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Effects of altering the ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids and concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids in diets on milk production and energy balance of Holstein cows. APPLIED ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.15232/aas.2022-02310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Mirzaei-Alamouti H, Abdollahi A, Rahimi H, Moradi S, Vazirigohar M, Aschenbach JR. Effects of dietary oil sources (sunflower and fish) on fermentation characteristics, epithelial gene expression and microbial community in the rumen of lambs fed a high-concentrate diet. Arch Anim Nutr 2022; 75:405-421. [PMID: 35112609 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2021.1997539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The feeding of high-concentrate diets commonly results in lowered pH and ruminal dysbiosis which cause shifts in uptake dynamics of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and altered epithelial function. Therefore, the current study evaluated the effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on ruminal fermentation products, gene expression in the ruminal epithelium and the associated changes in ruminal microorganisms in lambs fed a high-concentrate diet. Twenty-six Afshari lambs adapted to a high-concentrate diet during a completely randomised design were fed with a basal diet supplemented with 100 g oil supplement (OS; 60 g sunflower oil and 40 g fish oil) for 10 (OS10), 20 (OS20) and 30 (OS30) d, respectively (n = 6). Lambs with no oil supplementation (OS0, n = 8) were considered as control and slaughtered at d 0 of the experiment, and the remaining lambs were slaughtered at 10, 20 and 30 d on feed. After slaughter, ruminal digesta was collected for evaluating fermentation and microbial community. Ruminal papillae were taken for assessment of epithelial gene expression. Compared with OS0 lambs, supplemental PUFA in OS30 lambs tended to decrease total SCFA concentration with decreased acetic and increased propionic acid concentrations. Acetate:propionate ratios were decreased and ruminal pH was increased in OS20 and OS30 lambs compared to OS0. All groups with included OS had decreased concentrations of iso-valeric and valeric acids compared to OS0. Relative mRNA abundance of monocarboxylate transporter isoforms 1 and 4, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3, sterol regulatory element-binding proteins 1 and 2 decreased with increasing OS duration. The relative abundance of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 1 mRNA transcript was higher for OS10 and OS20 lambs relative to OS0 lambs. OS20 and OS30 showed a decrease of lipopolysaccharide binding protein mRNA expression compared with OS0. Feeding supplemental PUFA decreased Ciliate protozoa and increased Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens in OS20 and OS30 lambs, whereas Megasphaera elsdenii was increased in OS30 lambs. In conclusion, combined supplementation of sunflower and fish oil to a high-concentrate diet affects the ruminal microbial community with prominent decreases in ruminal ciliate protozoa and increases in B. fibrisolvens and M. elsdenii. These results lead to a more stabilised ruminal pH and a fermentation shift towards more propionate generation. Consideration of nutrients digestion will help to fully understand the benefits of feeding PUFA with a high-concentrate diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arman Abdollahi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hasan Rahimi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Moradi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mina Vazirigohar
- Zist Dam Group, University of Zanjan Incubator Center, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Jörg R Aschenbach
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Bodkowski R, Czyż K, Sokoła-Wysoczańska E, Janczak M, Cholewińska P, Wyrostek A. The Effect of Low-Temperature Crystallization of Fish Oil on the Chemical Composition, Fatty Acid Profile, and Functional Properties of Cow's Milk. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1834. [PMID: 33050152 PMCID: PMC7599823 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effect of supplementation of fish oil after the process of low-temperature crystallization (LTC-FO) enriched with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) on cow milk parameters. The experiment was carried out on 24 Polish Holstein Friesian cows. For 4 weeks, experimental (EXP) group animals (n = 12) were fed LTC-FO (1% of dry matter). Milk was collected two times: on days 14 and 30. LTC-FO supplementation decreased milk fat yield and concentration (p < 0.01). Higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including these with beneficial biological properties, i.e., eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosahexaenoic (DHA), docosapentaenoic (DPA), CLA, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), and TVA (p < 0.01), and lower levels of SFAs, especially short- (p < 0.01) and medium-chain ones (p < 0.05, p < 0.01), were found in the EXP group. The addition of LTC-FO reduced the value of atherogenic and thrombogenic indices as well as SFA/UFA and n-6/n-3 ratios and increased the content of n-3 PUFA and functional fatty acids (p < 0.01). The addition of LTC-FO also increased the delta-9 desaturase index for CLA/TVA and decreased it for pairs C14:1/C14:0 and C16:1/C16:0 (p < 0.05, p < 0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Bodkowski
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 38c, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (K.C.); (M.J.); (P.C.); (A.W.)
| | - Katarzyna Czyż
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 38c, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (K.C.); (M.J.); (P.C.); (A.W.)
| | | | - Marzena Janczak
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 38c, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (K.C.); (M.J.); (P.C.); (A.W.)
| | - Paulina Cholewińska
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 38c, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (K.C.); (M.J.); (P.C.); (A.W.)
| | - Anna Wyrostek
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 38c, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (K.C.); (M.J.); (P.C.); (A.W.)
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Effect of replacing soybean meal with marula nut meal on rumen dry matter and crude protein degradability. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:3911-3915. [PMID: 32946022 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02390-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In situ rumen degradability of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) in ruminant diets composed of graded inclusion levels of marula nut meal (MNM) as a protein source to replace soybean meal were evaluated. The five diets denoted as diet 1 (0.0 g kg-1 MNM: control), diet 2 (45.5 g kg-1 MNM), diet 3 (91.7 g kg-1 MNM), diet 4 (138.4 g kg-1 MNM), and diet 5 (185.9 g kg-1 MNM) were tested. Three cannulated mid-lactating Holstein cows were used to incubate triplicate subsamples of each diet for 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h in polyester bags. The soluble fractions of DM and CP increased (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of MNM (138.4-185.9 g kg-1 MNM). However, the insoluble but degradable fractions of DM and CP increased (P < 0.05) with decreasing levels of MNM (45.5-0.0 g kg-1 and 91.7-0.0 g kg-1 MNM, respectively). While the degradation rate of fraction and the effective degradability of DM increased (P < 0.05) with decreasing levels of MNM (91.7-0.0 g kg-1), those of CP increased with increasing levels of MNM (138.4-185.9 g kg-1 MNM) in the diet. These results suggest that dietary inclusion of MNM up to 91.7 g kg-1 in ruminant diets can provide undegradable protein to be absorbed in the small intestines and used for metabolic function, while an inclusion of up to 185.9 g kg-1 can be degraded in the rumen for microbial protein synthesis.
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Effect of linseed, sunflower, or fish oil added to hay-, or corn silage-based diets on milk fat yield and trans-C18:1 and conjugated linoleic fatty acid content in bovine milk fat. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Antonio Gagliostro G, Elisabet Antonacci L, Daiana Pérez C, Rossetti L, Carabajal A. Improving Concentration of Healthy Fatty Acids in Milk, Cheese and Yogurt by Adding a Blend of Soybean and Fish Oils to the Ration of Confined Dairy Cows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.4236/ojas.2020.101010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Till BE, Huntington JA, Posri W, Early R, Taylor-Pickard J, Sinclair LA. Influence of rate of inclusion of microalgae on the sensory characteristics and fatty acid composition of cheese and performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:10934-10946. [PMID: 31563312 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Modification of milk and cheese fat to contain long-chain n-3 fatty acids (FA) by feeding microalgae (ALG) to dairy cows has the potential to improve human health, but the subsequent effect on the sensory attributes of dairy products is unclear. The objective was to determine the effect of feeding dairy cows different amounts of ALG that was rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on milk and cheese FA profile, cheese sensory attributes, and cow performance. Twenty Holstein dairy cows were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a 4 × 4 row and column design, with 4 periods of 28 d, with cheddar cheese production and animal performance measurements undertaken during the final 7 d of each period. Cows were fed a basal diet that was supplemented with ALG (Schizochytrium limancinum) at 4 rates: 0 (control, C), 50 (LA), 100 (MA), or 150 g (HA) of ALG per cow per day. We found that both milk and cheese fat content of DHA increased linearly with ALG feed rate and was 0.29 g/100 g FA higher in milk and cheese from cows fed HA compared with C. Supplementation with ALG linearly reduced the content of saturated FA and the ratio of n-6:n-3 FA in milk and cheese. Supplementation with ALG altered 20 out of the 32 sensory attributes, with a linear increase in cheese air holes, nutty flavor, and dry mouth aftertaste with ALG inclusion. Creaminess of cheese decreased with ALG inclusion rate and was positively correlated with saturated FA content. We also observed a quadratic effect on fruity odor, which was highest in cheese from cows fed HA and lowest in LA, and firmness and crumbliness texture, being highest in MA and lowest in HA. Supplementation with ALG had no effect on the dry matter intake, milk yield, or live weight change of the cows, with mean values of 23.1, 38.5, and 0.34 kg/d respectively, but milk fat content decreased linearly, and energy-corrected milk yield tended to decrease linearly with rate of ALG inclusion (mean values of 39.6, 38.4, 37.1, and 35.9 g/kg, and 41.3, 41.3, 40.5, and 39.4 kg/d for C, LA, MA, and HA, respectively). We conclude that feeding ALG to high-yielding dairy cows improved milk and cheese content of DHA and altered cheese taste but not cow performance, although milk fat content reduced as inclusion rate increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Till
- Department of Animal Production, Welfare and Veterinary Sciences, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, TF10 8NB, UK
| | - J A Huntington
- Department of Animal Production, Welfare and Veterinary Sciences, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, TF10 8NB, UK
| | - W Posri
- Department of Food Technology and Innovation, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, TF10 8NB, UK
| | - R Early
- Department of Food Technology and Innovation, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, TF10 8NB, UK
| | - J Taylor-Pickard
- Alltech Biotechnology Centre, Summerhill Road, Dunboyne, Ireland A86 X006
| | - L A Sinclair
- Department of Animal Production, Welfare and Veterinary Sciences, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, TF10 8NB, UK.
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Almeida OC, Ferraz MV, Susin I, Gentil RS, Polizel DM, Ferreira EM, Barroso JP, Pires AV. Plasma and milk fatty acid profiles in goats fed diets supplemented with oils from soybean, linseed or fish. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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9
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Coleman DN, Murphy KD, Relling AE. Prepartum fatty acid supplementation in sheep. II. Supplementation of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid during late gestation alters the fatty acid profile of plasma, colostrum, milk and adipose tissue, and increases lipogenic gene expression of adipose tissue. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:1181-1204. [PMID: 29365116 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skx013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were as follows: 1) to establish whether feeding a source of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to ewes during late gestation changes the fatty acid profile of colostrum, milk, ewe adipose tissue, and plasma and subsequently lamb plasma and red blood cells (RBC), and 2) to investigate the effects of EPA and DHA on mRNA expression in ewe adipose tissue. Eighty-four gestating ewes (28 pens, three per pen) were blocked by lambing day and assigned to a diet with an addition of fat at 0.39% of the DM during the last 50 d of gestation using Ca salts of a palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) high in palmitic and oleic acids or EPA + DHA. Blood samples were taken from ewes on days 20, 1 (parturition), and 30 and from lambs on days 1 and 30 for plasma fatty acid analysis. Fatty analysis of lamb RBC was performed on day 1. Colostrum samples were taken at lambing and milk samples on day 30 for fatty acid analysis. Subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were taken from one ewe per pen on day 20 for fatty acid analysis and gene expression analysis of 27 genes. Treatment × day interactions (P < 0.10) were observed for several isomers of C18:1, with concentrations that were greater in plasma of EPA + DHA ewes on day 20, but were not different on day 1 or 30. Plasma concentrations of EPA tended to be greater (P = 0.07), whereas DHA was greater (P < 0.001) in EPA + DHA ewes compared with PFAD ewes. There was no difference in EPA or DHA in adipose tissue with EPA + DHA vs. PFAD supplementation (P > 0.10). Concentrations of fatty acids with 6 to 10 carbons were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in colostrum and milk of EPA + DHA ewes. There was a treatment × day interaction with EPA + DHA ewes yielding greater EPA (P = 0.03) and DHA (P = 0.04) concentrations than PFAD in colostrum, but not in milk. Treatment × day interactions (P < 0.05) were observed for several C18:1 isomers with concentrations that were greater in EPA + DHA ewe colostrum, but were not different between treatments in milk. In lamb plasma and RBC, EPA and DHA were not different between treatments (P > 0.10). The expression of fatty acid synthase and leptin was significantly increased (P < 0.05), whereas the expression of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 tended to be increased (P = 0.08) by supplementation of EPA + DHA vs. PFAD. These results suggest that supplementation with EPA and DHA to ewes during late gestation alters the fatty acid profile of plasma, colostrum, and milk and may increase lipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Nicole Coleman
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC), Wooster, OH
| | | | - Alejandro E Relling
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC), Wooster, OH
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10
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Kairenius P, Leskinen H, Toivonen V, Muetzel S, Ahvenjärvi S, Vanhatalo A, Huhtanen P, Wallace R, Shingfield K. Effect of dietary fish oil supplements alone or in combination with sunflower and linseed oil on ruminal lipid metabolism and bacterial populations in lactating cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:3021-3035. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Ferreira EM, Ferraz MV, Polizel DM, Urano FS, Susin I, Gentil RS, Biehl MV, Biava JS, Pires AV. Milk yield and composition from ewes fed raw soybeans and their lambs’ performance. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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12
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Moran CA, Morlacchini M, Keegan JD, Fusconi G. The effect of dietary supplementation with Aurantiochytrium limacinum on lactating dairy cows in terms of animal health, productivity and milk composition. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:576-590. [PMID: 29024131 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich microalgae, Aurantiochytrium limacinum (AURA), on a variety of health and productivity parameters in lactating cows. Twenty-four cows were blocked by parity and number of days in milk and then randomly assigned to a control (CON; n = 12) group with no algal supplementation, or a treatment group (AURA; n = 12) provided with 100 g AURA cow-1 day-1 or 16 g DHA cow-1 day-1 . A variety of health and productivity measurements were taken, and results indicated that supplementation had no negative effects on animal health in terms of somatic cell count, haematological and biochemical blood parameters, while body condition was marginally improved by algal supplementation. No differences were found for the various production parameters measured; however, a tendency towards increased milk production was observed for the AURA group during the final stage of the study (+4.5 kg cow-1 day-1 , day 78-84). The fatty acid profile of milk was improved by supplementation, with significantly lower saturated fatty acids, significantly higher omega-3 fatty acids and an improved omega-3/omega-6 ratio observed when compared to the control group. The amount of DHA in the milk of cows provided 105 g AURA head-1 day-1 was 4.7 mg/100 g milk with a peak transfer efficiency from feed to milk at day 49 of 8.3%. These results indicate that supplementation with 105 g AURA head-1 day-1 resulted in the successful enrichment of milk with DHA without negatively impacting the health or productivity of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Moran
- Regulatory Affairs Department, Alltech SARL, Vire, France
| | | | - J D Keegan
- Regulatory Affairs Department, Alltech European Bioscience Centre, Co., Meath, Ireland
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Effects of tannins on the fatty acid profiles of rumen fluids and milk from lactating goats fed a total mixed ration containing rapeseed oil. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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14
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Manipulation of milk fatty acid composition in lactating cows: Opportunities and challenges. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Bodkowski R, Czyż K, Kupczyński R, Patkowska-Sokoła B, Nowakowski P, Wiliczkiewicz A. Lipid complex effect on fatty acid profile and chemical composition of cow milk and cheese. J Dairy Sci 2015; 99:57-67. [PMID: 26506539 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of administration of lipid complex (LC) on cow milk and cheese characteristics was studied. Lipid complex was elaborated based on grapeseed oil with synthesized conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and Atlantic mackerel oil enriched in n-3 fatty acids. The 4-wk experiment was conducted on 30 Polish Holstein Friesian cows. The experimental group cow diet was supplemented with 400 g/d of LC (containing 38% CLA, and eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid in a relative amount of 36.5%) on a humic-mineral carrier. The chemical composition and fatty acid profile of milk and rennet cheese from raw fresh milk were analyzed. Lipid complex supplementation of the total mixed ration had no effect on milk yield and milk composition, except fat content, which decreased from 4.6 to 4.1%, a 10.9% decrease. Milk from cows treated with LC had greater relative amounts of unsaturated fatty acids, particularly polyunsaturated fatty acids, and lesser relative amounts of saturated fatty acids. Lipid complex addition changed milk fat fatty acid profile: C18:2 cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 isomer (CLA) contents increased by 278 and 233%, respectively, as did eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6) contents. Milk fat fatty acid profile changes were correlated with the modifications in rennet cheese fatty acid profile. Lipid complex supplementation of dairy cows produced considerable changes in the biological value of milk and cheese fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bodkowski
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmonskiego 38c, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - K Czyż
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmonskiego 38c, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - R Kupczyński
- Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmonskiego 38c, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - B Patkowska-Sokoła
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmonskiego 38c, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - P Nowakowski
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmonskiego 38c, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - A Wiliczkiewicz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmonskiego 38c, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
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Effect of the ratios of unsaturated fatty acids on the expressions of genes related to fat and protein in the bovine mammary epithelial cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 51:381-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-014-9847-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Vafa TS, Naserian AA, Heravi Moussavi AR, Valizadeh R, Mesgaran MD. Effect of supplementation of fish and canola oil in the diet on milk Fatty Acid composition in early lactating holstein cows. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 25:311-9. [PMID: 25049568 PMCID: PMC4092963 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2010.10014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of supplementation of fish oil and canola oil in the diet on milk yield, milk components and fatty acid composition of Holstein dairy cows in early lactation. Eight multiparous early lactation Holstein cows (42±12 DIM, 40±6 kg daily milk yield) were fed a total mixed ration supplemented with either 0% oil (Control), 2% fish oil (FO), 1% canola oil +1% fish oil (FOCO), or 2% canola oil (CO) according to a double 4×4 Latin square design. Each period lasted 3 wk; experimental analyses were restricted to the last week of each period. Supplemental oils were added to a basal diet which was formulated according to NRC (2001) and consisted of 20% alfalfa, 20% corn silage and 60% concentrate. Milk yield was similar between diets (p>0.05), but dry matter intake (DMI) was lower (p<0.05) in cows fed FO diet compared to other diets. Milk fat percentage and daily yield decreased (p<0.01) with the supplementation of fish and canola oil. The daily yield and percentage of milk protein, lactose and solids-not-fat (SNF) were not affected by diets (p>0.05). The proportion (g/100 g fatty acids) of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) decreased and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increased (p<0.05) in milk of all cows fed diets supplemented with oil. The proportions of 6:0, 8:0, 10:0 12:0 and 14:0 fatty acids in milk fat decreased (p<0.01) for all diets supplemented with oil, but the proportions of 14:1, 16:0 and 16:1 fatty acids were not affected by diets (p>0.05). The proportion of trans(t)-18:1 increased (p<0.01) in milk fat of cows fed FO and FOCO diets, but CO diet had the highest proportion of cis(c)-11 18:1 (p<0.01). The concentration of t-10, c-12 18:2, c-9 t-11 18:2, 18:3, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6) increased (p<0.05) in FO and FOCO diets in comparison with the other two diets. These data indicate that including fish oil in combination with canola oil significantly modifies the fatty acid composition of milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toktam S Vafa
- Payame Noor University, EX phD student at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abbas A Naserian
- Excellence Center for Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P. O. Box 91775-1163. Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali R Heravi Moussavi
- Excellence Center for Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P. O. Box 91775-1163. Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Valizadeh
- Excellence Center for Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P. O. Box 91775-1163. Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Danesh Mesgaran
- Excellence Center for Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P. O. Box 91775-1163. Mashhad, Iran
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Ferreira EM, Pires AV, Susin I, Gentil RS, Gilaverte S, de Oliveira Maia Parente M, Biehl MV, Di Mambro Ribeiro CV. Lamb performance, milk production and composition from ewes supplemented with soybean oil partially replaced by fish oil blend. Livest Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bilal G, Cue R, Mustafa A, Hayes J. Short communication: Genetic parameters of individual fatty acids in milk of Canadian Holsteins. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:1150-6. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Medeiros E, Queiroga R, Oliveira M, Medeiros A, Sabedot M, Bomfim M, Madruga M. Fatty acid profile of cheese from dairy goats fed a diet enriched with castor, sesame and faveleira vegetable oils. Molecules 2014; 19:992-1003. [PMID: 24434672 PMCID: PMC6270699 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19010992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The addition of vegetable oils to the diets of dairy goats is an alternative to supplemental feeding during the dry period and improves the lipid profile of milk and by-products. Cheeses were produced using milk from cross bred goats (Saanen×Alpina) fed diets enriched with 4% vegetable oil (faveleira, sesame or castor), the fatty acid profile of cheeses was studied. Supplementation with vegetable oils did not increase the total fat percentage of the cheese (p≥0.05) but did increase the percentage of CLA isomers, long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA); in addition, the index of desirable fatty acids (DFA--expressed as the sum of unsaturated fatty acids plus stearic acid) was increased for cheese made from milk from goats fed sesame or faveleira oil. Cheeses may have had increased percentages of cis-9,trans-11-CLA due to the supplementation of animal diets with vegetable oils rich in C18:2, such as faveleira and sesame oils. The fatty acid profile of goat cheese did not change significantly in response to the use of castor oil. Thus, the addition of sesame and faveleira oils to goat diets positively altered the fatty acid profile, which improved the nutritional characteristics of the fat present in goat cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ertha Medeiros
- Graduate Program in Science and Food Technology, Department of Foods Engineering, Technology Center, Federal University of Paraiba (PPGCTA/DEA/CT/UFPB ), Campus I, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba 58.059-900, Brazil.
| | - Rita Queiroga
- Graduate Program in Science and Food Technology, Department of Foods Engineering, Technology Center, Federal University of Paraiba (PPGCTA/DEA/CT/UFPB ), Campus I, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba 58.059-900, Brazil.
| | - Maria Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Science and Food Technology, Department of Foods Engineering, Technology Center, Federal University of Paraiba (PPGCTA/DEA/CT/UFPB ), Campus I, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba 58.059-900, Brazil.
| | - Ariosvaldo Medeiros
- Graduate Program in Science and Food Technology, Department of Foods Engineering, Technology Center, Federal University of Paraiba (PPGCTA/DEA/CT/UFPB ), Campus I, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba 58.059-900, Brazil.
| | - Mayara Sabedot
- Graduate Program in Science and Food Technology, Department of Foods Engineering, Technology Center, Federal University of Paraiba (PPGCTA/DEA/CT/UFPB ), Campus I, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba 58.059-900, Brazil.
| | - Marco Bomfim
- Graduate Program in Science and Food Technology, Department of Foods Engineering, Technology Center, Federal University of Paraiba (PPGCTA/DEA/CT/UFPB ), Campus I, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba 58.059-900, Brazil.
| | - Marta Madruga
- Graduate Program in Science and Food Technology, Department of Foods Engineering, Technology Center, Federal University of Paraiba (PPGCTA/DEA/CT/UFPB ), Campus I, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba 58.059-900, Brazil.
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van Valenberg H, Hettinga K, Dijkstra J, Bovenhuis H, Feskens E. Concentrations of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in Dutch bovine milk fat and their contribution to human dietary intake. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:4173-81. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Sensory profile and physicochemical parameters of cheese from dairy goats fed vegetable oils in the semiarid region of Brazil. Small Rumin Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Moate PJ, Williams SRO, Hannah MC, Eckard RJ, Auldist MJ, Ribaux BE, Jacobs JL, Wales WJ. Effects of feeding algal meal high in docosahexaenoic acid on feed intake, milk production, and methane emissions in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:3177-88. [PMID: 23498011 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study examined effects on milk yield and composition, milk fatty acid concentrations and methane (CH4) emissions when dairy cows were offered diets containing different amounts of algal meal. The algal meal contained 20% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and cows were offered either 0, 125, 250, or 375 g/cow per d of algal meal corresponding to 0, 25, 50, or 75 g of DHA/cow per d. Thirty-two Holstein cows in mid lactation were allocated to 4 treatment groups, and cows in all groups were individually offered 5.9k g of dry matter (DM) per day of concentrates [683 g/kg of cracked wheat (Triticum aestivum), 250 g/kg of cold-pressed canola, 46 g/kg of granulated dried molasses, and 21 g/kg of mineral mix] and ad libitum alfalfa (Medicago sativa) hay. The algal meal supplement was added to the concentrate allowance and was fed during the morning and afternoon milking, whereas the alfalfa hay was fed individually in pens. Cows were gradually introduced to their diets over 7d and then fed their treatment diets for a further 16d. Dry matter intake and milk yield were measured daily, and milk composition was measured on a sample representative of the daily milk yield on Thursday of each week. For the last 2d of the experiment, cows were individually housed in respiration chambers to allow measurement of CH4 emissions. Dry matter intake, milk yield and milk composition were also measured while cows were in the respiration chambers. Cows ate all their offered concentrates, but measured intake of alfalfa decreased with increasing dose of DHA by 16.2, 16.4, 15.1, and 14.3 kg of DM/d, respectively. Milk yield (22.6, 23.5, 22.6, and 22.6 kg/cow per d) was not affected by DHA dose, but milk fat concentrations (49.7, 37.8, 37.0, and 38.3g/kg) and, consequently, milk fat yields (1.08, 0.90, 0.83, and 0.85 kg/d) decreased with addition of DHA. The feeding of algal meal high in DHA was associated with substantial increases in the concentrations of DHA (0.04, 0.36, 0.60, and 0.91 g/100g of milk fatty acids) and conjugated linoleic acid C18:2 cis-9,trans-11 (0.36, 1.09, 1.79, and 1.87 g/100g of milk fatty acids). Addition of DHA did not affect total emissions of CH4 (543, 563, 553, and 520 g/cow per d), nor emissions in terms of milk production (24.9, 22.1, 24.3, and 23.4 g of CH4/kg of milk), but emissions were increased with respect to total intake (22.6, 23.5, 24.5, and 24.4 g of CH4/kg of DM). These findings indicate that CH4 emissions were not reduced when dairy cows were fed a forage-based diet supplemented with DHA from algal meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Moate
- Future Farming Systems Research Division, Department of Primary Industries, Ellinbank, Victoria 3821, Australia.
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Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids from plant oils and algae on milk fat yield and composition are associated with mammary lipogenic and SREBF1 gene expression. Animal 2012; 6:1961-72. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731112000845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Effect of the supplementation of fish oil on the conjugated linoleic acid production, especially accumulation of trans-11 C18:1 and trans-10 C18:1 fatty acids: An in vitro rumen fermentation study. Small Rumin Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Alizadeh AR, Alikhani M, Ghorbani GR, Rahmani HR, Rashidi L, Loor JJ. Effects of feeding roasted safflower seeds (variety IL-111) and fish oil on dry matter intake, performance and milk fatty acid profiles in dairy cattle. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2011; 96:466-73. [PMID: 21595757 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Safflower seed has the highest concentration of linoleic acid among 80 oilseeds but little information exists on the effective use of SS for lactation cows. It was hypothesised that a diet supplemented with an Iranian SS variety (IL-111) in combination with fish oil (FO) would result in higher concentrations of trans-18:1 (including vaccenic acid) and conjugated linoleic acids in milk fat than feeding an unsupplemented control diet. Our objective was to determine the effects of feeding diets containing: (i) CONTROL (C); (ii) 25 g of roasted SS IL-111 (RSS); (iii) 20 g FO and (iv) 25 g RSS + 10 g FO (RSS + FO) per kilogram of dietary DM on feed intake, ruminal fermentation, milk production and fatty acid profile. Eight multiparous Holstein cows were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design study. The experiment had four periods of 21 days. Milk Fat percentage was lower (p < 0.01) with FO supplementation and averaged 19.0 and 21.5 g/kg milk with FO and RSS + FO compared with 30.3 and 32.5 g/kg with C and RSS. Feed intake also was lower (p < 0.01) with FO vs. C (23.1 vs. 24.5 kg/day) but feeding RSS resulted in greater feed intake compared with other treatments (26 kg/day). Despite lower feed intake with FO, milk production did not change from controls but feeding RSS + FO resulted in greater milk yield than controls (42.6 vs. 39.3 kg/day). Ruminal pH was greater (p < 0.01) in cows fed FO than other treatments. Supplemental FO alone or in combination with RSS resulted in dramatic increases (p < 0.01) in c9,t11-18:2 in milk fat (12.7 and 13.2 g/day vs. 5.8 and 7.02 with C and RSS). It was surprising to note that 25 g/kg RSS can improve feed intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Alizadeh
- Department of Animal Science, Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Saveh, Iran
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Kupczyński R, Szołtysik M, Janeczek W, Chrzanowska J, Kinal S, Króliczewska B. Effect of dietary fish oil on milk yield, fatty acids content and serum metabolic profile in dairy cows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2010; 95:512-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.01078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Toral P, Frutos P, Hervás G, Gómez-Cortés P, Juárez M, de la Fuente M. Changes in milk fatty acid profile and animal performance in response to fish oil supplementation, alone or in combination with sunflower oil, in dairy ewes. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:1604-15. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Effects of fish oil and starch added to a diet containing sunflower-seed oil on dairy goat performance, milk fatty acid composition and in vivo delta9-desaturation of [13C]vaccenic acid. Br J Nutr 2010; 104:346-54. [PMID: 20307350 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510000486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The potential benefits on human health have prompted an interest in developing nutritional strategies for specifically increasing rumenic acid (RA) in ruminant milk. The aims of the present study were to (i) compare two dietary treatments with lipid supplements on milk yield and composition, (ii) measure the in vivo delta9-desaturation of vaccenic acid (VA) to RA using 13C-labelled VA and (iii) determine the effect of the dietary treatments on this variable. Treatments were 90 g sunflower-seed oil (SO) per d or 60 g sunflower-seed oil and 30 g fish oil per d plus additional starch (SFO), in a grassland hay-based diet given to eight Alpine goats in a 2 x 2 cross-over design with 21 d experimental periods. Milk yield and composition were similar between treatments. Goats fed SFO had higher milk 6 : 0-16 : 0 concentration, lower milk sigmaC18 concentrations and showed no effect on milk VA and RA, compared with SO. At the end of the experiment, intravenous injection of 1.5 g [13C]VA followed by measurements of milk lipid 13C enrichment showed that in vivo 31.7 and 31.6 % of VA was delta9-desaturated into milk RA in the caprine with the SO and SFO treatments, respectively. The expression of genes encoding for delta9-desaturase (or stearoyl-CoA desaturase; SCD1, SCD5) in mammary tissues and four milk delta9-desaturation ratios were similar between treatments. In conclusion, the present study provides the first estimates of in vivo endogenous synthesis of RA (63-73 % of milk RA) from VA in goats, and shows no difference between the two lipid supplements compared.
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Abughazaleh AA, Potu RB, Ibrahim S. Short communication: The effect of substituting fish oil in dairy cow diets with docosahexaenoic acid-micro algae on milk composition and fatty acids profile. J Dairy Sci 2010; 92:6156-9. [PMID: 19923618 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of substituting fish oil (FO) with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-micro algae on milk chemical and fatty acid composition were examined in this study. Twenty-four Holstein cows in mid lactation grazing on an alfalfa-grass based pasture were divided into 4 treatment groups (6 cows/treatment) and supplemented with 7 kg/d grain mix plus 350 g of soybean oil and one of the following: 1) 150 g of FO, 2) 100 g of FO plus 50 g of algae, 3) 50 g of FO plus 100 g of algae, or 4) 150 g of algae. Cows were fed treatment diets for 3 wk, and milk samples were collected from each cow during the last 3 d of the study. Milk production (17.96, 17.56, 17.55, and 19.26 kg/d for treatment diets 1 to 4, respectively), milk fat percentages (3.17, 3.49, 3.74, and 3.43%), and milk protein percentages (3.35, 3.50, 3.71, and 3.42%) were similar between treatment diets. Concentrations (g/100 g of fatty acids) of milk cis-9 trans-11 (c9t11) conjugated linoleic acid (CLA; 3.41, 3.69, 4.47, and 4.21 for treatment diets 1 to 4, respectively) and vaccenic acid (11.80, 12.83, 13.87, and 13.53) were similar between treatment diets. Results of this study suggest that DHA-micro algae can partially or fully substitute FO in a cow's diet without any adverse effects on milk production, milk composition, or milk c9t11 CLA content. The DHA-micro algae may be used as a viable alternative for FO in cow's diet to modify rumen biohydrogenation to increase milk c9t11 CLA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Abughazaleh
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale 62901, USA.
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Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Metabolism, Health, and Nutrition and for Modified Animal Product Foods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30713-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bartl K, Gomez CA, García M, Aufdermauer T, Kreuzer M, Hess HD, Wettstein HR. Milk fatty acid profile of Peruvian Criollo and Brown Swiss cows in response to different diet qualities fed at low and high altitude. Arch Anim Nutr 2009; 62:468-84. [PMID: 19143230 DOI: 10.1080/17450390802453450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Two identical experimental protocols were followed at 200 and 3,600 m above sea level (a.s.l.) determining the changes of the milk fatty acid (FA) profile of Brown Swiss (BS) and indigenous Peruvian Criollo cows (CR) as a response to diets which were designed to cover the variation in feed quality caused by season. At each site (altitude), six BS and six CR cows, adapted to > 3,500 m a.s.l., were fed three dietary treatments (DS, dry-season forage; RS rainy-season forage; OC, diet optimised to meet the cow's requirements) in a 2 x 2 x 3-factorial arrangement. Intakes of FA and milk yield increased from diet DS (low quality diet) to RS and OC (high quality diet) for both cow types. Milk fat proportions of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), C18:3 c9,c12,c15, total n-3 and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) were highest (p < 0.05) with diet OC and higher in the lowlands than in the highlands. Low intakes of diet DS obviously resulted in a ruminal energy deficiency and body lipid mobilisation. The ruminal energy deficiency with diet DS was especially pronounced in BS, apparently reducing biohydrogenation rate and leading to lower proportions of C18:0 and higher proportions of C18:3 c9,c12,c15 in milk fat (p < 0.05). Especially C18:3 c9,c12,c15 intake did not concur with its proportion in milk fat, suggesting a strong dependence on energy status. Milk yield and FA excretion with milk were higher for BS than for CR (p < 0.05) with all three diets although milk fat content was lower (p < 0.05) for BS than CR. Milk fat of BS was richer in CLA and PUFA than milk fat of CR (p < 0.05). The desaturase indices for 18 FA were also higher for BS than CR (p < 0.05), suggesting a slightly higher delta9-desaturase activity for BS, especially with diet DS. Milk fat content was generally higher at the high altitude than at the lowland site (p < 0.05), whereas the FA profile was unexpectedly similar across sites. Various interactions were found among diet type, cow type and altitude (site) indicating that a combination of these factors contributes to the characteristic FA profile of the respective milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Bartl
- ETH Zurich, Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Zurich, Switzerland
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Boeckaert C, Vlaeminck B, Dijkstra J, Issa-Zacharia A, Van Nespen T, Van Straalen W, Fievez V. Effect of dietary starch or micro algae supplementation on rumen fermentation and milk fatty acid composition of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2009; 91:4714-27. [PMID: 19038948 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments with rumen-fistulated dairy cows were conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6 n-3)-enriched diets or diets provoking a decreased rumen pH on milk fatty acid composition. In the first experiment, dietary treatments were tested during 21-d experimental periods in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Diets included a control diet, a starch-rich diet, a bicarbonate-buffered starch-rich diet, and a diet supplemented with DHA-enriched micro algae [Schizochytrium sp., 43.0 g/kg of dry matter intake (DMI)]. Algae were supplemented directly through the rumen fistula. The total mixed ration consisted of grass silage, corn silage, soybean meal, and a standard or glucogenic concentrate. The glucogenic and buffered glucogenic diet had no effect on rumen fermentation and milk fatty acid composition because, unexpectedly, no reduced rumen pH was detected. The algae diet had no effect on rumen pH but provoked decreased butyrate and increased isovalerate molar proportions in the rumen. In addition, algae supplementation affected rumen biohydrogenation of linoleic and linolenic acid as reflected in the modified milk fatty acid composition toward increased conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) cis-9 trans-11, CLA trans-9 cis-11, C18:1 trans-10, C18:1 trans-11, and C22:6 n-3 concentrations. Concomitantly, on average, a 45% decrease in DMI and milk yield was observed. Based on these drastic and impractical results, a second animal experiment was performed for 20 d in which 9.35 g/kg of total DMI of algae were incorporated in the concentrate and supplemented to 3 rumen-fistulated cows. Algae concentrate feeding increased rumen pH, which was associated with decreased rumen short-chain fatty acid concentrations. Moreover, a different shift in rumen short-chain fatty acid proportions was observed compared with the first experiment because molar proportions of butyrate, isobutyrate, and isovalerate increased, whereas acetate molar proportion decreased. The milk fatty acid profile changed as in experiment 1. However, the decrease in DMI and milk yield was less pronounced (on average 10%) at this algae supplementation level, whereas milk fat percentage decreased from 47.9 to 22.0 g/kg of milk after algae treatment. In conclusion, an algae supplementation level of about 10 g/kg of DMI proved effective to reduce the milk fat content and to modify the milk fatty acid composition toward increased CLA cis-9 trans-11, C18:1 trans, and DHA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Boeckaert
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Proefhoevestraat 10, 9090 Melle, Belgium
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Toral P, Belenguer A, Frutos P, Hervás G. Effect of the supplementation of a high-concentrate diet with sunflower and fish oils on ruminal fermentation in sheep. Small Rumin Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2008.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Osborne VR, Radhakrishnan S, Odongo NE, Hill AR, McBride BW. Effects of supplementing fish oil in the drinking water of dairy cows on production performance and milk fatty acid composition1. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:720-9. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Chilliard Y, Glasser F, Ferlay A, Bernard L, Rouel J, Doreau M. Diet, rumen biohydrogenation and nutritional quality of cow and goat milk fat. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200700080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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