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Effect of Cereals and Legumes Processing on In Situ Rumen Protein Degradability: A Review. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8080363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The determination of the ruminal degradability rate of feeds, mainly starch and crude protein, is one of the most common methods to evaluate the nutritional value of ruminant feed. The protein requirements for ruminants are met from microbial protein and undegraded dietary protein digested in the small intestine. In order to reach maximum productivity, high-quality proteins are needed, and the requirement for undegraded dietary protein increases with the performance of the animal. This protein can be supplied by reducing the ruminal degradation to increase the amount of protein digested post-rumen, but the form in which a feed is administered influences degradability, and grain processing, especially, is a common practice to improve feed efficiency. Despite these aspects, studies on the effects of feed processing methods on protein degradability are limited, even though more and more ruminants are fed with processed feeds. For these reasons, this review investigated the protein degradability of different processed cereals and legumes in ruminants based on the analysis of available literature in order to take stock of the state of the art on this topic. Results showed that: First, the majority of the papers are focused on the energy aspects mainly due to carbohydrate-rich feeds; second, the majority of the studies in the literature are quite old, probably because the changes occurred in the animal testing legislation that made in vivo studies more and more difficult in the last 20 years; third, as a consequence, the few data available in recent years concern in vitro experiments; fourth, we found a high variability of the experimental conditions thus affecting protein degradability and making it quite difficult to compare the different results.
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Kang H, Lee M, Jeon S, Lee SM, Lee JH, Seo S. Effect of flaking on the digestibility of corn in ruminants. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:1018-1033. [PMID: 34796345 PMCID: PMC8564314 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to assess the effect of flaking on the nutrient
digestibility of corn grain in ruminants. In this regard, in
vitro rumen fermentation, in situ rumen
degradability, and in vivo metabolic experiments were
performed. The automated gas production technique was used for the in
vitro fermentation experiments. Six types of corn flakes with
various degrees of gelatinization (32%, 41%, 48%, 66%, 86%, and 89%) were ground
and incubated in rumen fluid to measure rumen fermentation characteristics and
digestion rate. The in situ degradability of ground corn, whole
corn, and corn flakes with 62% and 66% gelatinization was measured by incubation
in the rumen of two cannulated Holstein cows. In vivo metabolic
experiments were performed using 12 crossbred goats (29.8 ± 4.37 kg)
using a 3 × 3 Latin square design. The dietary treatments consisted of
ground corn and flaked corn with 48% or 62% gelatinization. In
vitro experiments showed that as the degree of gelatinization
increased, the digestion rate increased linearly, while the discrete lag time
decreased linearly (p < 0.05). The effective rumen dry
matter degradability, determined by in situ fermentation, was
37%p lower in corn flakes than ground corn, assuming a passage rate of 6%/h
(p < 0.01), and there was no difference between the
two flakes. In the in vivo experiment, there was no difference
in dry matter intake, average daily gain, feed efficiency, and nitrogen
utilization among the treatment groups (p > 0.05);
however, the crude fat digestibility was lower for corn flakes than for ground
corn (p < 0.05). To summarize, the rate of fermentation
of corn flakes increased as the degree of gelatinization increased. However,
non-ground corn flakes had lower rumen digestibility and did not improve
in vivo apparent nutrient digestibility, compared with
ground corn. In contrast to the assumption that flaked corn provides more energy
to ruminant animals than ground corn, we conclude that the digestibility and
energy value of corn flakes are lower than those of ground corn if mastication
does not sufficiently reduce the particle size of corn flakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamin Kang
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Mingyung Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Seoyoung Jeon
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | | | | | - Seongwon Seo
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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Gholizadeh H, Naserian AA, Yari M, Jonker A, Yu P. Crude protein fractionation, in situ ruminal degradability and FTIR protein molecular structures of different cultivars within barley, corn and sorghum cereal grains. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Silva AS, Pereira LGR, Pedreira MDS, Machado FS, Campos MM, Cortinhas CS, Acedo TS, Dos Santos RD, Rodrigues JPP, Maurício RM, Tomich TR. Effects of exogenous amylase on the in vitro digestion kinetics of whole-crop maize silages made from flint or dent grain type at different phenological stages grown in tropical condition. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 104:76-87. [PMID: 31674065 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of exogenous amylase on the in vitro rumen digestion kinetics of whole-crop maize silage made from dent (RB9004) or flint grain type (RB9308) was evaluated at different phenological stages: soft dough (SOD), early dent (EAD), ½ milkline (½M) and ¾ milkline (¾M). Forage was harvested from 70 to 110 days after sowing. Two rumen-cannulated cows receiving or not exogenous amylase (0.7 g/kg dry matter-DM, provided to achieve 396 kilo Novo units of amylase activity/kg of TMR DM) were used as donor of ruminal fluid. The in vitro gas production kinetics was evaluated according to a dual-pool logistic model. The chemical composition and gas production kinetics were affected by the hybrid and phenological stages. The flint hybrid had lower range for chemical analysis among physiological stages. Harvesting at ½M and ¾M improved DM content, bromatological composition and silage quality parameters compared to dent or flint types. Amylase (i) increased methane (CH4 ) production and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) in ½M stage, (ii) improved digestion kinetics by reducing lag time and increasing total gas production and fermentation rates of non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and fibrous carbohydrates (FC), and (iii) increased extent and fermentation rate of NFC and increased fermentation rate of FC fraction in whole-crop maize silages produced from dent or flint types in all phenological stages. Harvesting between ½M and ¾M is the best phenological stage to improve chemical composition and silage quality parameters. Exogenous amylase showed improvements on fibre digestion of silages at ½M and ¾M phenological stages in both grain types of corn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abias Santos Silva
- Department of Animal Production, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, Brazil
| | | | - Márcio Dos Santos Pedreira
- Department of Rural and Animal Technology, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Itapetinga, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Samarini Machado
- Researcher of Animal Nutrition and Precision Dairy Farming, Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Mariana Magalhães Campos
- Researcher of Animal Nutrition and Precision Dairy Farming, Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Rogério Martins Maurício
- Department of Agricultural Science, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, São João del Rei, Brazil
| | - Thierry Ribeiro Tomich
- Researcher of Animal Nutrition and Precision Dairy Farming, Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
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Miorin RL, Holtshausen L, Baron V, Beauchemin KA. In situ rumen degradation of kernels from short-season corn silage hybrids as affected by processing . Transl Anim Sci 2018; 2:428-438. [PMID: 32704725 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txy084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this in situ study was to evaluate the rumen degradability of kernels from short-season corn hybrids grown for silage in Western Canada (Lacombe, AB) and determine whether decreasing kernel particle size would enhance ruminal degradability in a similar manner for all hybrids. The study was a completely randomized design with 3 beef cows (replicates) and a 6 (hybrid) × 3 (particle size) factorial arrangement of treatments. Kernels were processed to generate three different particle sizes: large (2.3 mm), medium (1.4 mm), and small (0.7 mm). Processed samples were incubated in the rumen for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h using the in situ method and degradation kinetics of DM and starch were determined. Effective rumen degradability (ED) was estimated using a passage rate of 0.04 (ED4), 0.06 (ED6), and 0.08/h (ED8). Hybrids exhibited a range in whole plant DM content (23.7 to 25.0%), starch content (15.9 to 28.1% DM), kernel hardness (21.9 to 34.4 s/20 g) and density (3.57 to 4.18 g/mL), and prolamin content (8.24 to 11.34 g/100 g starch). Differences in digestion kinetics among hybrids were generally more pronounced for starch than DM. The hybrids differed in starch degradability (P < 0.05), with earlier maturing hybrids having lower A fraction, lower k d, and lower ED, with hybrid effects on ED being accentuated with faster passage rate. Kernel DM content (r = -0.85, -0.87), hardness (r = -0.89, -0.86), and density (r = -0.84, -0.85) were negatively correlated with ED4 and ED8 of starch, respectively, due mainly to decreased k d of fraction B. Reducing the particle size of kernels increased ED of starch due to increased A fraction and k d of the B fraction. A tendency (P = 0.09) for hybrid × processing effects for ED6 and ED8 indicated that processing had greater effects on increasing ED of starch for earlier maturing hybrids. We conclude that short-season hybrids that mature early may have lower ED of DM and starch and would benefit from prolonged ensilage time. Kernel processing during silage making is recommended for short-season corn hybrids as a means of enhancing rumen availability of starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan L Miorin
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.,Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Lucia Holtshausen
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Vern Baron
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB, Canada
| | - Karen A Beauchemin
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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Amanzougarene Z, Yuste S, Castrillo C, Fondevila M. In vitro acidification potential and fermentation pattern of cereal grains incubated with inoculum of animals given forage or concentrate-based diets. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an16425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to study the acidification and fermentation pattern of maize (M1, M2, M3), barley (B1, B2, B3) and sorghum (S1, S2, S3) varieties depending on the rumen environment (inoculum from forage or concentrate diets, FI or CI), in 10 h incubation series with a low buffered medium. With CI, gas volume from barley was similar to maize (P > 0.05) except at 4 and 6 h, when M2 and M1 were lower. Barley or maize varieties did not differ in gas production (P > 0.05). After 10 h, barley and maize produced on average 82.5 and 73.0 mL/g organic matter (OM), whereas S1, S2 and S3 rendered 68.4, 31.1 and 39.7 mL/g. With FI, differences between barley and maize were detected after 6 h (61.0, 35.3 and 14.1 mL/g OM at 10 h for barley, maize and sorghum). Among inocula, pH with CI was lower than with FI (P < 0.001). Incubation pH at 10 h was 5.51, 5.21 and 5.00 with CI, and 5.52, 5.85 and 5.91 with FI, for sorghum, maize and barley varieties. Gas production and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration were higher (P < 0.001) with CI than FI (67.3 vs 36.8 mL/g and 31.0 vs 19.9 mmol/L at 10 and 8 h). Butyrate and valerate proportions were higher with CI (P < 0.001), whereas acetate and branched chain VFA were lower (P < 0.001). Fermentative activity against vitreous starch such as maize or sorghum was lower for forage than concentrate inoculum. Study of fermentation of starch-rich substrates in a low buffered medium gives a more realistic picture than conventionally buffered conditions.
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Miyaji M, Inoue H, Kawaide T, Tohno M, Kamiya Y, Nonaka K. Effects of conservation method and crushing method of rice grain on rumen fermentation and nutrient digestibility in steers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Humer E, Zebeli Q. Grains in ruminant feeding and potentials to enhance their nutritive and health value by chemical processing. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Seifried N, Steingaß H, Schipprack W, Rodehutscord M. Variation in ruminal in situ degradation of crude protein and starch from maize grains compared to in vitro gas production kinetics and physical and chemical characteristics. Arch Anim Nutr 2017; 70:333-49. [PMID: 27494636 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2016.1215028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate in situ ruminal dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and starch degradation characteristics and in vitro gas production (GP) kinetics using a set of 20 different maize grain genotypes and (2) to predict the effective degradation (ED) of CP and starch from chemical and physical characteristics alone or in combination with in vitro GP measurements. Maize grains were characterised by different chemical and physical characteristics. Ruminal in situ degradation was measured in three lactating Jersey cows. Ground grains (sieve size: 2 mm) were incubated in bags for 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 h. Bag residues were analysed for CP and starch content. Degradation kinetics was determined and the ED of DM, CP and starch calculated using a ruminal passage rate of 5%/h and 8%/h. The GP of the grains (sieve size: 1 mm) was recorded after 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h incubation in buffered rumen fluid and fitted to an exponential equation to determine GP kinetics. Correlations and stepwise multiple linear regressions were evaluated for the prediction of ED calculated for a passage rate of 5%/h (ED5) for CP (EDCP5) and starch (EDST5). The in situ parameters and ED5 varied widely between genotypes with average values (±SD) of 64% ± 4.2, 62% ± 4.1 and 65% ± 5.2 for ED5 of DM, EDCP5 and EDST5 and were on average 10 percentage points lower for a passage rate of 8%/h. Degradation rates varied between 4.8%/h and 7.4%/h, 4.1%/h and 6.5%/h and 5.3%/h and 8.9%/h for DM, CP and starch, respectively. These rates were in the same range as GP rates (6.0-8.3%/h). The EDCP5 and EDST5 were related to CP concentration and could be evaluated in detail using CP fractions and specific amino acids. In vitro GP measurements and GP rates correlated well with EDCP5 and EDST5 and predicted EDCP5 and EDST5 in combination with the chemical characteristics of the samples. Equations can be used to obtain quick and cost effective information on ruminal degradation of CP and starch from maize grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Seifried
- a Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften , Universität Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Herbert Steingaß
- a Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften , Universität Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schipprack
- b Institut für Pflanzenzüchtung, Saatgutforschung und Populationsgenetik , Universität Hohenheim
| | - Markus Rodehutscord
- a Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften , Universität Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany
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González García UA, Corona L, Castrejon-Pineda F, Balcells J, Castelan Ortega O, Gonzalez-Ronquillo M. A comparison of processed sorghum grain using different digestion techniques. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2016.1250642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulises Alejandro González García
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autonoma de Guerrero, Altamirano Guerrero, México
| | - Luis Corona
- Departamento de Nutricion Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Francisco Castrejon-Pineda
- Departamento de Nutricion Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Joaquim Balcells
- Department Producció Animal, ETSEA, Universitat Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Octavio Castelan Ortega
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Manuel Gonzalez-Ronquillo
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico
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Mathematical linkage of total-tract digestion of starch and neutral detergent fiber to their fecal concentrations and the effect of site of starch digestion on extent of digestion and energetic efficiency of cattle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.15232/pas.2016-01510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Gallo A, Giuberti G, Masoero F. Gas production and starch degradability of corn and barley meals differing in mean particle size. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:4347-4359. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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In situ and in vitro ruminal degradation of maize grain and untreated or xylose-treated wheat, barley and rye grains. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Effects of ensiling maize and sample conditioning on in situ rumen degradation of dry matter, starch and fibre. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Giuberti G, Gallo A, Masoero F, Ferraretto LF, Hoffman PC, Shaver RD. Factors affecting starch utilization in large animal food production system: A review. STARCH-STARKE 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201300177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Giuberti
- Institute of Feed and Food Science and Nutrition; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Piacenza Italy
| | - Antonio Gallo
- Institute of Feed and Food Science and Nutrition; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Piacenza Italy
| | - Francesco Masoero
- Institute of Feed and Food Science and Nutrition; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Piacenza Italy
| | | | | | - Randy D. Shaver
- Department of Dairy Science; University of Wisconsin; Madison WI USA
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Giuberti G, Gallo A, Moschini M, Cerioli C, Masoero F. Evaluation of the impact of maize endosperm vitreousness on in vitro starch digestion, dry matter digestibility and fermentation characteristics for pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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17
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Carbohydrate quantitative digestion and absorption in ruminants: from feed starch and fibre to nutrients available for tissues. Animal 2010; 4:1057-74. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731110000844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Rémond D, Bernard L, Savary-Auzeloux I, Nozière P. Partitioning of nutrient net fluxes across the portal-drained viscera in sheep fed twice daily: effect of dietary protein degradability. Br J Nutr 2009; 102:370-81. [PMID: 19173767 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114508199470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Extrusion is used to decrease leguminous seed protein degradability in the rumen in order to shift part of the dietary protein digestion towards the small intestine. The effect of such displacement of digestion site on the partitioning of nutrient net fluxes across the gastrointestinal tract was studied using four sheep fitted with catheters and blood-flow probes, allowing measurements across the rumen, the mesenteric-drained viscera (MDV) and the portal-drained viscera (PDV). Two diets containing 34 % of pea seeds were tested in a crossover design. They differed only according to pea treatment: raw pea (RP) or extruded pea (EP) diet. Rumen undegradable protein (RUP) accounted for 23 and 40 % of dietary crude protein for RP and EP diets, respectively. Across the rumen wall, ammonia net flux was lower with EP diet, whereas urea net flux was not different. Across the MDV, free amino acid (FAA) net flux was greater with EP diet, whereas peptide amino acid net flux was not different, accounting for 7 % of the non-protein amino acid net release. From RP to EP diet, PDV net flux of ammonia decreased by 23 %, whereas FAA net release increased by 21 %. The difference in dietary RUP did not affect the PDV net flux of SCFA, 3-hydroxybutyrate, lactate and glucose. In conclusion, the partial shift in pea protein digestion from the rumen to the small intestine did not affect the portal net balance of N, but decreased N loss from the rumen, and increased amino acid intestinal absorption and portal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Rémond
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1019 Unité de Nutrition Humaine, St Genès Champanelle, France.
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