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Edwards RJ, Ledgerwood DN, Ferreira FC, Rossow HA. Impact of Partially Substituting Canola Meal with Solvent-Extracted Distillers Grain with Solubles as a Protein Source on Milk Production in a Commercial Holstein Dairy Herd. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2192. [PMID: 37443990 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The removal of corn oil from dried distillers grains using solvent extraction allows a higher level of inclusion for solvent-extracted dried distillers grains with solubles (SDG) in rations and reduces the risk of milk fat depression in lactating Holstein dairy cows. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of substituting 70% of the canola meal (CM) with SDG on milk production and total mixed ration costs. A total of 1408 Holstein cows averaging 91 ± 49 days in milk were randomly enrolled to one of four dietary treatment groups: (1) primiparous control cows (PC) fed 13% CM and 0.21% urea; (2) primiparous SDG cows (PSDG) fed 4.2% CM, 8.8% SDG and 0.42% urea; (3) multiparous control cows (MC) with 13% CM and 0.21% urea; and (4) multiparous SDG cows (MSDG) with 4.1% CM, 8.6% SDG and 0.42% urea. The total mixed rations were formulated to be isonitrogenous. For the income over the feed costs from a control herd, the fed PC and MC's total mixed rations and the fed PSDG and MSDG's total mixed rations were compared. The milk yield, energy-corrected milk, milk fat yield, milk protein yield and milk protein % were lower in the PC cows compared to the PSDG cows. The MSDG cows scored lower in terms of the milk yield, milk protein yield and milk protein % and higher for the 3.5%-fat-corrected milk, milk fat yield and milk fat % compared to the MC cows. The total income, cost of dry matter and income over feed costs per cow/d were higher in the control vs. SDG simulated dairy herds. The control herd had a higher income over feed costs than the SDG herd because the average milk yield per cow/d was higher even though the SDG herd had a lower total mixed ration cost and higher milk fat production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy J Edwards
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California, Davis, 18830 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274, USA
| | | | - Fernanda C Ferreira
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California, Davis, 18830 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274, USA
| | - Heidi A Rossow
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California, Davis, 18830 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274, USA
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2
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Breeding Canola ( Brassica napus L.) for Protein in Feed and Food. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102220. [PMID: 34686029 PMCID: PMC8539702 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Interest in canola (Brassica napus L.). In response to this interest, scientists have been tasked with altering and optimizing the protein production chain to ensure canola proteins are safe for consumption and economical to produce. Specifically, the role of plant breeders in developing suitable varieties with the necessary protein profiles is crucial to this interdisciplinary endeavour. In this article, we aim to provide an overarching review of the canola protein chain from the perspective of a plant breeder, spanning from the genetic regulation of seed storage proteins in the crop to advancements of novel breeding technologies and their application in improving protein quality in canola. A review on the current uses of canola meal in animal husbandry is presented to underscore potential limitations for the consumption of canola meal in mammals. General discussions on the allergenic potential of canola proteins and the regulation of novel food products are provided to highlight some of the challenges that will be encountered on the road to commercialization and general acceptance of canola protein as a dietary protein source.
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Impacts of substitution of canola meal with soybean meal, with and without ruminally protected methionine, on production, reproduction and health of early lactation multiparous Holstein cows through 160 days in milk. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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4
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Cohen-Davidyan T, Meyer D, Robinson PH. Development of an on-farm model to predict flow of fecal volatile solids to the liquid and solid handling systems of commercial California dairy farms. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 109:127-135. [PMID: 32408096 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A source of methane (CH4) emissions from dairy farms arefecal volatile solids (VS) produced by cattle, which is impacted by herd size, cattle type, feed intake/composition and farm management practices. Where cattle deposit fecal VS in their pen is important in this regard since that deposited on concrete, which will be handled and stored in a liquid form, is a likely source of CH4 emissions, whereas fecal VS deposited on drylot surfaces will be handled and stored in a dry form and is a minor source of CH4 emissions. Our objective was to create a model to assist dairy farmers and regulators make informed evaluations of impacts of dairy farm management practices on potential CH4 emissions from fecal VS. Evaluation of initial model outputs led to on-farm data collection of the model inputs which influenced predicted fecal VS entering the liquid and solid manure handling systems. A key input limitation was lack of information on cattle fecal deposition locations within pens. Data collection used four dairy farms to measure time that cattle spent on concrete surfaces within day among season, as well as other model inputs. The final model, populated with collected data, showed that lactating cattle contribute the overwhelming proportion of fecal VS, 77% in the composite dairy farms, and that a composite freestall dairy farm had 65% of total fecal VS deposited on concrete annually with the remainder on drylot surfaces. In contrast, a composite drylot dairy farm had 37% of fecal VS deposited on concrete annually.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cohen-Davidyan
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - D Meyer
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - P H Robinson
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Naranjo A, Johnson A, Rossow H, Kebreab E. Greenhouse gas, water, and land footprint per unit of production of the California dairy industry over 50 years. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:3760-3773. [PMID: 32037166 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Food production including dairy has been associated with environmental impacts and resource use that has been steadily improving when adjusted per unit of product. The objective of this study was to conduct a cradle-to-farm gate environmental impact analysis and resource inventory of the California dairy production system to estimate the change in greenhouse gas emissions and water and land use over the 50-yr period between 1964 and 2014. Using a life cycle assessment according to international standards and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations guidelines, we analyzed contributions from dairy production in California to global environmental change. Production of 1 kg of energy- and protein-corrected milk (ECM) in California emitted 1.12 to 1.16 kg of CO2 equivalents (CO2e) in 2014 compared with 2.11 kg of CO2e in 1964, a reduction of 45.0 to 46.9% over the last 50 yr, depending on the model used. Greater reductions in enteric methane intensity (i.e., methane production per kilogram of ECM) were observed (reduction of 54.1 to 55.7%) compared with manure GHG (reduction of 8.73 to 11.9%) in 2014 compared with 1964. This was mainly because manure management in the state relies on lagoons for storage, which has a greater methane conversion factor than solid manure storage. Water use intensity was reduced by 88.1 to 89.9%, with water reductions of 88.7 to 90.5% in crop production, 55.3 to 59.2% in housing and milking, and 52.4 to 54% in free water intake. Improved crop genetics and management have contributed to large efficiencies in water utilization. Land requirements for crop production were reduced by 89.4 to 89.7% in 2014 compared with 1964. This was mainly due to dramatic increases in crop yields in the last 50 yr. The increases in milk production per cow through genetic improvements and better nutrition and animal care have contributed to reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and land and water usage when calculated per unit of production (intensity) basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Naranjo
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - A Johnson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - H Rossow
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - E Kebreab
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616.
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Swanepoel N, Robinson P. Impacts of feeding a flax-seed based feed supplement on production and health of mid through late lactation multiparous Holstein cows on a commercial dairy farm. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Paula EM, da Silva LG, Brandao VLN, Dai X, Faciola AP. Feeding Canola, Camelina, and Carinata Meals to Ruminants. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E704. [PMID: 31546983 PMCID: PMC6826546 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean meal (SBM) is a byproduct from the oil-industry widely used as protein supplement to ruminants worldwide due to its nutritional composition, high protein concentration, and availability. However, the dependency on monocultures such as SBM is problematic due to price fluctuation, availability and, in some countries, import dependency. In this context, oilseeds from the mustard family such as rapeseed/canola (Brassica napus and Brassica campestris), camelina (Camelina sativa), and carinata (Brassica carinata) have arisen as possible alternative protein supplements for ruminants. Therefore, the objective of this comprehensive review was to summarize results from studies in which canola meal (CM), camelina meal (CMM), and carinata meal (CRM) were fed to ruminants. This review was based on published peer-reviewed articles that were obtained based on key words that included the oilseed plant in question and words such as "ruminal fermentation and metabolism, animal performance, growth, and digestion". Byproducts from oil and biofuel industries such as CM, CMM, and CRM have been evaluated as alternative protein supplements to ruminants in the past two decades. Among the three plants reviewed herein, CM has been the most studied and results have shown an overall improvement in nitrogen utilization when animals were fed CM. Camelina meal has a comparable amino acids (AA) profile and crude protein (CP) concentration to CM. It has been reported that by replacing other protein supplements with CMM in ruminant diets, similar milk and protein yields, and average daily gain have been observed. Carinata meal has protein digestibility similar to SBM and its CP is highly degraded in the rumen. Overall, we can conclude that CM is at least as good as SBM as a protein supplement; and although studies evaluating the use of CMN and CRM for ruminants are scarce, it has been demonstrated that both oilseeds may be valuable feedstuff for livestock animals. Despite the presence of erucic acid and glucosinolates in rapeseed, no negative effect on animal performance was observed when feeding CM up to 20% and feeding CMN and CRM up to 10% of the total diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiaoxia Dai
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
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Impacts of incremental substitution of soybean meal for canola meal in lactating dairy cow diets containing a constant base level of corn derived dried distillers’ grains with solubles. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Martineau R, Ouellet DR, Lapierre H. Does blending canola meal with other protein sources improve production responses in lactating dairy cows? A multilevel mixed-effects meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5066-5078. [PMID: 30904303 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of blending canola meal (CM) with other protein sources on production responses in lactating dairy cows. To evaluate this effect, a data set was assembled containing 22 studies reporting at least 3 isonitrogenous dietary treatments (total of 74 treatment means). Each study needed to report 1 diet with CM <0.3 kg/d, 1 or more diets consisting of CM blended with another protein source, and 1 diet with CM as the main protein source in the protein supplement (>85%). The crude protein (CP) concentration of CM averaged 37.4 ± 3.09% (dry matter basis), and the predictor of interest was the intake of CP from CM, which averaged 0.46 ± 0.413 kg/d among studies. The maximal CP from CM ranged from 0.47 to 1.55 kg/d among studies. The quadratic relationship between CP from CM and responses in milk true protein concentration was significant, the maximum response (3.19%) being reached at 0.79 kg of CP from CM; the quadratic relationships were not significant for the other dependent variables. Responses in dry matter intake; yields of milk, energy-corrected milk, and milk true protein; and apparent N efficiency were related positively to CP from CM and negatively for responses in milk fat and milk urea N concentrations. Remembering that diets were isonitrogenous within studies, this indicates no nutritional benefit of blending CM with another protein source. Taken together, the results indicate that the whole-body N utilization efficiency by the dairy cow improved and that more dietary protein was used to synthesize milk protein when CM was used as the sole protein source in the protein supplement up to 1.55 kg/d.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Martineau
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6.
| | - D R Ouellet
- Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, J1M 0C8
| | - H Lapierre
- Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, J1M 0C8
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Reynolds MA, Brown-Brandl TM, Judy JV, Herrick KJ, Hales KE, Watson AK, Kononoff PJ. Use of indirect calorimetry to evaluate utilization of energy in lactating Jersey dairy cattle consuming common coproducts. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:320-333. [PMID: 30343910 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of coproducts as an alternative feed source is a common practice when formulating dairy rations. A study using 12 multiparous (79 ± 16 d in milk; mean ± standard deviation) lactating Jersey cows was conducted over 5 mo to evaluate the effects of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) or canola meal on milk and gas production. A replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design was used to compare 4 dietary treatments. Treatments comprised a control (CON) containing no coproducts, a treatment diet containing 10% (dry matter basis) low-fat DDGS (LFDG), a treatment diet containing 10% high-fat DDGS (HFDG), and a 10% canola meal (CM) treatment. The crude fat content of the LFDG, HFDG, and CM treatments was 6.05 ± 0.379, 10.0 ± 0.134, and 3.46 ± 0.085%, respectively. Coproducts were included in partial replacement for corn and soybean meal. Indirect headbox-style calorimeters were used to estimate heat production. Dry matter intake and milk yield were similar between all treatments, averaging 17.4 ± 0.56 kg/d and 24.0 ± 0.80 kg, respectively. Milk urea N was affected by treatment and was highest in CON (20.6 mg/dL; 18.0, 19.9, and 18.1 ± 0.62 mg/dL in LFDG, CM, and HFDG, respectively). Heat production per unit of metabolic body weight tended to be affected by treatment and was lowest for CON, and diets containing coproducts were not different (192, 200, 215, and 204 ± 5.91 kcal/kg of metabolic body weight for CON, LFDG, CM, and HFDG, respectively). The concentration of metabolizable energy was affected by dietary treatment; specifically, HFDG did not differ from CON but was greater than LFDG and CM (2.58, 2.46, 2.29, and 2.27 ± 0.09 Mcal/kg for HFDG, CON, LFDG, and CM, respectively). The concentration of net energy balance (milk plus tissue) tended to be affected by dietary treatment; HFDG did not differ from either CON or LFDG, but it was higher than CM (1.38, 1.36, 1.14, and 1.06 ± 0.11 Mcal/kg for HFDG, CON, LFDG, and CM, respectively). Results of this study indicate that milk production and dry matter intake were not affected by feeding common coproducts and that differences may result in whole-animal energy use; fat content of DDGS is a major factor affecting this.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Reynolds
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583-0908
| | - T M Brown-Brandl
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68818
| | - J V Judy
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583-0908
| | | | - K E Hales
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68818
| | - A K Watson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583-0908
| | - P J Kononoff
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583-0908.
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Production responses of high producing Holstein cows to ruminally protected phenylalanine and tyrosine supplemented to diets containing high levels of canola meal. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ismael A, Guevara-Oquendo VH, Refat B, Zhang H, Yu P. Connection of inherent structure with nutrient profiles and bioavailability of different co-products and by-products after processing using advanced grading and vibrational molecular spectroscopy. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:2796-2806. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1471446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aya Ismael
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada, and College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Guangdong
| | - Victor H. Guevara-Oquendo
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada, and College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Guangdong
| | - Basim Refat
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada, and College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Guangdong
| | - Huihua Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada, and College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Guangdong
| | - Peiqiang Yu
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada, and College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Guangdong
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Robinson P, Swanepoel N. Impacts of increasing levels of canola meal in diets of high producing Holstein cows on their productive performance. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Gomez N, Conley A, Robinson P. Effects of long-term, near-term, and real-time energy balance, and blood progesterone concentrations, on the pregnancy rate of contemporary dairy cows. Anim Reprod Sci 2018; 189:136-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lean I, de Ondarza M, Sniffen C, Santos J, Griswold K. Meta-analysis to predict the effects of metabolizable amino acids on dairy cattle performance. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:340-364. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Corea E, Aguilar J, Alas N, Alas E, Flores J, Broderick G. Effects of dietary cowpea (Vigna sinensis) hay and protein level on milk yield, milk composition, N efficiency and profitability of dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Broderick GA, Colombini S, Costa S, Karsli MA, Faciola AP. Chemical and ruminal in vitro evaluation of Canadian canola meals produced over 4 years. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:7956-7970. [PMID: 27639102 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
To test the effects of year and processing plant on the nutritional value of canola meal (CM), 3 CM samples/yr were collected from each of 12 Canadian production plants over 4yr (total=144). Samples of CM were analyzed for differences in chemical composition and for in vitro ruminal protein degradability using the Michaelis-Menten inhibitor in vitro (MMIIV) method. In the MMIIV method, protein degradation rate (kd) was estimated by 2 methods: from net release (i.e., blank corrected) of (1) ammonia plus AA determined by o-phthaldialdehyde fluorescence (OPAF) assay or (2) ammonia, AA, plus oligopeptides determined by o-phthaldialdehyde absorbance (OPAA) assay; rumen-undegradable protein (RUP) was computed assuming passage rates of 0.16 and 0.06/h for, respectively, soluble and insoluble protein. Casein, solvent soybean meal (SSBM), and expeller soybean meal (ESBM) were included in all incubations as standard proteins. Differences among years and plants were assessed using the mixed procedures of SAS. Small but significant differences were found in CM among years for chemical composition, including N solubility; some of these differences may have been related to changes in our analytical methods over time. However, adjustment of degradation activity of individual in vitro incubations based on the mean degradation activity over all incubations yielded kd and RUP that did not differ by year using either assay. Simultaneously incubating CM samples from 2yr in the same in vitro runs confirmed that no year effects existed for kd or RUP. Differences existed in chemical composition of CM among the 12 processing plants over the 4yr of sample collection. Moreover, consistent differences in kd and RUP were observed among plants: kd ranged from 0.069 to 0.113/h (OPAA assay) and 0.075 to 0.120/h (OPAF assay), and RUP estimates ranged from 51 to 43% (OPAA assay) and 49 to 41% (OPAF assay). Regression of kd on insoluble N content of CM yielded correlation coefficients (R(2))=0.40 (OPAA assay) and 0.42 (OPAF assay), and regressions of kd on NDIN and N-fraction B3 yielded R(2)<0.02. Mean estimates from both OPAA and OPAF assays for casein, SSBM, ESBM, and CM were, respectively, kd=0.764, 0.161, 0.050, and 0.093/h and RUP=18, 33, 56, and 45%. A range of 8 percentage units from lowest to highest RUP suggests that substantial differences exist in metabolizable protein content of CM produced by different processing plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen A Broderick
- Agricultural Research Service, USDA, US Dairy Forage Research Center, 1925 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706.
| | - Stefania Colombini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, 20133 Italy
| | - Sara Costa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, 20133 Italy
| | - Mehmet A Karsli
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary Faculty, Kirikkale University, 71451 Turkey
| | - Antonio P Faciola
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Veterinary Science, University of Nevada, Reno 89557
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Swanepoel N, Robinson P, Erasmus L. Rumen microbial protein flow and plasma amino acid concentrations in early lactation multiparity Holstein cows fed commercial rations, and some relationships with dietary nutrients. Livest Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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Swanepoel N, Robinson P, Erasmus L. Impacts of adding ruminally protected phenylalanine to rations containing high levels of canola meal on performance of high producing Holstein cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Effects of two yeast based direct fed microbials on performance of high producing dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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21
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Swanepoel N, Robinson P, Erasmus L. Effects of ruminally protected methionine and/or phenylalanine on performance of high producing Holstein cows fed rations with very high levels of canola meal. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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