return. As a substitute for cassava or corn, pineapple stem starch had no negative impact on the feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality. These results indicate that pineapple stem starch could be a useful feedstuff for the feedlot steers diets as an alternative starch source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchalee Khongpradit
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand
| | - Phoompong Boonsaen
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand
| | - Nitipong Homwong
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand
| | - Keiji Matsuba
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Suriya Sawanon
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand.
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24
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Starch Properties, Nutrients Profiles, In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation and Molecular Structure of Corn Processed in Different Ways. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8070315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Processing will improve the digestion of corn by ruminant animals. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of processing methods (grinding, G; steam flaking, SF; extrusion, E) on the starch properties, nutrient profiles, in vitro ruminal fermentation and molecular structure of corn. Compared with G, SF and E increased (p < 0.05) the starch content, starch gelatinization, ruminal gas production (GP, 0.5–32 h), propionic acid, starch degradability (SD), the area and height of carbohydrate peaks, and decreased (p < 0.05) starch crystallinity, content of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber, ruminal NH3-N, the area and height of amide I and II, α-helix, and β-sheet. The total VFA (24 h, 48 h) tended to be increased by SF and E (p < 0.10). The carbohydrate peak area and height were positively (p < 0.05) correlated with GP (1–24 h) and SD. The protein molecular absorption intensity was negatively correlated with SD (p < 0.05). The change in starch properties, GP (1–24 h) and molecular structure caused by E was greater than SF (p < 0.05). These results indicated that the higher starch gelatinization and lower starch crystallinity of E corn, induced by the high temperature and pressure, enabled more fermentation and digestion in the artificial rumen. The carbohydrate and protein molecular structures were correlated with the nutritional characteristics of corn.
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25
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Zhou J, Wang L, Yang G, Yang L, Zeng X, Qiao S. Pea starch increases the dry matter flow at the distal ileum and reduces the amino acids digestibility in ileal digesta collected after 4 hours postprandial of pigs fed low-protein diets. Anim Biosci 2022; 35:1021-1029. [PMID: 34991224 PMCID: PMC9271377 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The study was aimed to investigate the rules of postprandial changes in intestine digesta dry matter (DM) flow and amino acid digestibility of growing pigs fed low-protein (LP) diets made of different starch. Methods Eight barrows (28.8±2.1 kg) with a T-cannula at the distal ileum were randomly allotted to an 8×3 Youden square design. Treatments included: waxy corn starch LP (WLP); corn starch LP (CLP) and pea starch LP (PLP). Diets were given at 08:00 and 20:00. Digesta samples were collected in six 2-h stages from 08:00 to 20:00. Results The Cr concentrations of ileal digesta increased and then decreased in WLP and CLP, while increased continuously in PLP as time passed after postprandial (p<0.05). Higher average Cr concentrations (0.78% and 0.84% vs 0.70%; p<0.05) and lower average DM flow (181.1 g/kg and 166.3 g/kg vs 240.3 g/kg; p<0.001) were observed in WLP and CLP, compared with PLP. The apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of most amino acids in WLP and CLP increased compared with that in PLP. No difference in lysine or methionine digestibility was observed. When digesta were collected in 2-h periods, the apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of amino acids did not change over time. When digesta was collected in 4-h periods from 16:00 to 20:00 and 6-h periods from 14:00 to 20:00 (p<0.05), WLP and CLP showed markedly higher amino acid digestibility than PLP Conclusion High-amylose slowly digested starch can increase the DM flow at the distal ileum and reduce the apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of amino acids of pigs fed LP diets. Compared with waxy corn starch and corn starch, pea starch reduced the digestibility of amino acids in digesta collected after 4 h postprandial.
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26
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Sun L, Ma M, Chen X, Xu Z, Zhang C, Huang W, Sui Z, Corke H. Physicochemical properties of A- and B-type granules isolated from waxy and normal hull-less barley starch. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 213:456-464. [PMID: 35661670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Large A-type and small B-type starch granules separated from waxy and normal hull-less barley starches were investigated for their physicochemical properties. Hull-less barley starch granules were covered by a membrane composed mainly of phospholipids. Channels of waxy A- and B-type granules were rich in proteins and phospholipids. Compared with A-type starch, B-type starch exhibited higher specific surface area, volume and average diameter of mesopores. Waxy A-type granules exhibited the higher peak, breakdown, final and setback viscosity than did B-type granules, while normal A-type granules showed the lower peak, breakdown, final viscosity and the higher setback viscosity than did B-type granules. B-type starch gels with lower storage modulus exhibited a less elastic gel network structure and retrograded more slowly. Moreover, in vitro hydrolysis of starch showed that the B-type granules exhibited a higher hydrolysis extent and rate than the A-type granules in the first stage, which was consistent with higher initial α-amylase binding ability of B-type granules. The study showed that the A-type and B-type starch separated from waxy and normal hull-less barley exhibited very different physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letong Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Mengting Ma
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaojing Chen
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zekun Xu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chuangchuang Zhang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wuyang Huang
- Institute of Agro-Product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Zhongquan Sui
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Harold Corke
- Biotechnology and Food Engineering Program, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, 515063, China; Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
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27
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Effects of n-3 fatty acid supplementation from flax oil on growth performance, ruminal fermentation, and immune response in Holstein dairy calves fed either coarsely ground or steam-flaked corn grain. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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28
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Yu J, Zhang H, Yang H, Wang Z. Effects of dietary paddy rice on growth performance, carcass traits, bare skin color, and nutrient digestibility in geese. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101865. [PMID: 35472739 PMCID: PMC9061630 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary paddy rice on growth performance, carcass traits, bare skin color, and nutrient digestibility in geese. A total of 300 twenty-eight-day-old male goslings were randomly divided into 5 treatment groups with 6 pens containing 10 goslings each. The geese were raised for 42 d on feed with 0% (control), 13, 26, 39, or 52% dietary paddy rice inclusion. Body weight and feed intake per pen were recorded from the arrival of goslings to the end of the trial. On d 70, two goslings were selected from each pen, one of which was used to measure slaughter performance, meat quality, meat proximate composition, and bare skin color, and one was used to determine nutrient utilization. The results showed that goslings fed a diet containing 26, 39, and 52% paddy rice had a higher final body weight, average daily feed intake, and average daily gain than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The abdominal fat yield in dietary paddy rice groups was higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). There were no effects on the moisture, protein, and fat contents of breast and thigh muscle among the five treatments (P > 0.05). Compared to the control group, the breast muscle of geese fed the paddy rice had a lower L* value and a higher a* value (P < 0.05). Dietary paddy rice decreased the bill score of geese (P < 0.05). Geese in the paddy rice groups exhibited higher total starch digestibility than geese in the control group (P < 0.05). The digestibility of energy, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, NDF, and ADF did not differ between groups (P > 0.05). In conclusion, paddy rice is an excellent energy source in geese diets and could improve the growth performance, breast muscle color, and utilization of total starch but increase the abdominal fat yield and decrease the bill color of geese.
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29
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Naseroleslami R, Danesh Mesgaran M, Tahmasbi A, Vakili A, Danesh Mesgaran S. Diets containing processed barley grain as a potential rumen bypass starch source enhance productive responses of lactating Holstein dairy cows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2022; 106:506-516. [PMID: 34528316 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Effect of diets containing untreated or processed barley grain [treated with sugar beet pulp extract (SBPE) or double sulphate of aluminium and potassium (ALUM)] and different levels of rumen undegradable crude protein (RUP) on production, rumen fermentation and blood metabolites of lactating Holstein cows were investigated. Untreated soybean meal (SBM) or xylose protected 'Yasminomax soy® (YAS)' was included to represent a low (LR, 4.2% DM) and high (HR, 5.4% DM) RUP diets, respectively. Experimental diet was as follows: (a) untreated barley grains with high RUP (HRCON); (b) untreated barley grains with low RUP (LRCON); (c) ALUM-treated barley grain with high RUP (HRAL; (d) ALUM-treated barley grain with low RUP (LRAL); (e) SBPE-treated barley grain with high RUP (HRSE); and (f) SBPE-treated barley grain with low RUP (LRSE). The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with lactating dairy cows (n = 36) averaging 215 ± 18 days in milk, milk yield 31.7 ± 5.8 kg/day, 620 ± 61 kg body weight. Diets containing processed barley grain increased feed intake, while decreased both rumination and eating (p < 0.001). Feed intake of dairy cows on Low RUP and High RUP were 23 and 24 kg/day, respectively (p < 0.01). Daily production of milk fat, protein, lactose and total solids was improved when the processed barley grain was included in the diets (p < 0.05). Present study pinpointed that the inclusion of the processed barley grain in diets might improve production indices of dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Naseroleslami
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Danesh Mesgaran
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abdolmansour Tahmasbi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Vakili
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sadjad Danesh Mesgaran
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
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30
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Morphology of Starch Particles along the Passage through the Gastrointestinal Tract in Laboratory Mice Fed Extruded and Pelleted Diets. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12080952. [PMID: 35454201 PMCID: PMC9032392 DOI: 10.3390/ani12080952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Starch is the main carbohydrate source in most lab mouse diets. Its properties are influenced by feed processing. This determines how easily accessible it is to enzymatic digestion in the gastrointestinal tract of animals. In previous studies we have shown that there are differences between pelleted and extruded forms of a maintenance diet fed to mice regarding digestibility and microbiome. To complement these findings, the present study presents a morphological study of the starch particles throughout the passage along the gastrointestinal tract of C57BL/6J mice fed either pellets or extrudate. Samples were stained with Lugol’s iodine and examined via stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope. Starch granules in the pelleted diet are mostly intact and compact, thus autoenzymatic digestion in the small intestine is less efficient than in the more accessible starch granules from the extruded diet. For both diet forms, starch accumulation in the caecum was observed, suggesting selective retention of praecaecally undigested starch for microbial fermentation. These findings allow for unique insights in murine starch digestion that are important to understand the digestive physiology of this species. Abstract Diet processing impacts on starch properties, such as the degree of starch gelatinization. This affects digestibility, as shown in laboratory mice fed either a pelleted or an extruded diet. In the present study, the morphology of starch particles throughout the digestive tract of mice was visualized. Thirty-two female C57BL/6J mice were used for a feeding trial. They were fed a commercial maintenance diet for laboratory mice, which was available in pelleted and extruded form, for seven weeks. The mice were sacrificed after the feeding period, and chyme samples were collected from five sites (stomach, anterior and posterior small intestine, caecum, colon). Samples of diets, chyme and faeces were analyzed via stereomicroscopy (stained with Lugol’s iodine) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The starch granules appeared more compact in the pelleted diet, showing first signs of degradation only in the small intestine. The caecum content of both diets group was intensively stained, particles as well as fluid phase, indicating that it contained mainly starch. The SEM pictures of caecum content showed abundant bacteria near starch particles. This suggests selective retention of prae-caecally undigested starch in the murine caecum, likely the site of microbial fermentation.
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31
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Chen X, Zhang Y, Zhao H, Chen L, Zeng Y, Liang Z, Zhu J, Li L. Effects of heat moisture treatment on the structural, physicochemical and digestibility properties of potato starch–soybean peptide complexes. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Health Food Design and Nutrition Regulation School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology Dongguan University of Technology Dongguan 523808 China
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Food Development and Nutrition Regulation of China National Light Industry Dongguan University of Technology Dongguan 523808 China
| | - Yuge Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Health Food Design and Nutrition Regulation School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology Dongguan University of Technology Dongguan 523808 China
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Food Development and Nutrition Regulation of China National Light Industry Dongguan University of Technology Dongguan 523808 China
- College of Food Science South China Agricultural University Guangzhou Guangdong 510642 China
| | - Huabin Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Health Food Design and Nutrition Regulation School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology Dongguan University of Technology Dongguan 523808 China
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Food Development and Nutrition Regulation of China National Light Industry Dongguan University of Technology Dongguan 523808 China
| | - Liyun Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Health Food Design and Nutrition Regulation School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology Dongguan University of Technology Dongguan 523808 China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Engineering Research Center of Health Food Design and Nutrition Regulation School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology Dongguan University of Technology Dongguan 523808 China
| | - Zhili Liang
- School of Food Science Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College Guangzhou 510520 China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Health Food Design and Nutrition Regulation School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology Dongguan University of Technology Dongguan 523808 China
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Food Development and Nutrition Regulation of China National Light Industry Dongguan University of Technology Dongguan 523808 China
| | - Lin Li
- Engineering Research Center of Health Food Design and Nutrition Regulation School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology Dongguan University of Technology Dongguan 523808 China
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Food Development and Nutrition Regulation of China National Light Industry Dongguan University of Technology Dongguan 523808 China
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32
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Huang M, Hu L, Cao J, Zhang R, Chen J, Cao F, Liu L, Fang S, Zhang M. Texture and digestion properties of hybrid rice: A comparison between two cultivars released 18 years apart. Food Chem X 2022; 13:100215. [PMID: 35498962 PMCID: PMC9039887 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A recently released high-quality rice hybrid JLY1468 was compared with an old rice hybrid LYPJ. Hardness of cooked rice was 37% lower in JLY1468 than in LYPJ. The glucose production rate from starch digestion was 33% faster in JLY1468 than in LYPJ. This study indicates potential health risks associated with soft-textured high-quality rice.
Field experiments were conducted to compare two hybrid rice cultivars—a recently released high-quality cultivar (Jingliangyou 1468, JLY1468) and a relatively older cultivar (Liangyoupeijiu, LYPJ). Results showed that hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, resilience, and chewiness of cooked milled rice were all lower in JLY1468 than in LYPJ, due to its lower amylose content and altered paste properties of milled rice flour. Active digestion duration of cooked milled rice was 26% shorter and the glucose production rate from starch digestion was 33% faster in JLY1468 compared with LYPJ. Texture and starch digestion properties of cooked milled rice as a factor of temperature during the grain-filling period were different between LYPJ and JLY1468 due to differing amylose contents and gel consistencies of milled rice flour in response to temperature. This study highlights that attention should be paid to potential health risks associated with the development of high-quality hybrid rice cultivars with soft texture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Huang
- Rice and Product Ecophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Crop Physiology and Molecular Biology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Liqin Hu
- Rice and Product Ecophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Crop Physiology and Molecular Biology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jialin Cao
- Rice and Product Ecophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Crop Physiology and Molecular Biology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Ruichun Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Resource and Environment, Hengyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hengyang 421101, China
| | - Jiana Chen
- Rice and Product Ecophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Crop Physiology and Molecular Biology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Fangbo Cao
- Rice and Product Ecophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Crop Physiology and Molecular Biology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Longsheng Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection and Farming Technology, Hengyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hengyang 421101, China
| | - Shengliang Fang
- Institute of Plant Protection and Farming Technology, Hengyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hengyang 421101, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection and Farming Technology, Hengyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hengyang 421101, China
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Devant M, Pérez A, Medinyà C, Riera J, Grau J, Fernández B, Prenafeta-Boldú FX. Effect of decreasing dietary crude protein in fattening calves on the emission of ammonia and greenhouse gases from manure stored under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Animal 2022; 16:100471. [PMID: 35245785 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary strategies can potentially help to reduce nitrogen (N) emissions and decrease the environmental impact of beef production. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) concentration on animal performance, N excretion, and manure N volatilisation of finishing Holstein animals. In a first study, 105 Holstein bulls (BW 344 ± 2.6 kg; age 252 ± 0.9 days) were allocated to eight pens to evaluate the effect of two treatments (medium (M) and low (L), which contained CP 14.5% and 12% on a DM basis, respectively) on performance, and results confirmed that dietary CP decrease did not impair animal growth. In a second study, N excretion study, 24 Holstein heifers (BW 310 ± 5.3 kg; age 251 ± 1.4 days) were distributed randomly depending on the initial BW to three treatments (high (H), M, and L, which contained CP 17%, 14.5% and 12% on a DM basis, respectively). Based on N excretion, urinary N excretion was greater (P < 0.001) in H than in M and L diets, but no differences in faecal N excretion were observed among treatments. A third study with in vitro assays under aerobic and anaerobic conditions was designed to analyse gaseous emissions (volatilisation of N and carbon, C) during the storage stage of manure. Manure, faecal and urine samples, mixed at a ratio of 1:1 (wet weight), were collected during the N excretion study (manure-H, manure-M, manure-L). Under aerobic conditions, manure-M and manure-L showed a delay of 4-5 days in manure ammonia emission compared with manure-H (P < 0.01). Total N content was lower (P < 0.01) in manure-L compared with manure-M and manure-H, but N volatilisation (percentage relative to initial N) in manure-L and manure-M was greater (P < 0.01) than in manure-H. In contrast, the anaerobic N volatilisation was 20 times greater in manure-M and 10 times greater in manure-H compared with manure-L. Under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, the emission of C, as C-CO2 and C-CH4, was greater in manure-L than in manure-H and manure-M. Therefore, the decrease of dietary CP concentration from 17% to 14.5% and 12% is an efficient strategy to reduce urinary N excretion by 40%, without impairing performance, and also to reduce manure N losses through ammonia volatilisation under anaerobic conditions. However, a dietary CP content of 14.5% resulted in less environmental impact than a CP content of 12.8% when also considering manure emissions under aerobic or anaerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Devant
- IRTA - Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries, Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain.
| | - A Pérez
- Corporación Alimentaria Guissona, S.A., 25210 Guissona, Lleida, Spain
| | - C Medinyà
- Nutrición Animal S.L., 08650 Sallent, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Riera
- Nanta S.A., 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Grau
- Setna Nutrición Animal SAU, 28521 Rivas Vaciamadrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - B Fernández
- IRTA - Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries, Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - F X Prenafeta-Boldú
- IRTA - Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries, Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
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Zhang S, Yang C, Zhu S, Zhong F, Huang D, Li Y. Understanding the mechanisms of whey protein isolate mitigating the digestibility of corn starch by in vitro simulated digestion. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Ma M, Zhu H, Liu Z, Sui Z, Corke H. Removal of starch granule-associated proteins alters the physicochemical properties of diverse small granule starches. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Choi Y, Kim S, Lee S, Na Y. Effects of starch sugar by-product on rumen in vitro digestibility, in situ disappearance rate, and milking productivity of the lactating dairy cow. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12998. [PMID: 35223213 PMCID: PMC8877396 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of starch sugar by-product (SSB) feeding on the rumen in-vitro digestibility, in situ disappearance rate, and lactating dairy cow. METHODS To determine the rumen in vitro digestibility, 50 mL of the buffer-rumen fluid mixture was dispensed into a 125 mL serum bottle containing 0.5 g of dry matter (DM) of substrates. Nitrogen gas (N2, 99.9% pure) was flushed into the serum bottles and three replications were incubated at 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h. To determine the in-situ disappearance rate, SSB was incubated for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 hours in nylon bags (5 × 10 cm, 45*m pore size) placed within the ventral sac of two cannulated Holstein cows.. A total of sixteen Holstein Friesian cows (60.5 ± 20.4 months old, 706.8 ± 3.4 kg initial body wieght) fed experimental diets during the experimental periods. The treatments were basal diet (control) and 3.0% DM of SSB, with the diet formulated according to national research council (NRC) nutrient requirements of dairy cattle guideline. An experiment was conducted with a randomized block design for six weeks based on body weight. RESULTS Soluble fraction (fraction a) of DM and crude protein (CP) was 28.99 and 11.92%DM, fraction b of DM and CP was 44.63 and 31.61% DM, and c value of DM and CP was 26.38 and 56.47%DM. As an increase SSB level in total mixed ration (TMR), there was a decrease in gas production at 0, 16, and 48 h (p < 0.05). As an increase SSB level in TMR, there was a decrease in acetate to propionate ratio at 8, 16, 24, and 48 h (p < 0.05). Dry matter intake, milk production, and milk composition did not differ between the treatments. All blood profile contents did not differ between treatments. CONCLUSION A diet containing 3.0% SSB could be fed to ruminants without adverse effects on rumen fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Choi
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suhun Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sangrak Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youngjun Na
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea,Animal Data Lab., Antller Inc., Seoul, South Korea
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Sarder R, Piner E, Rios DC, Chacon L, Artner MA, Barrios N, Argyropoulos D. Copolymers of starch, a sustainable template for biomedical applications: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 278:118973. [PMID: 34973787 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The outstanding versatility of starch offers a source of inspiration for the development of high-performance-value-added biomaterials for the biomedical field, including drug delivery, tissue engineering and diagnostic imaging. This is because starch-based materials can be tailored to specific applications via facile grafting or other chemistries, introducing specific substituents, with starch being effectively the "template" used in all the chemical transformations discussed in this review. A considerable effort has been carried out to obtain specific tailored starch-based grafted polymers, taking advantage of its biocompatibility and biodegradability with appealing sustainability considerations. The aim of this review is to critically explore the latest research that use grafting chemistries on starch for the synthesis of products for biomedical applications. An effort is made in reviewing the literature that proposes synthetic "greener" approaches, the use of enzymes and their immobilized analogues and alternative solvent systems, including water emulsions, ionic liquids and supercritical CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Sarder
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC-27606, USA
| | - Emily Piner
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC-27606, USA
| | - David Cruz Rios
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC-27606, USA
| | - Lisandra Chacon
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC-27606, USA
| | - Mirela Angelita Artner
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC-27606, USA
| | - Nelson Barrios
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC-27606, USA
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Rosmalia A, Permana IG, Despal D. Synchronization of rumen degradable protein with non-fiber carbohydrate on microbial protein synthesis and dairy ration digestibility. Vet World 2022; 15:252-261. [PMID: 35400940 PMCID: PMC8980391 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.252-261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Dairy ration formulations should consider the synchronization of the rumen degradable protein (RDP) to rumen undegradable protein (RUP) ratio (RDPR) with non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) to achieve optimum microbial protein synthesis (MPS), reduce feed costs, and reduce N excretion to the environment. This study aimed to investigate the effect of RDPR and NFC synchronization on in vitro digestibility, fermentability, and MPS.
Materials and Methods: The experiment used a 3×3 factorial randomized block design with four replications. The first factor was RDPR (RDPR1=50:50; RDPR2=55:45; RDPR3=60:40) and the second factor was NFC levels (NFC1=30%, NFC2=35%, NFC3=40%). The experimental diets were evaluated using a two-stage in vitro method. The examined parameters included rumen pH, NH3 concentration, total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, the molar proportion of VFAs, rumen microbes (protozoa and total bacteria population), and MPS. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, followed by the Duncan test.
Results: The results show that neither RDPR nor NFC affected rumen pH, NH3, total VFA, and the rumen microbe population. The interaction between RDPR and NFC affected the molar proportion of acetate, iso-butyrate, and n-valerate. The combination of RDPR1 and NFC1 produced a lower molar proportion of acetate (49.73%) than the other treatment combinations (>54%). The acetate to propionate ratio was influenced by the NFC levels, in which NFC2 and NFC3 produced the highest ratio (p<0.05). MPS was affected by RDPR and NFC, but not by their interaction. Treatments NFC2 and RDPR3 produced the highest MPS. NFC affected the dry matter and organic matter digestibility (DMD and OMD), with treatment NFC3 resulting in the highest DMD and OMD.
Conclusion: The combination of a 60:40 RDPR with 35% NFC resulted in the best synchronization of protein and energy available for MPS and digestion activity in the rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annisa Rosmalia
- Nutrition and Feed Science Study Program, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Idat Galih Permana
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Despal Despal
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia
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Feltre K, Balieiro JCDC, Gobesso AADO. Behavioral and metabolic responses of ponies fed a complete single diet, thermally processed and containing long fiber. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.104878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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40
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Caballero-Rothar NN, Borrás L, Gerde JA. Physical and chemical kernel traits affect starch digestibility and glycemic index of cooked maize flours. Food Chem 2022; 369:130953. [PMID: 34500211 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Maize starch is an important carbohydrate source in human diet, and its digestion contributes to the postprandial blood glucose level. This article describes in vitro starch digestibility and its relation to endosperm hardness and composition in cooked maize flours. Starch digestion and estimated glycemic index (GI) were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in hard endosperm genotypes (65.1 and 77.3, respectively) than in soft ones (70.7 and 80.7, respectively), and they were negatively correlated (p < 0.05) with specific zein concentrations (total zeins, Z1, Z2, and C1, E, and F zeins). Cooking with sodium sulfite significantly (p < 0.001) increased starch hydrolysis in all genotypes (∼13%), evidencing the impact of disulfide bonds on this attribute. Explored amylose:starch ratios did not impact starch digestibility. Regardless of hardness, fine grinding significantly (p < 0.001) increased total starch digestibility in >30%. Our results focus on specific kernel physicochemical traits for developing maize food products with lower starch digestibility and GI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy N Caballero-Rothar
- IICAR - CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Campo Experimental Villarino S/N, S2125ZAA Zavalla, Prov. de Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Lucas Borrás
- IICAR - CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Campo Experimental Villarino S/N, S2125ZAA Zavalla, Prov. de Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - José A Gerde
- IICAR - CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Campo Experimental Villarino S/N, S2125ZAA Zavalla, Prov. de Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Characterization of resistant starch nanoparticles prepared via debranching and nanoprecipitation. Food Chem 2022; 369:130824. [PMID: 34438341 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyperus esculentus starch was treated by pullulanase debranching and nanoprecipitation to prepare resistant starch nanoparticles. Amylose contents, rheological properties of debranched starch and the size, crystalline structure, resistant starch contents of the prepared starch nanoparticles were investigated. The results of amylose contents showed that enzymatic hydrolysis 4 h was the most appropriate enzymatic hydrolysis time. Dynamic light scattering analysis and scanning electron microscopy observations showed that when the starch solution was added to the ethanol, the larger the amount of ethanol, the more conducive to the formation of small size starch nanoparticles. When volume ratio of starch solution/ethanol was 1/5, the particle size was 271.1 nm, the content of resistant starch was higher (15.28%). X-ray diffraction results indicated that resistant starch nanoparticles had V-type crystalline structure. Pullulanase debranching and nanoprecipitation can be utilized to prepare smaller size of Cyperus esculentus resistant starch with higher efficiency.
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van Rooyen J, Simsek S, Oyeyinka SA, Manley M. Holistic View of Starch Chemistry, Structure and Functionality in Dry Heat-Treated Whole Wheat Kernels and Flour. Foods 2022; 11:foods11020207. [PMID: 35053938 PMCID: PMC8774515 DOI: 10.3390/foods11020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat treatment is used as a pre-processing step to beneficially change the starch properties of wheat flour to enhance its utilisation in the food industry. Heat-treated wheat flour may provide improved eating qualities in final wheat-based products since flour properties predominantly determine the texture and mouthfeel. Dry heat treatment of wheat kernels or milled wheat products involves heat transfer through means of air, a fluidising medium, or radiation—often resulting in moisture loss. Heat treatment leads to changes in the chemical, structural and functional properties of starch in wheat flour by inducing starch damage, altering its molecular order (which influences its crystallinity), pasting properties as well as its retrogradation and staling behaviour. Heat treatment also induces changes in gluten proteins, which may alter the rheological properties of wheat flour. Understanding the relationship between heat transfer, the thermal properties of wheat and the functionality of the resultant flour is of critical importance to obtain the desired extent of alteration of wheat starch properties and enhanced utilisation of the flour. This review paper introduces dry heat treatment methods followed by a critical review of the latest published research on heat-induced changes observed in wheat flour starch chemistry, structure and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana van Rooyen
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa;
| | - Senay Simsek
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Samson Adeoye Oyeyinka
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK; or
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa
| | - Marena Manley
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-21-808-3511
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Ali I, Ullah S, Iqbal A, Quan Z, Liang H, Ahmad S, Muhammad I, Guo Z, Wei S, Jiang L. Combined application of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer promotes the activity of starch metabolism enzymes and the expression of related genes in rice in a dual cropping system. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:600. [PMID: 34922452 PMCID: PMC8684189 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03384-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overuse of chemical fertilizer highly influences grain filling rate and quality of rice grain. Biochar is well known for improving plant growth and grain yield under lower chemical fertilization. Therefore field trials were conducted in the early and late seasons of 2019 at Guangxi University, China to investigate the effects of combined biochar (B) and nitrogen (N) application on rice yield and yield components. There were a total of eight treatments: N1B0, 135 kg N ha- 1+ 0 t B ha- 1; N2B0,180 kg N ha- 1+ 0 t B ha- 1; N1B1,135 kg N ha- 1+ 10 t B ha- 1; N1B2,135kg N ha- 1+ 20 t B ha- 1; N1B3,135 kg N ha- 1+ 30 t B ha- 1; N2B1,180 kg N ha- 1+ 10 t B ha- 1; N2B2,180 kg N ha- 1+ 20 t B ha- 1; and N2B3,180 kg N ha- 1+ 30 t B ha- 1. RESULTS Biochar application at 30 t ha- 1combined with low N application (135 kg ha- 1) increased the activity of starch-metabolizing enzymes (SMEs) during the early and late seasons compared with treatments without biochar. The grain yield, amylose concentration, and starch content of rice were increased in plots treated with 30 t B ha-1and low N. RT-qPCR analysis showed that biochar addition combined with N fertilizer application increased the expression of AGPS2b, SSS1, GBSS1, and GBSE11b, which increased the activity of SMEs during the grain-filling period. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the use of 20 to 30 t B ha- 1coupled with 135 kg N ha- 1 is optimal for improving the grain yield and quality of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izhar Ali
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Saif Ullah
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Anas Iqbal
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhao Quan
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - He Liang
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Ihsan Muhammad
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Zixiong Guo
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Shangqing Wei
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Ligeng Jiang
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China.
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Understanding the granule, growth ring, blocklets, crystalline and molecular structure of normal and waxy wheat A- and B- starch granules. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Toward a More Comprehensive View of α-Amylase across Decapods Crustaceans. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10100947. [PMID: 34681046 PMCID: PMC8533441 DOI: 10.3390/biology10100947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Decapod crustaceans are a very diverse group and have evolved to suit a wide variety of diets. Alpha-amylases enzymes, responsible for starch and glycogen digestion, have been more thoroughly studied in herbivore and omnivore than in carnivorous species. We used information on the α-amylase of a carnivorous lobster as a connecting thread to provide a more comprehensive view of α-amylases across decapods crustaceans. Omnivorous crustaceans such as shrimps, crabs, and crayfish present relatively high amylase activity with respect to carnivorous crustaceans. Yet, contradictory results have been obtained and relatively high activity in some carnivores has been suggested to be a remnant trait from ancestor species. Here, we provided information sustaining that high enzyme sequence and overall architecture conservation do not allow high changes in activity, and that differences among species may be more related to number of genes and isoforms, as well as transcriptional and secretion regulation. However, recent evolutionary analyses revealed that positive selection might have also occurred among distant lineages with feeding habits as a selection force. Some biochemical features of decapod α-amylases can be related with habitat or gut conditions, while less clear patterns are observed for other enzyme properties. Likewise, while molt cycle variations in α-amylase activity are rather similar among species, clear relationships between activity and diet shifts through development cannot be always observed. Regarding the adaptation of α-amylase to diet, juveniles seem to exhibit more flexibility than larvae, and it has been described variation in α-amylase activity or number of isoforms due to the source of carbohydrate and its level in diets, especially in omnivore species. In the carnivorous lobster, however, no influence of the type of carbohydrate could be observed. Moreover, lobsters were not able to fine-regulate α-amylase gene expression in spite of large changes in carbohydrate content of diet, while retaining some capacity to adapt α-amylase activity to very low carbohydrate content in the diets. In this review, we raised arguments for the need of more studies on the α-amylases of less studied decapods groups, including carnivorous species which rely more on dietary protein and lipids, to broaden our view of α-amylase in decapods crustaceans.
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Malekkhahi M, Vyas D, Bazgir A, Bagheri F, Norouzi Ebdalabadi M, Razzaghi A. Increased super-conditioning temperature of corn grain affects performance, skeletal growth, and blood metabolites in Holstein dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:12486-12495. [PMID: 34538495 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the effects of feeding super-conditioned corn at different temperatures on intake, growth performance, total-tract starch digestibility, rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, and feeding behavior of dairy calves. Thirty-six Holstein female dairy calves (40 ± 1.72 kg of body weight, ± SD) were randomly assigned to 1 of the following 3 treatments: (1) ground corn (control; CON; n = 12), (2) corn super-conditioned at 75°C (T-75; n = 12), and (3) corn super-conditioned at 95°C (T-95; n = 12). Three mash starter feeds with an identical nutritional composition were blended with 5% chopped alfalfa hay and fed to individually-housed calves from d 3 to 77 of their birth. All calves were fed 4 L/d of pasteurized whole milk twice daily since d 3 to 56, followed by 2 L/d of morning feeding from d 57 to 63 of age. Calves were weaned on d 63 and remained in the study until d 77. The T-75 and T-95 diets increased total-tract starch digestibility compared with the CON diet. Dry matter intake and weaning or final BW were not affected by treatments; however, average daily gain and feed efficiency increased in calves fed T-95 in the overall period. The T-95 diet increased withers height and tended to increase hip height compared with other diets, but feeding behavior did not change throughout the experimental period. Ruminal pH decreased in calves fed the T-95 diet compared with T-75 and CON diets. The molar proportion of ruminal propionate increased, whereas the acetate-to-propionate ratio tended to decrease in calves fed the T-95 compared with CON diet. Calves fed the T-95 diet had the highest blood glucose concentration, whereas a trend for increased insulin concentration was observed in calves fed T-95 compared with other diets. In conclusion, super-conditioning temperature of corn (T-95 vs. T-75 and CON) improved the average daily gain, feed efficiency, and skeletal growth, but did not influence dry matter intake during the first 77 d of age. Finally, the total-tract starch digestibility increased, whereas ruminal pH dropped during the postweaning period as super-conditioning temperature elevated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Malekkhahi
- Dordaneh Khorasan-e-Razavi Animal and Poultry Feed Co., Mashhad 917794883, Iran; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, 2250 Shealy Drive, Gainesville 32601.
| | - D Vyas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, 2250 Shealy Drive, Gainesville 32601
| | - A Bazgir
- Asiab Machine Iranian Industrial Manufacturing Group, Tehran 1386114311, Iran
| | - F Bagheri
- Dordaneh Khorasan-e-Razavi Animal and Poultry Feed Co., Mashhad 917794883, Iran
| | - M Norouzi Ebdalabadi
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Khorasan-e-Razavi, Mashhad 91735-488, Iran
| | - A Razzaghi
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen 31600, Finland.
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Effect of Continuous and Discontinuous Microwave-Assisted Heating on Starch-Derived Dietary Fiber Production. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185619. [PMID: 34577093 PMCID: PMC8471463 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary fiber can be obtained by dextrinization, which occurs while heating starch in the presence of acids. During dextrinization, depolymerization, transglycosylation, and repolymerization occur, leading to structural changes responsible for increasing resistance to starch enzymatic digestion. The conventional dextrinization time can be decreased by using microwave-assisted heating. The main objective of this study was to obtain dietary fiber from acidified potato starch using continuous and discontinuous microwave-assisted heating and to investigate the structure and physicochemical properties of the resulting dextrins. Dextrins were characterized by water solubility, dextrose equivalent, and color parameters (L* a* b*). Total dietary fiber content was measured according to the AOAC 2009.01 method. Structural and morphological changes were determined by means of SEM, XRD, DSC, and GC-MS analyses. Microwave-assisted dextrinization of potato starch led to light yellow to brownish products with increased solubility in water and diminished crystallinity and gelatinization enthalpy. Dextrinization products contained glycosidic linkages and branched residues not present in native starch, indicative of its conversion into dietary fiber. Thus, microwave-assisted heating can induce structural changes in potato starch, originating products with a high level of dietary fiber content.
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Li XB, Huang XX, Zang CJ, Ma C, Chen KX, Zhao GD, Li Q, Li XY, Zhang WJ, Yang KL. Effects of steam-flaked grains on foals' growth and faecal microbiota. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:293. [PMID: 34481494 PMCID: PMC8418754 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02994-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is little objective information concerning the effect of steam-flaked grains on foal’s growth performance and faecal microbiota. To determine the effects of steam-flaked grains on foal’s growth performance and faecal microbiota, faecal samples were collection from 18 foals which had been fed either corn, oat or barley diets over the 60 days of the experiment. Body weight and conformation measurements were collected. Next-generation sequencing of the V3 + V4 region of the 16 S rRNA gene was used to assess the microbial composition of faeces. Alpha diversity, Venn graph, Relative abundance and beta diversity are presented. Results There was a significantly higher larger increase in the body weight of those foals fed barley compared to either corn or oats. There were also significant changes in the Alpha diversity of the gut microbiota. The Shannon and Simpson indices were significantly higher in the barley fed group than those fed corn or oats. The Chao1 index was significantly higher in the oat fed group than the corn or barley fed groups. There were significant changes in the relative abundance of bacteria in the microbiota in terms of phylum, family and genus. The histogram of LDA value distribution showed that the 12 statistically different biomarkers of the bacteria were present. Tax4Fun function annotation clustering heat map showed that functional information was detected from 26 species of bacteria in faecal samples from the foals. Conclusions Differences by starch sources were found in overall growth of the foals and in the faecal microbiota if either supplementary corn, oat or barley was fed. Further studies are required to determine the potential impact of the changes in the microbiota on the health and development of foals fed cereal starch of different sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Bin Li
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat & Milk Production, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Xinjiang, 830052, Urumqi, China
| | - Xin Xin Huang
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat & Milk Production, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Xinjiang, 830052, Urumqi, China
| | - Chang Jiang Zang
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat & Milk Production, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Xinjiang, 830052, Urumqi, China
| | - Chen Ma
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat & Milk Production, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Xinjiang, 830052, Urumqi, China
| | - Kai Xu Chen
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat & Milk Production, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Xinjiang, 830052, Urumqi, China
| | - Guo Dong Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat & Milk Production, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Xinjiang, 830052, Urumqi, China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat & Milk Production, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Xinjiang, 830052, Urumqi, China
| | - Xuan Yue Li
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat & Milk Production, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Xinjiang, 830052, Urumqi, China
| | - Wen Jie Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat & Milk Production, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Xinjiang, 830052, Urumqi, China
| | - Kai Lun Yang
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat & Milk Production, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Xinjiang, 830052, Urumqi, China.
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Farias CVTD, Oshiro AM, Sousa LC, Almeida VDNSD, Takahashi LS. Amylose and amylopectin levels affect the growth performance and metabolism in pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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