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Huyen NTD, Schonewille JT, Pellikaan WF, Trach NX, Hendriks WH. In vitro gas and methane production of some common feedstuffs used for dairy rations in Vietnam and Thailand. Anim Biosci 2024; 37:481-491. [PMID: 37641839 PMCID: PMC10915187 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study determined fermentation characteristics of commonly used feedstuffs, especially tropical roughages, for dairy cattle in Southeast Asia. This information is considered relevant in the context of the observed low milk fat content and milk production in Southeast Asia countries. METHODS A total of 29 feedstuffs commonly used for dairy cattle in Vietnam and Thailand were chemically analysed and subjected to an in vitro gas production (GP) test. For 72 h, GP was continuously recorded with fully automated equipment and methane (CH4) was measured at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 30, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h of incubation. A triphasic, nonlinear, regression procedure was applied to analyse GP profiles while a monophasic model was used to obtain kinetics related to CH4 production. RESULTS King grass and VA06 showed a high asymptotic GP related to the soluble- and non-soluble fractions (i.e. A1 and A2, respectively) and had the highest acetate to propionate ratio in the incubation fluid. The proportion of CH4 produced (% of GP at 72 h) was found to be not different (p>0.05) between the various grasses. Among the selected preserved roughages (n = 6) and whole crops (n = 4), sorghum was found to produce the greatest amount of gas in combination with a relatively low CH4 production. CONCLUSION Grasses belonging to the genus Pennisetum, and whole crop sorghum can be considered as suitable ingredients to formulate dairy rations to enhance milk fat content in Vietnam/Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. T. D. Huyen
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The
Netherlands
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, 12406, Hanoi,
Vietnam
| | - J. Th. Schonewille
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80163, 3508 TD Utrecht, The
Netherlands
| | - W. F. Pellikaan
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The
Netherlands
| | - N. X. Trach
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, 12406, Hanoi,
Vietnam
| | - W. H. Hendriks
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The
Netherlands
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80163, 3508 TD Utrecht, The
Netherlands
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2
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Liu G, Frankó B, Strömberg S, Zheng D, Nistor M, Liu J, Deng L. Impact of atmospheric pressure variations on aerobic biodegradation test. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2023; 41:1559-1569. [PMID: 37029528 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x231164320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradation rate is an important index to evaluate the environmental risk of chemicals, which is usually determined by measuring oxygen consumption through respirometer in a biodegradation test. However, atmospheric pressure variations affect reactor oxygen concentration and oxygen volume recorded by respirometer in biodegradation test, and the parameters of reactor volume and test material amount amplify its effect. Atmospheric pressure variation >1 kPa could introduce >20% underestimation in biodegradation rate when a small amount of test material (0.04-0.2 g per 100 g of inoculum) and high reactor volume (2-4 L) were used according to the international standards. A 5 kPa drop in atmospheric pressure leads to a 6% decrease in headspace oxygen concentration in the reactor, which could subsequently inhibit biodegradation microbials and decrease the biodegradation rate by 30%. Moreover, the biodegradation process (oxygen consumption rate) could be accelerated/delayed several times by atmospheric pressure variations compared to the process without variations when the oxygen consumption rate was <5 mL h-1 in a 0.5 or 1 L reactor and <10 mL h-1 in a 2-L reactor. Mitigating the effects of atmospheric pressure variations on biodegradation test includes lowering the reactor volume, increasing the test material amount and recording atmospheric pressure for further modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangjin Liu
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Balázs Frankó
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Dan Zheng
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Jing Liu
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- BPC Instruments AB, Lund, Sweden
| | - Liangwei Deng
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
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3
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Bikker P, Stokvis L, van Krimpen M, van Wikselaar P, Cone J. Evaluation of seaweeds from marine waters in Northwestern Europe for application in animal nutrition. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Powell CD, Dhanoa MS, Garber A, Murray JAMD, López S, Ellis JL, France J. Models Based on the Mitscherlich Equation for Describing Typical and Atypical Gas Production Profiles Obtained from In Vitro Digestibility Studies Using Equine Faecal Inoculum. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10020308. [PMID: 32079159 PMCID: PMC7070440 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Feedstuff evaluation through animal trials is time consuming and expensive. An alternative, the gas production method, measures the amount of fermentation gas produced from incubating feedstuffs with microbes from ruminal fluid or faecal samples. Models can be applied to gas production profiles to determine extent of feedstuff degradation either in the rumen or in the hindgut. Typical gas production profiles show a monotonically increasing monophasic pattern. However, atypical gas production profiles exist whereby at least two consecutive phases of gas production are present; these profiles are much less well described. Two models are proposed to fit these biphasic profiles, a sum of two Mitscherlich equations, and sum of Mitscherlich + linear equations. Additionally, two models that describe typical monophasic gas production curves, the simple Mitscherlich and the generalised Mitscherlich (root-t) model, were assessed for comparison. Models were fitted to 25 gas production profiles resulting from incubating feedstuffs with faecal inocula from equines. Of these 25 profiles, 17 displayed atypical biphasic patterns, and 8 displayed typical monophasic patterns. The two biphasic models were found to describe both the atypical and typical gas production profiles accurately. These models allow for the evaluation of feedstuffs using cost- and time-efficient methods. Abstract Two models are proposed to describe atypical biphasic gas production profiles obtained from in vitro digestibility studies. The models are extensions of the standard Mitscherlich equation, comprising either two Mitscherlich terms or one Mitscherlich and one linear term. Two models that describe typical monophasic gas production curves, the standard Mitscherlich and the France model [a generalised Mitscherlich (root-t) equation], were assessed for comparison. Models were fitted to 25 gas production profiles resulting from incubating feedstuffs with faecal inocula from equines. Seventeen profiles displayed atypical biphasic patterns while the other eight displayed typical monophasic patterns. Models were evaluated using statistical measures of goodness-of-fit and by analysis of residuals. Good agreement was found between observed atypical profiles values and fitted values obtained with the two biphasic models, and both can revert to a simple Mitscherlich allowing them to describe typical monophasic profiles. The models contain kinetic fermentation parameters that can be used in conjunction with substrate degradability information and digesta passage rate to calculate extent of substrate degradation in the rumen or hindgut. Thus, models link the in vitro gas production technique to nutrient supply in the animal by providing information relating to digestion and nutritive value of feedstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Powell
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Correspondence: (C.D.P.); (S.L.); Tel.: +1-(519)-824-4120 (ext. 56688) (C.D.P.); +34-987-291-291 (S.L.)
| | - Mewa S. Dhanoa
- Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, UK
| | - Anna Garber
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Jo-Anne M. D. Murray
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Secundino López
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, E-24007 León, Spain
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas s/n, 24346 Grulleros, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.D.P.); (S.L.); Tel.: +1-(519)-824-4120 (ext. 56688) (C.D.P.); +34-987-291-291 (S.L.)
| | - Jennifer L. Ellis
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - James France
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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5
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Panyakaew P, Schonewille JT, Cone JW, Pellikaan WF, Fievez V, Yuangklang C, Hendriks WH. Isolipidic replacement of krabok oil by whole krabok seed reduces in vitro methanogenesis, but negatively affects fermentation. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:453-461. [PMID: 31981266 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The background of the current in vitro study involves the issue of methane (CH4 ) production inherent to rumen fermentation. One of the dietary strategies to reduce enteric CH4 production by ruminants involves the supplementation of medium-chain fatty acids in diets. As such, oils containing high amounts of MCFA, such as coconut, palm kernel and krabok oil, are of much interest to formulate energy efficient and environmentally friendly rations for ruminants. Krabok oil (KO) reduces methanogenesis, but the appropriate inclusion level of dietary KO is unclear. We therefore investigated the dose-response relationship between krabok oil and CH4 production. In practice, the use of whole krabok seed (WKS), instead of KO, is easier, but the efficacy of WKS to inhibit methanogenesis was hitherto unknown. Thus, we also investigated whether WKS provides an alternative tool to inhibit CH4 production. The experimental substrates contained either KO, WKS, the residue of WKS after fat extraction residue (FER) or FER + KO. Appropriate amounts of WKS or its derivatives were added to a basal substrate so as to attain either a low, medium or high content of KO, that is, 37-46, 90-94 and 146-153 g/kg dry matter respectively. The experimental substrates were formulated to keep the amounts of incubated fat-free OM, crude protein, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre constant in order to avoid biased results through potential differences in fermentability between WKS and its derivatives, and the basal substrate. The latter resembled the ingredient composition of a total mixed ration commonly used in Thai dairy cows. Fully automated gas production (GP) equipment was used to measure gas- and CH4 production. Irrespective of the type of substrate (p ≥ .115), both the absolute (ml/g fat-free OM) and relative (% of total GP) CH4 production was reduced at the highest inclusion level of WKS or its derivatives (p ≤ .019). Total GP (ml/g fat-free OM), however, was reduced after incubation of FER, FER + KO, and WKS, but not KO, at the highest inclusion level of the respective substrates (p = .019). Volatile fatty acids were likewise affected (p ≤ .001). Krabok oil can inhibit CH4 production but only when the dietary KO content is at least 9.4% (DM). Supplementation of KO in the form of WKS, however, is considered not opportune because the fat extracted residue of WKS is poorly degraded during fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paiwan Panyakaew
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - J Thomas Schonewille
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - John W Cone
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wilbert F Pellikaan
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Veerle Fievez
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality (Lanupro), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chalermpon Yuangklang
- Department of Agricultural Technology and Environment, Faculty of Science and Liberal Arts, Rajamangala University of Technology-Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Wouter H Hendriks
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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6
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Bachmann M, Kuhnitzsch C, Martens S, Steinhöfel O, Zeyner A. Estimation of gas production and post-ruminal crude protein from native or ensiled Pisum sativum and Vicia faba grains. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2020.1733581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Bachmann
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - C. Kuhnitzsch
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology, Köllitsch, Germany
| | - S.D. Martens
- Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology, Köllitsch, Germany
| | - O. Steinhöfel
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology, Köllitsch, Germany
| | - A. Zeyner
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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7
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Daza J, Benavides D, Pulido R, Balocchi O, Bertrand A, Keim J. Rumen In Vitro Fermentation and In Situ Degradation Kinetics of Winter Forage Brassicas Crops. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E904. [PMID: 31683941 PMCID: PMC6912487 DOI: 10.3390/ani9110904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the nutritional value, the rumen in vitro fermentation, and the in situ degradation of Brassica oleracea (L.) ssp. acephala (kales) and Brassica napus (L.) ssp. napobrassica (swedes) for winter use. Five varieties of each brassica were used in three field replicates and were randomized in a complete block nested design. All forage varieties were harvested at 210 days post-sowing to analyze the chemical composition, in vitro gas production, volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and in situ dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradability. Kales presented higher DM and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content (p < 0.01), whereas swedes showed higher CP, metabolizable energy (ME), glucose, fructose, total sugars, NFC, and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) content (p < 0.01). The kale and swede varieties differed in their CP and sugar concentrations, whereas the kale varieties differed in their DM and raffinose content. The rates of gas production were higher for swedes than for kales (p < 0.01). No differences between the brassica species (p > 0.05) were observed in the total VFA production, whereas kales had a higher proportion of acetate and swedes had higher proportions of butyrate (p < 0.05). Only the swede varieties showed differences in VFA production (p < 0.05). The soluble fraction "a", potential and effective in situ DM degradability were higher in swedes (p < 0.01), but kales presented greater DM and CP degradation rates. Differences were observed between brassica species in the chemical composition, degradation kinetics, and ruminal fermentation products, whereas differences among varieties within species were less frequent but need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Daza
- Animal Production Institute, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia PO Box 567, Chile.
| | - Daniel Benavides
- Graduate School, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia PO Box 567, Chile.
| | - Rubén Pulido
- Animal Science Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia PO Box 567, Chile.
| | - Oscar Balocchi
- Animal Production Institute, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia PO Box 567, Chile.
| | - Annick Bertrand
- Soils and Crops Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Québec City, QC G1V 2J3, Canada.
| | - Juan Keim
- Animal Production Institute, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia PO Box 567, Chile.
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8
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He Y, Cone JW, Hendriks WH, Dijkstra J. Relationships between chemical composition and in vitro gas production parameters of maize leaves and stems. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 104:12-21. [PMID: 31579969 PMCID: PMC7004146 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the chemical composition (proximate and Van Soest analysis) and in vitro gas production parameters of maize leaves and stems separately, and related the in vitro gas production parameters with the chemical composition, of thirteen maize cultivars. After harvest in September 2016, all plants were separated into two morphological fractions: leaves and stems. The crude protein (CP) content was greater, and the ratio of acid detergent lignin (ADL) to potentially rumen degradable fibre (calculated as the difference between neutral detergent fibre and ADL; ADL:pRDF) was lower in the leaves than in the stems in all 13 cultivars. For the leaves, the cumulative gas production between 3 and 20 hr (A2), representing cell wall fermentation in the rumen fluid, and the cumulative 72‐hr gas production (GP72), representing total organic matter (OM) degradation, were moderately to weakly correlated with the chemical composition, including hemicellulose, cellulose, ADL and CP content (R2 < 0.40), whilst the best relationship between the half‐time value (B2), representing the rate of cell wall degradation, and chemical composition had an R2 of 0.63. For the stems, the best relationship between A2, B2 and GP72 with chemical composition was greater (R2 ≥ 0.74) and the best relationship included hemicellulose (A2 only), cellulose and ADL (GP72 and A2 only) contents. In conclusion, maize leaves and stems differed in chemical composition, in particular CP content and ADL:pRDF. The A2 and GP72 of the stems, but not of the leaves, were highly correlated with the chemical composition, indicating that the cell wall and OM degradation of maize stems can be better predicted by its chemical composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan He
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - John W Cone
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter H Hendriks
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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9
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van Gastelen S, Schumacher F, Cone J, Dijkstra J, Pellikaan W. In dairy cattle, the stomach tube method is not a feasible alternative to the rumen cannulation method to examine in vitro gas and methane production. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Alvarez-Hess PS, Moate PJ, Williams SRO, Jacobs JL, Beauchemin KA, Durmic Z, Hannah MC, Eckard RJ. The effect of diet of the donor cows on in vitro measurements of methane production from wheat and corn incubated in various forage-to-grain ratios. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:3451-3458. [PMID: 30609046 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Supplementation of ruminant diets with wheat and corn grains influences ruminal fermentation. In vitro fermentation is a methodology that can be used to screen feeds for their potential to produce enteric methane. However, there is evidence that the diet of the donor cows could impact the results of in vitro analysis. This research investigated the in vitro fermentation of wheat and corn grain when incubated in ruminal fluid from cows fed different grain types and different forage-to-grain ratios. RESULTS The type of grain fed to the donor cows, as well as forage-to-grain ratio, affected the outcome of fermentation of wheat and corn grain. Differences in methane production (MP) between grains were only observed when incubated with ruminal fluid adapted to each specific grain type. Increasing proportions of wheat but not of corn decreased in vitro MP in a linear manner compared with MP produced from forage only. CONCLUSIONS Wheat grain has a greater in vitro antimethanogenic effect than corn. However, to detect the different fermentations between wheat and corn, grains should be incubated in ruminal fluid from cows adapted to that specific grain type. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo S Alvarez-Hess
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Agriculture Victoria , Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Ellinbank, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter J Moate
- Agriculture Victoria , Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Ellinbank, VIC, Australia
| | - S Richard O Williams
- Agriculture Victoria , Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Ellinbank, VIC, Australia
| | - Joe L Jacobs
- Agriculture Victoria , Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Ellinbank, VIC, Australia
| | - Karen A Beauchemin
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Zoey Durmic
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia M085, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Murray C Hannah
- Agriculture Victoria , Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Ellinbank, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard J Eckard
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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11
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Macome FM, Pellikaan WF, Hendriks WH, Warner D, Schonewille JT, Cone JW. In vitro gas and methane production in rumen fluid from dairy cows fed grass silages differing in plant maturity, compared to in vivo data. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 102:843-852. [PMID: 29655256 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between in vitro rumen CH4 production of grass silages, using the gas production technique, and in vivo data obtained with the same cows and rations in respiration chambers was investigated. Silages were made from grass harvested in 2013 on May 6th, May 25th, July 1st and July 8th. The grass silages were used to formulate four different rations which were fed to 24 cows in early and late lactation, resulting in a slightly different dry matter intake (DMI; 16.5 kg/day vs. 15.4 kg/day). The experimental rations consisted of 70% grass silage, 10% maize silage, and 20% concentrates on a dry matter basis. Cows were adapted to the rations for 17 days before rumen fluid was collected via oesophageal tubing, and in vitro gas and CH4 production were analysed. In vitro total gas and CH4 production of the (ensiled) grass expressed as ml/g OM decreased with advancing maturity of the grass. The in vitro CH4 production after 48 hr of incubation expressed in ml/g OM did not correlate with the in vivo CH4 production expressed in g/kg organic matter intake or g/kg DMI (R2 = .00-.18, p ≥ .287). The differences in CH4 emission per unit of intake observed in vivo were rather small between the different rations, which also contributed to the observed poor relationship. Utilizing stepwise multiple regression improved the correlation only slightly. In vitro gas and CH4 production varied based on whether donor cows were previously adapted to the respective ration or not, suggesting that careful adaption to the experimental diet should be envisaged in in vitro gas and CH4 production experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Macome
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - W F Pellikaan
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - W H Hendriks
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - D Warner
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - J T Schonewille
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J W Cone
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Keim JP, Alvarado-Gilis C, Arias RA, Gandarillas M, Cabanilla J. Evaluation of sources of variation on in vitro fermentation kinetics of feedstuffs in a gas production system. Anim Sci J 2017; 88:1547-1555. [PMID: 28557050 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different sources of variation in gas production technique on the in vitro gas production kinetics of feedstuffs. Triplicates of commercial concentrate, grass silage, grass hay and grass pasture were incubated in three experiments: experiment 1 assessed two agitation methods; experiment 2 evaluated different rumen inocula (pooled or different donor cows for each incubation run); and experiment 3 used Goering-Van Soest or Mould buffers for media preparation. Gas production data were fitted into the Michaelis-Menten model and then subjected to analysis of variance. Gas production (GP) at 48 h and asymptote gas production (A) were lower when bottles were continuously under horizontal movement. Time to produce half and 75% of A, and A were affected by rumen inocula, while buffer type affected time to produce half and 25% of A and GP. No interactions between substrates and sources of variation were observed, suggesting that the effects of substrates on GP parameters were not modified. It is concluded that comparison of numerical data from in vitro experiments that follow different protocols must be done carefully. However, the ranking of different substrates is more robust and less affected by the sources of variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Keim
- Animal Production Institute, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Christian Alvarado-Gilis
- Animal Production Institute, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Arias
- Animal Production Institute, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Mónica Gandarillas
- Animal Production Institute, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jaime Cabanilla
- Graduate School, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Zootechnics, Universidad Agraria del Ecuador, Guayaquil, Ecuador
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13
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Rodrigues MAM, Lourenço AL, Cone JW, Nunes FM, Santos AS, Cordeiro JMM, Guedes CMV, Ferreira LMM. Evaluation of the nutritive value of muiumba (Baikiaea plurijuga) seeds: chemical composition, in vitro organic matter digestibility and in vitro gas production. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:311. [PMID: 25019049 PMCID: PMC4087328 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
One of the main constraints hindering the increase of animal production in semi-arid regions of Africa is the inadequate supply of nutrients during the dry season. Incorporation of alternative feed resources in ruminant diets during this period could be a viable approach to overcome these limitations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritive value of muiumba (Baikiaea plurijuga) tree seeds as an alternative nutrient source for ruminants. Muiumba seeds were compared to other eight feedstuffs including two cereal grains (corn and oat), two wheat by-products (wheat bran and distilled wheat) and four protein meals (coconut meal, sunflower meal, soybean meal and rapeseed meal) as to its chemical composition, in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and in vitro gas production. The moderate crude protein concentrations (145 g/kg DM) of muiumba seeds indicate that this feedstuff could not be used as a protein supplement, contrarily to the majority of multipurpose tree seeds. Although the starch content was scarce (15 g/kg DM), the low neutral detergent fibre (235 g/kg DM), low molecular weight sugar (76.1 g/kg DM) and non-starch polysaccharide (510.5 g/kg DM) contents indicate that this feedstuff has potential feeding value. This was confirmed by the IVOMD (0.770) and by the data provided by the in vitro gas production showing that muiumba seeds had high (P < 0.05) maximum gas production and fractional fermentation rates, suggesting that these seeds are characterized by a highly fermentable fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A M Rodrigues
- Department of Animal Science, Animal Science and Veterinary Research Centre, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, P.O. Box 1013, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana L Lourenço
- Department of Animal Science, Animal Science and Veterinary Research Centre, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, P.O. Box 1013, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - John W Cone
- Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando M Nunes
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Centre, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila-Real, Portugal
| | - Ana S Santos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science and Veterinary Research Centre, Universidade Vasco da Gama, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José M M Cordeiro
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade José Eduardo dos Santos, Huambo, Angola
| | - Cristina M V Guedes
- Department of Animal Science, Animal Science and Veterinary Research Centre, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, P.O. Box 1013, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luis M M Ferreira
- Department of Animal Science, Animal Science and Veterinary Research Centre, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, P.O. Box 1013, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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14
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Cornou C, Storm IMLD, Hindrichsen IK, Worgan H, Bakewell E, Ruiz DRY, Abecia L, Tagliapietra F, Cattani M, Ritz C, Hansen HH. A ring test of a wireless in vitro gas production system. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/an12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro gas production (GP) technique has been widely used for feed evaluation. However, variability in results limits useful comparisons. Results from a ring test undertaken in four laboratories (Italy – IT, Spain – SP, Wales – WA and Denmark – DK) using the same wireless equipment (ANKOM Technology), same substrates and same laboratory protocol are presented, including calculation of repeatability and reproducibility according to ISO 5725-2. Hay, maize starch and straw samples and units without sample (blanks) were incubated in five repetitions using rumen inoculum from cows (DK, IT and WA) or sheep (SP). Curves, corrected for blanks, were fitted using an exponential regression model with a lag time. The following variables were considered: (i) GP24 and GP48: raw values at 24 and 48 h (mL/g DM), corrected for blanks; (ii) A: asymptotic GP (mL/g DM); (iii) T1/2: time when half A is produced (h); (iv) GPMR: maximum predicted GP rate (mL/h); (v) L: lag time (h). A mixed model including laboratories as random effect was used. A significant interaction between substrate and laboratories was found for all variables except A. The most repeatable and reproducible results were observed for A and GP48. The results from this ring test suggest the need for more standardisation, particularly in the procedures that occur outside the laboratory.
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15
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Zijlstra RT, Jha R, Woodward AD, Fouhse J, van Kempen TATG. Starch and fiber properties affect their kinetics of digestion and thereby digestive physiology in pigs. J Anim Sci 2012; 90 Suppl 4:49-58. [PMID: 23365281 DOI: 10.2527/jas.53718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Jha
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - J. Fouhse
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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16
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Cheli F, Battaglia D, Pinotti L, Baldi A. State of the art in feedstuff analysis: a technique-oriented perspective. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:9529-9542. [PMID: 22954135 DOI: 10.1021/jf302555b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The need for global feed supply traceability, the high-throughput testing demands of feed industry, and regulatory enforcement drive the need for feed analysis and make extremely complex the issue of the control and evaluation of feed quality, safety, and functional properties, all of which contribute to the very high number of analyses that must be performed. Feed analysis, with respect to animal nutritional requirements, health, reproduction, and production, should be multianalytically approached. In addition to standard methods of chemical analysis, new methods for evaluation of feed composition and functional properties, authenticity, and safety have been developed. Requirements for new analytical methods emphasize performance, sensitivity, reliability, speed, simplified use, low cost for high volume, and routine assays. This review provides an overview of the most used and promising methods for feed analysis. The review is intentionally focused on the following techniques: classical chemical analysis; in situ and in vitro methods; analytical techniques coupled with chemometric tools (NIR and sensors); and cell-based bioassays. This review describes both the potential and limitations of each technique and discusses the challenges that need to be overcome to obtain validated and standardized methods of analysis for a complete and global feed evaluation and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cheli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Trentacoste 2, 20134 Milan, Italy.
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17
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Cone JW, Becker PM. Fermentation kinetics and production of volatile fatty acids and microbial protein by starchy feedstuffs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Gierus M, Schiborra A, Südekum KH, Rave G, Taube F. Comparison of gas accumulation profiles of several feeds using manual or automated gas production methods. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Hetta M, Cone J, Bernes G, Gustavsson AM, Martinsson K. Voluntary intake of silages in dairy cows depending on chemical composition and in vitro gas production characteristics. Livest Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2006.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Cone JW, van Gelder AH. Adaptation of the rumen microbial population to native potato starch degradation determined with the gas production technique and the nylon bag technique. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2006; 90:511-8. [PMID: 17083432 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2006.00633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of the adaptation of rumen micro-organisms on the degradation of native potato starch (PS) in the rumen. Cows were fed with rations used for gas production (GP) analysis (dry cows, 1.6% starch) and for the nylon bag (NB) technique (lactating cows, 23% starch, mainly maize starch) and a ration containing 19% native PS (lactating cows). Fermentation characteristics of 13 samples were investigated with the GP technique using rumen fluid from cows fed each of the three rations. The same samples were investigated with the NB technique in the cows obtaining the NB ration and the PS ration. The results showed that the rate of GP was influenced by the source of the rumen fluid. The fermentation rate of PS was considerably enhanced by using rumen fluid adapted to the fermentation of native PS instead of using the other rumen fluids. Incubating in cows fed the PS ration, the rate of PS degradation determined with the NB technique, was higher compared with cows fed other rations. Using the PS ration the observed lag period for PS was shorter. The results show a clear influence of ration on the degradation characteristics of starch, determined with both the GP technique and the NB technique. However, these changes in behaviour did not explain observed differences in amounts of rumen escape PS measured in vivo in animal experiments and in situ, using the NB technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Cone
- Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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21
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Fermentation behaviour of the nylon bag washout and degradable fractions determined with the gas production technique. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Rymer C, Williams B, Brooks A, Davies D, Givens D. Inter-laboratory variation of in vitro cumulative gas production profiles of feeds using manual and automated methods. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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