1
|
Novotný J, Horáková L, Řiháček M, Zálešáková D, Šťastník O, Mrkvicová E, Kumbár V, Pavlata L. Effect of Different Feed Particle Size on Gastrointestinal Tract Morphology, Ileal Digesta Viscosity, and Blood Biochemical Parameters as Markers of Health Status in Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2532. [PMID: 37570340 PMCID: PMC10417443 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The study is focused on how the physical structure of the feed affects the health status of broiler chickens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of feed particle size in broiler diets on gastrointestinal tract morphology, digesta viscosity, and blood biochemical parameters. A total of 90 one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly divided into three different experimental groups (with five replicates per pen), with 6 birds per cage. The first experimental group (Coarse) was fed with the coarsest particle size, with feed with a geometric mean diameter (GMD) of 1111.26 µm, the next group (Medium) was fed with a less coarse feed size of GMD 959.89 µm, and the last group (Fine) was fed a diet with a fine feed particle size of GMD 730.48 µm. The use of coarse feed particle size in the diet had a positive effect on the gizzard weight and small intestinal villi height and crypt depth, which increased the surface area intended for digesting nutrients. The use of finely ground particles in the feed increased the level of gamma-glutamyl transferase and at the same time, decreased the level of urea, which could indicate adverse changes in the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Novotný
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.N.); (L.H.); (M.Ř.); (D.Z.); (O.Š.); (E.M.)
| | - Lucie Horáková
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.N.); (L.H.); (M.Ř.); (D.Z.); (O.Š.); (E.M.)
| | - Michal Řiháček
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.N.); (L.H.); (M.Ř.); (D.Z.); (O.Š.); (E.M.)
| | - Dana Zálešáková
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.N.); (L.H.); (M.Ř.); (D.Z.); (O.Š.); (E.M.)
| | - Ondřej Šťastník
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.N.); (L.H.); (M.Ř.); (D.Z.); (O.Š.); (E.M.)
| | - Eva Mrkvicová
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.N.); (L.H.); (M.Ř.); (D.Z.); (O.Š.); (E.M.)
| | - Vojtěch Kumbár
- Department of Technology and Automobile Transport, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Leoš Pavlata
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.N.); (L.H.); (M.Ř.); (D.Z.); (O.Š.); (E.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bryden WL, Li X, Ruhnke I, Zhang D, Shini S. Nutrition, feeding and laying hen welfare. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/an20396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between nutrition and welfare is usually considered to be a direct result of supplying the hen with adequate quantities of feed and water. This simple notion of freedom from hunger and thirst belies the fact that nutrients play a pivotal role in the body’s response to challenges whether they relate to ambient temperature, gastrointestinal health, pathogen exposure, metabolic disorders, or social and mental stress. In all instances, maintaining homeostasis and allowing for physiologic response is dependent on an adequate and balanced nutrient supply. It is accepted that most laying hens are fed a complete diet, formulated commercially to provide the required nutrients for optimal health, egg production and welfare. In other words, the laying hen, irrespective of her housing, does not experience hunger or thirst. However, despite adequate nutrient and water supply, certain senarios can significantly affect and alter the nutrient requirements of the hen. Furthermore, the chemical composition and also the physical form of feed can significantly contribute to prevent or treat welfare and health conditions and is, therefore, a highly relevant tool to ensure and maintain an adequate welfare status. Therefore, this review takes a broader perspective of nutritional welfare and considers the nutrition of hens managed in different production systems in relation to nutritional physiology, gut microbiota, stress, metabolic disorders and feeding management.
Collapse
|
3
|
Abd El-Wahab A, Grone R, Wilke V, Ahmed MFE, Chuppava B, Visscher C, Kamphues J. In vitro studies to characterise different physico-chemical properties of some feed grains and their impact in monogastric nutrition. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1996290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amr Abd El-Wahab
- Department of Nutrition and Nutritional Deficiency Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Institut für Tierernährung, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Richard Grone
- Institut für Tierernährung, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Volker Wilke
- Institut für Tierernährung, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marwa F. E. Ahmed
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Bussarakam Chuppava
- Institut für Tierernährung, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Visscher
- Institut für Tierernährung, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Josef Kamphues
- Institut für Tierernährung, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tüzün AE, Koçer B, Ege G, Bozkurt M. Influence of sunflower meal utilisation on growth performance and digestive tract traits of white strain pullets fed from 29 to 112 d of age. Br Poult Sci 2020; 62:285-292. [PMID: 33196293 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1851353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
1. A trial was conducted to study the effects of partial replacement of sunflower meal (SFM) for soybean meal (SBM) on growth performance and gastrointestinal tract traits (GIT) in pullets.2. A total of 600 pullets (29 d of age) was randomly assigned to three dietary treatments and fed for 84 d. The birds were fed a practical diet with a low level of crude fibre (CF; LF) or test diets containing a medium or high level of CF (MF and HF) by partial (50% to 75%) replacement of SBM with SFM. Accordingly, the grower diets contained 29, 40 and 51 g CF/kg, which corresponded to 31, 45 and 59 g CF/kg in developer diets. Each dietary treatment was replicated 8 times (25 pullets per replicate).3. Body weight did not differ significantly among treatments at d 29, 84 and 112 d but increased (P < 0.05) with SFM supplementation at d 54. From 29 to 112 d of age, daily feed and energy intake linearly increased (P < 0.01) with SFM supplementation, but body weight gain and feed conversion ratios were comparable amongst the groups.4. Digestive organ size was not affected by the dietary treatments, but gizzard weight increased in pullets fed MF and HF diets (P < 0.01). Digesta pH in the gizzard, duodenum, jejunum and ileum were reduced linearly (P < 0.01) with SFM supplementation, while a quadratic response was observed for proventriculus pH (P < 0.05).5. Small intestine morphology traits improved with a moderate level of CF intake, whereas no benefit was observed with a high level of CF consumption.6. The results showed that use of SFM up to 140 g/kg can be recommended for pullets fed diets based on corn and soybean meal. However, smaller intestinal absorptive capacity with higher SFM supplementation may occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A E Tüzün
- Koçarlı Vocational School, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - B Koçer
- Agricultural Extension and In-Service Training Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Aydın, Turkey
| | - G Ege
- Directorate of Food Control Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - M Bozkurt
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Khanal T, Bédécarrats GY, Widowski T, Kiarie EG. Rearing cage type and dietary limestone particle size: I, effects on growth, apparent retention of calcium, and long bones attributes in Lohmann selected Leghorn-Lite pullets. Poult Sci 2020; 99:4454-4465. [PMID: 32867989 PMCID: PMC7597986 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of rearing cage type and dietary limestone particle size (LPS) on growth, apparent retention (AR) of nutrients, and bone quality were investigated. The treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with cage (conventional, CON and furnished, FUR) and LPS (fine, < 0.595 mm, F; medium, 0.595 to < 1.68 mm, M; and 1:1 mixture of F and M wt/wt; FM). A total of 900-day-old Lohmann LSL-Lite chicks were placed in CON (20 chicks/cage) and FUR (30 chicks/cage) based on BW. The diets were formulated according to breeder's nutrient specifications for starter, grower, and developer phases. At the end of 4, 12, and 16 wk of age (woa), 2 pullets/cage were euthanized for samples. At 12 and 16 woa, 1 pullet/cage was transferred to metabolism cages for AR measurements. There was no interaction (P > 0.05) between cage type and LPS on response variables. At 4 woa, body (P = 0.002) and bone (P < 0.05) weight was higher for CON than FUR pullets, but this was reversed (P < 0.01) at 16 woa. Pullets fed M LPS had higher (P < 0.05) AR of Ca, whole body mineral density (BoMD), and whole body mineral content (BoMC) than pullets fed F LPS. However, pullets fed F LPS had higher (P < 0.05) femur bone mineral density (BMD) and tended (P = 0.059) to have higher tibia bone breaking strength (BBS) than pullets fed M LPS at 16 woa. Pullets reared in CON cages had higher (P < 0.05) AR of Ca than FUR pullets. At 4 woa, CON pullets had lower (P < 0.05) femur and tibia BMD but higher tibia (93 vs. 83 N P = 0.012) BBS than FUR pullets. However, at 16 woa, FUR pullets had higher (P < 0.05) BoMD, BoMC, and tibia BBS than CON pullets. In conclusions, cage type and dietary LPS had independent effects on Ca utilization and skeletal development. Despite poor Ca retention, FUR caged pullets showed improved bone quality at 16 woa. Finer LPS improved femur mineral density suggesting coarser LPS had limited effects on pullet bone quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanka Khanal
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Grégoy Y Bédécarrats
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Tina Widowski
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Elijah G Kiarie
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bozkurt M, Gianneııas I, Çabıık M, Tüzin AE. The effect of feed structure on gastrointestinal tract traits and performance in laying hens: an overview of 70 years’ experience. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2020.1790330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Bozkurt
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - I. Gianneııas
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - M. Çabıık
- Department of Poultry Science, Vocational School of Celal Bayar University, Akhisar, Turkey
| | - A. E. Tüzin
- Department of Organic Farming, Vocational School of Koçarlı, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Oliveira VRM, Arruda AMV, Melo AS, Souza DH, Souza-Junior JBF, Fernandes RTV, Queiroz JPAF. Coarse corn particles cause a negative effect on eggshell quality of semi-heavy laying hens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 5:432-434. [PMID: 31890922 PMCID: PMC6920396 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the possible ways to optimize the productive performance of poultry is through the physical processing of ingredients, which can improve the use of nutrients in these animals. In this context, this study was to evaluate the effects of different corn particle sizes in diets on the productive performance and egg quality of semi-heavy laying hens. Sixty naked neck laying hens were used from 24 weeks of age and distributed in a completely randomized design. Experimental diets in different treatments contained corn grain ground into sieves with a diameter of 2, 4, or 8 mm to provide corn particles with a geometric mean diameter (GMD) of 605 (fine), 1,030 (medium), and 2,280 μm (coarse), respectively. The feed and leftovers were weighed daily throughout the experimental period to determine the feed intake and feed conversion. Different corn particle sizes did not affect any aspect of the productive performance of hens, except for feed intake. Hens fed fine and medium corn particles exhibited higher values for egg yolk color, eggshell weight, and eggshell thickness. It is suggested that semi-heavy laying hens should be fed mash diets containing corn particles with GMD from 605 to 1,030 μm, because coarse corn particles cause a negative effect on eggshell quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa R M Oliveira
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró 59625900, Brazil
| | - Alex M V Arruda
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró 59625900, Brazil
| | - Aurora S Melo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró 59625900, Brazil
| | - Davyd H Souza
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CEP 60455-760, Brazil
| | - João B F Souza-Junior
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró 59625900, Brazil
| | - Raimunda T V Fernandes
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró 59625900, Brazil
| | - João P A F Queiroz
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró 59625900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bozkurt M, Koçer B, Ege G, Tüzün AE, Bıyık HH, Poyrazoğlu E. Influence of the particle size and form of feed on growth performance, digestive tract traits and nutrient digestibility of white egg-laying pullets from 1 to 112 D of age. Poult Sci 2019; 98:4016-4029. [PMID: 30953064 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of the grinding and physical form of diets on growth performance, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development and nutrient digestibility was studied in layer pullets from hatch to 112 d of age. Diet formed a 2 × 2 factorial with 2 hammer mill screen sizes to grind cereals (4 and 8 mm) and 2 forms (mash and crumble). A total of 864 1-day-old layer chickens were randomly assigned to 1 of the 4 treatment groups with 8 replicates (27 birds per replicate). Cumulatively, pullets fed crumbles consumed less feed (P < 0.05) and had better feed conversion ratio (FCR; P < 0.01) than those fed mash. Coarse grinding cereals (CG) improved FCR (P < 0.05) without significant change in cumulative feed consumption compared to that of fine grinding (FG). With regard to body weight gain (BWG), pullets benefited from crumbles from 1 to 56 d of age (P < 0.01). There were interactions (P < 0.05) between screen size and feed form in relation to FCR (1 to 28 d) and overall BWG. At 112 d of age, the relative weight (RW, g/100 g body weight) of the crop, gizzard, pancreas, and liver of crumble-fed birds were lower (P < 0.05) than those for birds fed mash. Pullets fed coarsely ground feed had higher RW of the crop, proventriculus, gizzard, liver, and caecum compared to those fed finely ground feed. Compared to mash feeding, pullets fed crumbles increased (P < 0.05) total tract digestibility of ether extract and crude protein and the activities of pancreatic amylase and lipase. Digestibility of ether extract (P < 0.05) and pancreatic amylase activity (P < 0.01) were higher in birds fed a CG diet than in birds fed the FG regimen. Regarding the nutrition of egg-laying pullets, crumbles might be preferred to mash feed when the main objective is to improve FCR. Data also suggested that cereals used for pullet feed can be ground more coarsely than is in current practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Bozkurt
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın-Turkey
| | - B Koçer
- General Directorate of Research, Erbeyli Experimental Station, Aydın-Turkey
| | - G Ege
- General Directorate of Research, Erbeyli Experimental Station, Aydın-Turkey
| | - A E Tüzün
- Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Koçarlı Vocational Scholl, South Campus, Aydın-Turkey
| | - H H Bıyık
- Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın-Turkey
| | - E Poyrazoğlu
- Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın-Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ege G, Bozkurt M, Koçer B, Tüzün AE, Uygun M, Alkan G. Influence of feed particle size and feed form on productive performance, egg quality, gastrointestinal tract traits, digestive enzymes, intestinal morphology, and nutrient digestibility of laying hens reared in enriched cages. Poult Sci 2019; 98:3787-3801. [PMID: 30839089 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 640 Lohmann LSL hens were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments arranged in 2 × 2 factorial with 2 feed particle sizes (fine and coarse) and 2 feed forms (mash and crumble). The 2 particle sizes were achieved by grinding whole corn and wheat in the hammer mill to pass through 4- and 8-mm sieves. The laying hen diet was isonutritive, and each diet was fed to 8 enriched cages of 20 hens from 21 to 52 wk of age. Screen size and feed form did not affect feed intake, egg production, egg weight, egg mass, and quality traits of the eggs, except for yolk color score, which decreased with crumbling of the feed. Feed conversion ratio was greater (P < 0.01) in hens fed the coarsely ground diet than in hens fed the finely ground diet. Crumbling the feed increased (P < 0.01) feed intake and feed conversion ratio compared to those after mashing. The relative weight of the liver and length of the small intestines were greater (P < 0.05) in hens fed crumble than in hens fed mash. Finely grinding cereals decreased (P < 0.01) the pancreas and gizzard weight compared to those after coarse grinding. The pH of digestive organs showed significant responses to feed form. Crumbling resulted in increased (P < 0.01) pancreatic activities of amylase, while lipase secretion was not affected by the manipulations in screen size and feed form. Ileal villus measurements (villus height, villus height/crypt depth ratio, villus surface area) were greater (P < 0.01) in hens fed crumble than in hens fed mash, whereas particle size had no effect. Total tract digestibility coefficients of crude ash and ether extracts were improved narrowing screen size from 8 to 4 mm. Data illustrated that grinding cereals to pass through a 4-mm screen could improve the efficiency of feed conversion. However, feeding crumbles provided no benefit to productive performance and egg quality, although the absorptive capacity of laying hens increased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Ege
- General Directorate of Research, Erbeyli Experimental Station, Aydın-Turkey
| | - M Bozkurt
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın-Turkey
| | - B Koçer
- General Directorate of Research, Erbeyli Experimental Station, Aydın-Turkey
| | - A E Tüzün
- Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Koçarlı Vocational Scholl, South Campus, Aydın-Turkey
| | - M Uygun
- Chemistry Department, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın-Turkey
| | - G Alkan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın-Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bain MM, Nys Y, Dunn I. Increasing persistency in lay and stabilising egg quality in longer laying cycles. What are the challenges? Br Poult Sci 2016; 57:330-8. [PMID: 26982003 PMCID: PMC4940894 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2016.1161727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the past 50 years, selection starting initially at the breed level and then using quantitative genetics coupled with a sophisticated breeding pyramid, has resulted in a very productive hybrid for a variety of traits associated with egg production. One major trait currently being developed further is persistency of lay and the concept of the "long life" layer. Persistency in lay however cannot be achieved without due consideration of how to sustain egg quality and the health and welfare of the birds in longer laying cycles. These multiple goals require knowledge and consideration of the bird's physiology, nutritional requirements, which vary depending on age and management system, reproductive status and choice of the selection criteria applied. The recent advent of molecular genetics offers considerable hope that these multiple elements can be balanced for the good of all in the industry including the hens. The "long life" layer, which will be capable of producing 500 eggs in a laying cycle of 100 weeks, is therefore on the horizon, bringing with it the benefits of a more efficient utilisation of diminishing resources, including land, water, raw materials for feed as well as a reduction in waste, and an overall reduced carbon footprint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. M. Bain
- IBAHCM, College of MVLS, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Y. Nys
- INRA, UR83 Recherches Avicoles, Nouzilly, France
| | - I.C. Dunn
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Brachet M, Arroyo J, Bannelier C, Cazals A, Fortun-Lamothe L. Hydration capacity: A new criterion for feed formulation. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
12
|
Saldaña B, Guzmán P, Safaa HM, Harzalli R, Mateos GG. Influence of the main cereal and feed form of the rearing phase diets on performance, digestive tract, and body traits of brown-egg laying pullets from hatch to 17 weeks of age. Poult Sci 2015; 94:2650-61. [PMID: 26362977 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of the main cereal and feed form of the rearing phase diets on growth performance, gastrointestinal tract characteristics, and body traits were studied in brown-egg pullets from hatch to 17 wk of age. Eight dietary treatments that were a combination of 2 main cereals (corn vs. wheat) and 4 feeding programs were used. The feeding program consisted in feeding crumbles from 0 to 5, 0 to 10, or 0 to 17 wk of age followed by mash until 17 wk, or feeding mash continuously from 0 to 17 wk. Each treatment was replicated 9 times. From hatch to 17 wk of age, pullets fed corn had similar ADG but poorer feed conversion ratio (FCR; P < 0.001) than pullets fed wheat. Also, pullets fed crumbles continuously (0 to 17 wk) had greater ADG (12.3 vs. 11.5 g; P < 0.001) and better FCR (4.21 vs. 4.36; P < 0.001) than pullets feed mash continuously, with pullets that were changed at any age of the rearing period from crumbles to mash feeding showing intermediate results. At 17 wk of age, the relative weights (% BW) of the gastrointestinal tract and gizzard were greater in pullets fed corn than in pullets fed wheat (P < 0.01) but the relative length (cm/kg full BW) of the small intestine, body, and tarsus was not affected. Pullets fed crumbles continuously had lighter gizzards (P < 0.001), higher gizzard pH (P < 0.001), and were shorter (P < 0.01) than pullets fed mash continuously, with pullets fed the other 2 treatments being intermediate. In summary, wheat can be used in substitution of corn in pullet diets without any adverse effect on growth performance. Feeding crumbles improves pullet performance but hinders gizzard and gastrointestinal tract development. Growth performance, gastrointestinal tract, and body traits of the pullets re-adapt quickly to changes in feed form of the rearing diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Saldaña
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - P Guzmán
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - H M Safaa
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R Harzalli
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - G G Mateos
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mirzaie S, Zaghari M, Aminzadeh S, Shivazad M, Mateos G. Effects of wheat inclusion and xylanase supplementation of the diet on productive performance, nutrient retention, and endogenous intestinal enzyme activity of laying hens. Poult Sci 2012; 91:413-25. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
14
|
Pérez-Bonilla A, Frikha M, Mirzaie S, García J, Mateos G. Effects of the main cereal and type of fat of the diet on productive performance and egg quality of brown-egg laying hens from 22 to 54 weeks of age. Poult Sci 2011; 90:2801-10. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|