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Anger JC, Loncke C, Omphalius C, Boutinaud M, Guinard-Flament J, Lapierre H, Lemosquet S. Synthesis of milk components involves different mammary metabolism adaptations in response to net energy and protein supplies in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:2883-2899. [PMID: 38101733 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Net energy for lactation (NEL) and metabolizable protein (MP) are the 2 main nutritional forces that drive synthesis of milk components. This study investigated mammary-gland metabolism in dairy cows in response to variations in the supply of NEL and MP. Four Holstein dairy cows were randomly assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design, in which each experimental period consisted of 14 d of dietary treatment. The diets provided 2 levels of NEL (low energy, 25.0 Mcal/d vs. high energy, 32.5 Mcal/d) and 2 levels of MP (low protein, 1,266 g/d vs. high protein, 2,254 g/d of protein digestible in the intestine) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Performance and dry matter intake (DMI) were measured during the last 5 d of each period, and the mammary net balance was measured on d 13 by collecting 6 sets of blood samples from the left carotid artery and left mammary vein. Mammary plasma flow was measured according to the Fick principle for Phe and Tyr. The mammary net balance of carbon equaled the uptake of nutrients expressed as carbon minus the output of lactose, fatty acids (FA) synthesized in the mammary gland, AA of milk protein, and glycerol-3P from triglyceride on d 13. Milk, lactose, fat, and protein yields increased when NEL and MP supplies increased. However, increasing the NEL supply increased FA synthesis more than increasing the protein supply did. In addition, FA secretion increased more than lactose secretion when the NEL supply increased. Increasing the NEL supply increased the left half-udder uptake of all major energy-yielding nutrients by increasing mammary plasma flow. However, nutrient uptake increased more than milk output did, which in turn increased carbon dioxide output. This increase in nutrient oxidation by the mammary gland decreased the mammary efficiency of nutrients utilization when the NEL supply increased. Increasing MP supply tended to increase glucose uptake through mammary clearance and increased mammary AA uptake with no change in mammary plasma flow. In addition, the protein supply did not change the mammary uptake of acetate or β-hydroxybutyrate. The increase in milk-component secretions in response to either NEL or MP supplies occurred through different metabolic adaptations (increase in mammary plasma flow vs. clearances, respectively). These results suggest that the nutrient use by the mammary gland is highly flexible, which helps in maintaining milk and milk-component yields even with limiting nutrient supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Anger
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590 Saint Gilles, France; Provimi France, Cargill Animal Nutrition & Health, 35320 Crevin, France
| | - C Loncke
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR Modélisation Systémique Appliquée aux Ruminants, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - C Omphalius
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590 Saint Gilles, France
| | - M Boutinaud
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590 Saint Gilles, France
| | | | - H Lapierre
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - S Lemosquet
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590 Saint Gilles, France.
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2
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Hanigan MD, Souza VC, Martineau R, Lapierre H, Feng X, Daley VL. A meta-analysis of the relationship between milk protein production and absorbed amino acids and digested energy in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00564-2. [PMID: 38490550 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Milk protein production is the largest draw on AA supplies for lactating dairy cattle. Prior NRC predictions of milk protein production have been absorbed protein (MP)-based and utilized a first-limiting nutrient concept to integrate the effects of energy and protein, which yielded poor accuracy and precision (root mean squared error (RMSE) > 21%). Using a meta-data set gathered, various alternative equation forms considering MP, absorbed total essential AA (EAA), absorbed individual EAA, and digested energy (DE) supplies as additive drivers of production were evaluated, and all were found to be superior in statistical performance to the first limitation approach (RMSE = 14-15%). Inclusion of DE intake and a quadratic term for MP or absorbed EAA supplies were found to be necessary to achieve intercept estimates (non-productive protein use) that were similar to the factorial estimates of NASEM. The partial linear slope for MP was found to be 0.409, which is consistent with the observed slope bias of -0.34g/g when a slope of 0.67 was used for MP efficiency in a first-limiting nutrient system. Replacement of MP with the supplies of individual absorbed EAA expressed in g/d and a common quadratic across the EAA resulted in unbiased predictions with improved statistical performance as compared with MP-based models. Based on Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) and biological consistency, the best equations included absorbed His, Ile, Lys, Met, Thr, the non-essential AA, and individual DE intakes from fatty acids, neutral detergent fiber, residual organic matter, and starch. Several also contained a term for absorbed Leu. These equations generally had RMSE of 14.3% and a concordance correlations (CCC) of 0.76. Based on the common quadratic and individual linear terms, milk protein response plateaus were predicted at approximately 320 g/d of absorbed His, Ile, and Lys; 395 g/d of absorbed Thr; 550 g/d of absorbed Met; and 70 g/d of absorbed Leu. Therefore, responses to each except Leu are almost linear throughout the normal in vivo range. De-aggregation of the quadratic term and parsing to individual absorbed EAA resulted in non-biological estimates for several EAA indicating over-parameterization. Expression of the EAA as g/100 g of total absorbed EAA or as ratios of DE intake and using linear and quadratic terms for each EAA resulted in similar statistical performance, but the solutions had identifiability problems and several non-biological parameter estimates. The use of ratios also introduced nonlinearity in the independent variables which violates linear regression assumptions. Further screening of the global model using absorbed EAA expressed as g/d with a common quadratic using an all-models approach, and exhaustive cross-evaluation indicated the parameter estimates for body weight, all 4 DE terms, His, Ile, Lys, Met, and the common quadratic term were stable, while estimates for Leu and Thr were known with less certainty. Use of independent and additive terms and a quadratic expression in the equation results in variable efficiencies of conversion. The additivity also provides partial substitution among the nutrients. Both of these prevent establishment of fixed nutrient requirements in support of milk protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Hanigan
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061.
| | - V C Souza
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - R Martineau
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - H Lapierre
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - X Feng
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - V L Daley
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
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Martineau R, Ouellet DR, Pellerin D, Firkins JL, Hanigan MD, White RR, LaPierre PA, Van Amburgh ME, Lapierre H. Ability of three dairy feed evaluation systems to predict postruminal outflows of amino acids in dairy cows: A meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00012-2. [PMID: 38216041 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Adequate prediction of postruminal outflows of essential AA (EAA) is the starting point of balancing rations for EAA in dairy cows. The objective of this meta-analysis was to compare the performance of 3 dairy feed evaluation systems (National Research Council [NRC], Cornell Net Protein and Carbohydrate System version 6.5.5 [CNCPS], and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine [NASEM]) to predict EAA outflows (Trp was not tested). The data set included a total of 354 treatment means from 70 duodenal and 24 omasal studies. To avoid Type I error, mean and linear biases were considered of concern if statistically significant and representing > 5.0% of the observed mean. Analyses were conducted on raw observed values and on observations adjusted for the random effect of study. The analysis on raw data indicates the ability of the feed evaluation system to predict absolute values whereas the analysis on adjusted values indicates its ability to predict responses of EAA outflows to dietary changes. For the prediction of absolute values (based on raw data), NRC underpredicted outflows of all EAA, from 5.3 to 8.6% of the observed mean (%obs.mean) except for Leu, Lys, and Val; NASEM overpredicted Lys (10.8%obs.mean); and CNCPS overpredicted Arg, His, Lys, Met, and Val (5.2 to 26.0%obs.mean). No EAA had a linear bias of concern with NASEM, followed by NRC for His (6.8%obs.mean), and CNCPS for all EAA (5.6 to 12.2%obs.mean) except Leu, Phe, and Thr. On the other hand, for the prediction of responses to dietary changes (based on adjusted data), NRC had 2 EAA presenting a linear bias of concern, followed by NASEM and CNCPS with 4 and 6 EAA, respectively. Predictions of His showed a linear bias of concern (5.3 to 9.6%obs.mean) with the 3 feed evaluation systems. Measured chemistry of crude protein and EAA were reported for 1 or more feed ingredients of the ration in 36% of the studies, and resulted in decreased linear biases in the 3 feed evaluation systems. The difference in mean biases of Met outflows was systematically positive when comparing omasal versus duodenal studies. Predictions of Met outflows with NRC had a higher concordance correlation coefficient in duodenal (used to develop NRC equations) versus omasal studies, whereas the opposite was observed with CNCPS, the latter showing the lowest mean bias for Met in omasal sampling studies. The 30% difference in Met mean biases between sampling sites appeared related to a similar difference found for observed Met versus NAN outflows between duodenal and omasal studies, which is independent of predictions. In conclusion, NRC and NASEM yielded accurate predictions of EAA outflows, with a small superiority of NASEM to predict absolute values, and slight superiority of NRC to predict the responses to dietary changes. In comparison, CNCPS may present mean and linear biases of concern for many EAA. Moreover, it remains to determine which sampling site is more representative of the true supply of EAA to the cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Martineau
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, QC, Canada, J1M 0C8.
| | - D R Ouellet
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, QC, Canada, J1M 0C8
| | - D Pellerin
- Department of Animal Science, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - J L Firkins
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - M D Hanigan
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24060
| | - R R White
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24060
| | - P A LaPierre
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - M E Van Amburgh
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - H Lapierre
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, QC, Canada, J1M 0C8
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Martineau R, Ouellet DR, Pellerin D, Firkins JL, Hanigan MD, White RR, LaPierre PA, Van Amburgh ME, Lapierre H. Ability of three dairy feed evaluation systems to predict postruminal outflows of nitrogenous compounds in dairy cows: A meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:8583-8610. [PMID: 37683889 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-23215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Adequate prediction of postruminal outflow of protein fractions is the starting point for the determination of metabolizable protein supply in dairy cows. The objective of this meta-analysis was to compare the performance of 3 dairy feed evaluation systems (National Research Council [NRC], Cornell Net Protein and Carbohydrate System [CNCPS], and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine [NASEM]) to predict outflows (g/d) of nonammonia nitrogren (NAN), microbial N (MiN), and nonammonia nonmicrobial N (NANMN). Predictions of rumen degradabilities (% of nutrient) of protein (RDP), NDF, and starch were also evaluated. The data set included 1,294 treatment means from 312 digesta flow studies. The 3 feed evaluation systems were compared using the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), the ratio of root mean square prediction error (RMSPE) on standard deviation of observed values (RSR), and the slope between observed and predicted values. Mean and linear biases were deemed biologically relevant and are discussed if higher than a threshold of 5% of the mean of observed values. The comparisons were done on observed values adjusted or not for the study effect; the adjustment had a small effect on the mean bias but the linear bias reflected a response to a dietary change rather than absolute predictions. For the absolute predictions of NAN and MiN, CNCPS had the best-fit statistics (8% greater CCC; 6% lower RMSPE) without any bias; NRC and NASEM underpredicted NAN and MiN, and NASEM had an additional linear bias indicating that the underprediction of MiN increased at increased predictions. For NANMN, fit statistics were similar among the 3 feed evaluation systems with no mean bias; however, the linear bias with NRC and CNCPS indicated underprediction at low predictions and overprediction at elevated predictions. On average, the CCC were smaller and RSR ratios were greater for MiN versus NAN indicating increased prediction errors for MiN. For NAN responses to a dietary change, CNCPS also had the best predictions, although the mean bias with NASEM was not biologically relevant and the 3 feed evaluation systems did not present a linear bias. However, CNCPS, but not the 2 other feed evaluation systems, presented a linear bias for MiN, with responses being overpredicted at increased predictions. For NANMN, responses were overpredicted at increased predictions for the 3 feed evaluation systems, but to a lesser extent with NASEM. The site of sampling had an effect on the mean bias of MiN and NANMN in the 3 feed evaluation systems. The mean bias of MiN was higher in omasal than duodenal studies in the 3 feed evaluation systems (from 55 to 61 g/d) and this mean bias was twice as large when 15N labeling was used as a microbial marker compared with purines. Such a difference was not observed for duodenal studies. The reasons underlying these systematic differences are not clear as the type of measurements used in the current meta-analysis does not allow to delineate if one site or one microbial marker is yielding the "true" postruminal N outflows. Rumen degradabilities of protein was underpredicted with CNCPS, and RDP responses to a dietary change was underpredicted by the 3 feed evaluation systems with increased RDP predictions. Rumen degradability of NDF was underpredicted and had poor fit statistics for NASEM compared with CNCPS. Fit statistics were similar between CNCPS and NASEM for rumen degradability of starch, but with an underprediction of the response with NASEM and absolute values being overpredicted with CNCPS. Multivariate regression analyses showed that diet characteristics were correlated with prediction errors of N outflows in each feed evaluation system. Globally, compared with NAN and NANMN, residuals of MiN were correlated with several moderators in the 3 feed evaluation systems reflecting the complexity to measure and model this outflow. In addition, residuals of NANMN were correlated positively with RDP suggesting an overestimation of this parameter. In conclusion, although progress is still to be made to improve equations predicting postruminal N outflows, the current feed evaluation systems provide sufficient precision and accuracy to predict postruminal outflows of N fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Martineau
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, QC, Canada, J1M 0C8.
| | - D R Ouellet
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, QC, Canada, J1M 0C8
| | - D Pellerin
- Department of Animal Science, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - J L Firkins
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - M D Hanigan
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060
| | - R R White
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060
| | - P A LaPierre
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - M E Van Amburgh
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - H Lapierre
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, QC, Canada, J1M 0C8
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Räisänen SE, Lapierre H, Price WJ, Hristov AN. Lactational performance effects of supplemental histidine in dairy cows: A meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:6216-6231. [PMID: 37500429 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this meta-analysis was to examine the effects of supplemental His on lactational performance, plasma His concentration and efficiency of utilization of digestible His (EffHis) in dairy cows. The meta-analysis was performed on data from 17 studies published in peer-reviewed journals between 1999 and 2022. Five publications reported data from 2 separate experiments, which were included in the analyses as separate studies, therefore resulting in a total of 22 studies. In 10 studies, His was supplemented as rumen-protected (RP) His; in 1 study, 2 basal diets with different dHis levels were fed; and in the remaining experiments, free His was infused into the abomasum (4 studies), the jugular vein (3 studies) or deleted from a mixture of postruminally infused AA (4 studies). The main forages in the diets were corn silage in 14 and grass silage in 8 studies. If not reported in the publications, the supplies of dietary CP, metabolizable protein (MP), net energy of lactation, and digestible His (dHis) were estimated using NRC (2001). An initial meta-analysis was performed to test the standard mean difference (SMD; raw mean difference of treatment and control means divided by the pooled standard deviation of the means), that is, effect size, and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) in production parameters between His-supplemented groups versus control. Further, regression analyses were also conducted to examine and compare the relationships between several response variables and dHis supply. Across studies, His supplementation increased plasma His concentration (SMD = 1.39; 95% CI: 1.17-1.61), as well as DMI (SMD = 0.240; 95% CI: 0.051-0.429) and milk yield (MY; SMD = 0.667; 95% CI: 0.468-0.866), respectively. Further, milk true protein concentration (MTP; SMD = 0.236; 95% CI: 0.046-0.425) and milk true protein yield (MTPY; SMD = 0.581; 95% CI: 0.387-0.776) were increased by His supplementation. Notably, the increase in MTP concentration and MTPY were 3.9 and 1.3 times greater for studies with MP-deficient (according to NRC 2001) diets compared with studies with MP-adequate diets. The regression analyses revealed that production parameters (DMI, MY, and MTPY) responded in a nonlinear manner to increasing His supply. Further, we detected a difference in the magnitude of change in MTPY and plasma His concentration with the level of His supply and between His supplementation methods, being greater for infused His compared with RPHis. Lastly, a linear and negative relationship between EffHis and the ratio of total digestible His to net energy for lactation supply was observed, indicating an important interaction between dHis and energy supply and EffHis (i.e., utilization of dHis to support protein export). Overall, these analyses confirm His as an important AA in dairy cattle nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Räisänen
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802; ETH Zürich, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - H Lapierre
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - W J Price
- Statistical Programs, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844
| | - A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802.
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Lapierre H, Martineau R, Hanigan MD, Ouellet DR. Review: How the efficiency of utilization of essential amino acids can be applied in dairy cow nutrition. Animal 2023; 17 Suppl 3:100833. [PMID: 37268529 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
How the efficiency of utilization of essential amino acids (EffUEAA) can be applied in dairy cow nutrition is presented in this review. The concept of EffUEAA proposed by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM, 2021) is first detailed. It represents the proportion of the metabolisable essential amino acids (mEAA) supply used to support protein secretions and accretions (scurf, metabolic fecal, milk and growth). For these processes, the efficiency of each individual EAA is variable, and considered to vary similarly for all the protein secretions and accretions. The anabolic process of gestation is ascribed to a constant efficiency (33%), whereas the efficiency of endogenous urinary loss (EndoUri) is set at 100%. Therefore, the NASEM model EffUEAA was calculated as the sum of EAA in the true protein of secretions and accretions divided by the available EAA (mEAA - EndoUri - gestation net true protein/0.33). In this paper, the reliability of this mathematical calculation was tested through an example where the experimental efficiency of His was calculated assuming that liver removal represents catabolism. The NASEM model and experimental efficiencies were in the same range and varied in similar manner. Assuming that the NASEM model EffUEAA reflects EAA metabolism in the dairy cow, its different applications were examined. In NASEM, target efficiencies were determined for each EAA: 75, 71, 73, 72, 73, 60, 64, 86 and 74% for His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, Trp, and Val, respectively. From these, recommendations for mEAA supply can be calculated as: [(secretions + accretions)/(target EffUEAA × 0.01) + EndoUri + gestation/0.33], assuming energy supply is adequate. In addition to NASEM propositions, equations to predict EffUEAA with precision and accuracy are detailed, using the ratio of (mEAA-EndoUri) to digestible energy intake, in a quadratic model that includes days in milk. Moreover, milk true protein yield predictions from predicted EffUEAA or efficiency of utilization of metabolisable protein are better than those from the multivariate equation of NASEM (2021) and superior to those predicted with a fixed efficiency. Finally, either the NASEM model or the predicted EffUEAA can be used to assess the responsiveness of a ration to supplementation with a single EAA. If the EffUEAA of the EAA to supplement is higher than the target EffUEAA, while the EffUEAA of the other EAA are lower than the target value, this suggests a potential improvement in milk true protein yield to supplementation with this EAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lapierre
- Sherbrooke R&D Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada.
| | - R Martineau
- Sherbrooke R&D Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - M D Hanigan
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - D R Ouellet
- Sherbrooke R&D Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
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Duplessis M, Lapierre H, Sauerwein H, Girard CL. Combined biotin, folic acid, and vitamin B 12 supplementation given during the transition period to dairy cows: Part I. Effects on lactation performance, energy and protein metabolism, and hormones. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:7079-7096. [PMID: 35840411 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Biotin (B8), folates (B9), and vitamin B12 (B12) are involved and interrelated in several metabolic reactions related to energy and protein metabolism. We hypothesized that a low supply of one of the latter vitamins during the transition period would impair metabolic status. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of B8 supplementation on the response of lactation performance and selected energy and protein metabolites and hormones to a combined supplementation of B9 and B12 given to periparturient dairy cows, from d -21 to 21 relative to calving. A total of 32 multiparous Holstein cows housed in tie stalls were randomly assigned, according to their previous 305-d milk yield, to 8 incomplete blocks of 4 treatments: (1) a 2-mL weekly i.m. injection of saline (0.9% NaCl; B8-/B9B12-); (2) 20 mg/d of dietary B8 (unprotected from ruminal degradation) and 2-mL weekly i.m. injection of 0.9% NaCl (B8+/B9B12-); (3) 2.6 g/d of dietary B9 (unprotected) and 2-mL weekly i.m. injection of 10 mg of B12 (B8-/B9B12+); and (4) 20 mg/d of dietary B8, 2.6 g/d of dietary B9, and weekly i.m. injection of 10 mg of B12 (B8+/B9B12+) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Milk yield and dry matter intake were obtained daily and milk components weekly. Blood samples were taken weekly from d -21 to calving and 3 times per week from calving to 21 d following parturition. Prepartum plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and adiponectin were unaffected by treatments. Biotin, B9, and B12 supplements increased their respective concentrations in plasma and milk. Cows fed the B8 supplement tended to have lower dry matter intake, but only cows in B8+/B9B12- had greater plasma concentrations of NEFA compared with B8-/B9B12-. Milk and total solid yields were greater by 13.5 and 13.9%, respectively, for B8-/B9B12+ [45.5 (standard error, SE: 1.8) and 5.81 (0.22) kg/d, respectively] compared with B8-/B9B12- [40.1 (1.9) and 5.10 (0.23) kg/d, respectively], but these effects were suppressed when combined with the B8 supplement. Cows in the B8-/B9B12+ group had decreased plasma insulin and tended to have increased NEFA concentrations, but postpartum plasma concentrations of glucose, BHB, leptin, and adiponectin were not affected. These cows also mobilized more body fat reserves, as suggested by a tendency to increased plasma NEFA and more milk total solids compared with B8-/B9B12- cows. However, plasma concentrations of BHB and adiponectin were similar among treatments. This suggests that the B9 and B12 supplements enhanced efficiency of energy metabolism in early lactation cows. Folic acid and B12 supplementation increased postpartum plasma Cys and homocysteine concentrations but did not affect plasma Met concentration, suggesting an upregulation of the transsulfuration pathway. In summary, our results showed that, under the current experimental conditions, increasing B8 supply did not improve responses to the B9 and B12 supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Duplessis
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 0C8, Canada.
| | - H Lapierre
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - H Sauerwein
- Institute for Animal Science, Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - C L Girard
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 0C8, Canada
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8
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Duplessis M, Gervais R, Lapierre H, Girard CL. Combined biotin, folic acid, and vitamin B 12 supplementation given during the transition period to dairy cows: Part II. Effects on energy balance and fatty acid composition of colostrum and milk. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:7097-7110. [PMID: 35787322 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Biotin (B8), folate (B9), and vitamin B12 (B12) are involved in several metabolic reactions related to energy metabolism. We hypothesized that a low supply of one of these vitamins during the transition period would impair metabolic status. This study was undertaken to assess the interaction between B8 supplement and a supplementation of B9 and B12 regarding body weight (BW) change, dry matter intake, energy balance, and fatty acid (FA) compositions of colostrum and milk fat from d -21 to 21 relative to calving. Thirty-two multiparous Holstein cows housed in tie stalls were randomly assigned, according to their previous 305-d milk yield, to 8 incomplete blocks in 4 treatments: (1) a 2-mL weekly i.m. injection of saline (0.9% NaCl; B8-/B9B12-); (2) 20 mg/d of dietary B8 (unprotected from ruminal degradation) and 2-mL weekly i.m. injection of 0.9% NaCl (B8+/B9B12-); (3) 2.6 g/d of dietary B9 (unprotected) and 2-mL weekly i.m. injection of 10 mg of B12 (B8-/B9B12+); (4) 20 mg/d of dietary B8, 2.6 g/d of dietary B9, and 2-mL weekly i.m. injection of 10 mg of B12 (B8+/B9B12+) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Colostrum was sampled at first milking. and milk samples were collected weekly on 2 consecutive milkings and analyzed for FA composition. Body condition score and BW were recorded every week throughout the trial. Within the first 21 d of lactation, B8-/B9B12+ cows had an increased milk yield by 13.5% [45.5 (standard error, SE: 1.8) kg/d] compared with B8-/B9B12- cows [40.1 (SE: 1.9)], whereas B8 supplement had no effect. Even though body condition score was not affected by treatment, B8-/B9B12+ cows had greater BW loss by 24 kg, suggesting higher mobilization of body reserves. Accordingly, milk de novo FA decreased and preformed FA concentration increased in B8-/B9B12+ cows compared with B8-/B9B12- cows. In addition, cows in the B8+/B9B12- group had decreased milk de novo FA and increased preformed FA concentration compared with B8-/B9B12- cows. Treatment had no effect on colostrum preformed FA concentration. Supplemental B8 decreased concentrations of ruminal biohydrogenation intermediates and odd- and branched-chain FA in colostrum and milk fat. Moreover, postpartum dry matter intake for B8+ cows tended to be lower by 1.6 kg/d. These results could indicate ruminal perturbation caused by the B8 supplement, which was not protected from rumen degradation. Under the conditions of the current study, in contrast to B8+/B9B12- cows, B8-/B9B12+ cows produced more milk without increasing dry matter intake, although these cows had greater body fat mobilization in early lactation as suggested by the FA profile and BW loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Duplessis
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 0C8, Canada.
| | - R Gervais
- Département des sciences animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - H Lapierre
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - C L Girard
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 0C8, Canada
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9
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Binggeli S, Lapierre H, Lemosquet S, Ouellet D, Pellerin D. Comparison of feed evaluation models on predictions of milk protein yield on Québec commercial dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:3997-4015. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Laroche JP, Gervais R, Lapierre H, Ouellet DR, Tremblay GF, Halde C, Boucher MS, Charbonneau É. Milk production and efficiency of utilization of nitrogen, metabolizable protein, and amino acids are affected by protein and energy supplies in dairy cows fed alfalfa-based diets. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:329-346. [PMID: 34635363 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alfalfa has a lower fiber digestibility and a greater concentration of degradable protein than grasses. Dairy cows could benefit from an increased digestibility of alfalfa fibers, or from a better match between nitrogen and energy supplies in the rumen. Alfalfa cultivars with improved fiber digestibility represent an opportunity to increase milk production, but no independent studies have tested these cultivars under the agroclimatic conditions of Canada. Moreover, decreasing metabolizable protein (MP) supply could increase N use efficiency while decreasing environmental impact, but it is often associated with a decrease in milk protein yield, possibly caused by a reduced supply of essential AA. This study evaluated the performance of dairy cows fed diets based on a regular or a reduced-lignin alfalfa cultivar and measured the effect of energy levels at low MP supply when digestible His (dHis), Lys (dLys), and Met (dMet) requirements were met. Eight Holstein cows were used in a double 4 × 4 Latin square design, each square representing an alfalfa cultivar. Within each square, 4 diets were tested: the control diet was formulated for an adequate supply of MP and energy (AMP_AE), whereas the 3 other diets were formulated to be deficient in MP (DMP; formulated to meet 90% of the MP requirement) with deficient (94% of requirement: DMP_DE), adequate (99% of requirement: DMP_AE), or excess energy supply (104% of requirement; DMP_EE). Alfalfa cultivars had no significant effect on all measured parameters. As compared with cows receiving AMP_AE, the dry matter intake of cows fed DMP_AE and DMP_EE was not significantly different but decreased for cows fed DMP_DE. The AMP_AE diet provided 103% of MP and 108% of NEL requirements whereas DMP_DE, DMP_AE, and DMP_EE diets provided 84, 87, and 87% of MP and 94, 101, and 107% of NEL requirements, respectively. In contrast to design, feeding DMP_EE resulted in a similar energy supply compared with AMP_AE, although MP supply has been effectively reduced. This resulted in a maintained milk and milk component yields and improved the efficiency of utilization of N, MP, and essential AA. The DMP diets decreased total N excretion, whereas DMP_AE and DMP_EE diets also decreased milk urea-N concentration. Reducing MP supply without negative effects on dairy cow performance is possible when energy, dHis, dLys, and dMet requirements are met. This could reduce N excretion and decrease the environmental impact of milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Laroche
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6; Lactanet, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada, H9X 3R4
| | - R Gervais
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - H Lapierre
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, J1M 0C8
| | - D R Ouellet
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, J1M 0C8
| | - G F Tremblay
- Quebec Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 2J3
| | - C Halde
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - M-S Boucher
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - É Charbonneau
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6.
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11
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Binggeli S, Lapierre H, Charbonneau E, Ouellet DR, Pellerin D. Economic and environmental effects of revised metabolizable protein and amino acid recommendations on Canadian dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:9981-9998. [PMID: 34099284 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this research was to evaluate the potential economic and environmental effects of the formulation model used to balance dairy rations for metabolizable protein (MP) or 3 essential AA (EAA: His, Lys, and Met) in 3 regions of Canada with different farming systems. The Maritimes, Central Canada, and the Prairies reference dairy farms averaged 63, 71, 144 mature cows per herd and 135, 95, 255 ha of land, respectively. Using N-CyCLES, a whole-farm linear program model, dairy rations were balanced for (1) MP, based on National Research Council (NRC) requirements (MP_2001); (2) MP plus Lys and Met, based on NRC (AA_2001); (3) MP (MP_Rev); or (4) for His, Lys, and Met (AA_Rev), both based on a revised factorial approach revisiting both supply and requirements of MP and EAA. Energy was balanced to meet requirements based on NRC (2001). Assuming the requirements were met within each approach, it was considered that milk yield and composition were not affected by the type of formulation. Given the assumptions of the study, when compared with MP_2001 formulation, balancing dairy rations using the AA_Rev approach reduced calculated farm N balance by 3.8%, on average from 12.71 to 12.24 g/kg of fat- and protein-corrected milk; it also enhanced farm net income by 4.5%, from 19.00 to 19.70 $CAN/100 kg of fat- and protein-corrected milk, by reducing inclusion of protein concentrate in dairy rations. Calculated animal N efficiency was on average 4.3% higher with AA_Rev than with MP_2001 for mid-lactation cows. This gain in N efficiency would result in a reduction in N2O emission by manure, contributing to a partial decrease of total greenhouse gas emission by 1.7%, through a reduction of N excreted in manure. With the AA_2001 formulation, farm N balance was 1% higher than with MP_2001 formulation while reducing farm net income by 6.4%, due to the need to purchase rumen-protected AA, with no effect on total greenhouse gas emission. Both MP formulations lead to fairly similar outputs. The AA_Rev formulation also indicated that His might be a co-limiting AA with Met in dairy rations balanced with ingredients usually included in Canadian dairy rations. Given the assumptions of the study, balancing dairy rations for 3 EAA (His, Lys, and Met) rather than MP, has some potential positive effects on Canadian dairy farms by increasing net incomes through a reduction of crude protein supply, leading to a decreased environmental effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Binggeli
- Department of Animal Science, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6.
| | - H Lapierre
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - E Charbonneau
- Department of Animal Science, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - D R Ouellet
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - D Pellerin
- Department of Animal Science, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
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12
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Lapierre H, Lobley GE, Ouellet DR. Histidine optimal supply in dairy cows through determination of a threshold efficiency. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:1759-1776. [PMID: 33453803 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Two His deletion studies were conducted to examine the mechanisms used by dairy cows to support milk true protein yield (MTPY) when His supply is altered. The potential mechanisms involved in how the efficiency of utilization of His varied included reduced catabolism, more efficient mammary usage, and use of His labile pools. For the first study, 5 multicatheterized cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square plus 1 cow with 14-d periods. Treatments were abomasal infusion of increasing doses of His (0, 7.6, 15.2, and 20.8 g/d) in addition to a mixture of AA (595 g/d; casein profile excluding His). Cows were fed the same protein-deficient diet throughout the study. The MTPY increased linearly with a quadratic tendency with increasing doses of His. Muscle concentrations of carnosine, a His-based dipeptide, tended to increase in a quadratic manner with increasing His supply, suggesting that the 0- and 7.6-g doses were insufficient to cover His requirement. Liver catabolism of His decreased as His supply decreased. Mammary fractional removal of His was considerably greater at low His supply, but the ratio of His mammary net uptake to milk output was not affected by the rate of His infusion, averaging 1.02. The mechanisms to face a reduced His supply included reduced His hepatic catabolism, more efficient His mammary use of lowered arterial supply, and, to a lesser extent, use of His labile pools. Two independent estimates of His efficiency were calculated, one based on the sum of exported proteins (measured MTPY plus estimated metabolic fecal protein and scurf; i.e., the anabolic component, EffMTPY) and the other based on liver removal (i.e., the catabolic component). These 2 estimates followed the same pattern of response to His supply, decreasing with increasing His supply. The EffMTPY at which MTPY peaked was 0.785. For the second study, 6 cows were used in a 6 × 6 Latin square with 7-d periods. Two greater doses of His (30.4 and 38.0 g/d) were added; otherwise, the nutritional design was similar to the first study. In this second study, the indicator AA oxidation technique was used instead of the multiorgan approach, with labeled Leu as the indicator of His utilization. The MTPY peaked and Leu oxidation reached the nadir at an average EffMTPY of 0.763. Combined across both studies, the data indicate that optimal usage of His would occur at a threshold EffMTPY of 0.77. The agreement between experimental approaches across both studies indicates that the biological optimal supply of His expressed in grams per day could be calculated as the sum of exported proteins divided by this EffMTPY plus estimated endogenous urinary excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lapierre
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, J1M 0C8.
| | - G E Lobley
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - D R Ouellet
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, J1M 0C8
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Loncke C, Nozière P, Vernet J, Lapierre H, Bahloul L, Al-Jammas M, Sauvant D, Ortigues-Marty I. Net hepatic release of glucose from precursor supply in ruminants: a meta-analysis. Animal 2020; 14:1422-1437. [PMID: 31971121 PMCID: PMC7301244 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119003410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
For their glucose supply, ruminants are highly dependent on the endogenous synthesis in the liver, but despite the numerous studies that evaluated hepatic glucose production, very few simultaneously measured hepatic glucose production and uptake of all precursors. As a result, the variability of precursor conversion into glucose in the liver is not known. The present study aimed at investigating by meta-analysis the relationships between hepatic glucose net release and uptake of precursors. We used the FLuxes of nutrients across Organs and tissues in Ruminant Animals database, which gathers international results on net nutrient fluxes at splanchnic level measured in catheterized animals. Response equations were developed for intakes up to 41 g DM intake/kg BW per day of diets varying from 0 to 100 g of concentrate/100 g DM in the absence of additives. The net hepatic uptake of propionate, α-amino-N and l-lactate was linearly and better related to their net portal appearance (NPA) than to their afferent hepatic flux. Blood flow data were corrected for lack of deacetylation of the para-aminohippuric acid, and this correction was shown to impact the response equations. To develop response equations between the availability of precursors (portal appearance and hepatic uptake) and net glucose hepatic release, missing data on precursor fluxes were predicted from dietary characteristics using previously developed response equations. Net hepatic release of glucose was curvilinearly related to hepatic supply and uptake of the sum of precursors, suggesting a lower conversion rate of precursors at high precursor supply. Factors of variation were explored for the linear portion of this relationship, which applied to NPA of precursors ranging from 0.99 to 9.60 mmol C/kg BW per h. Hepatic release of glucose was shown to be reduced by the portal absorption of glucose from diets containing bypass starch and to be increased by an increased uptake of β-hydroxybutyrate indicative of higher body tissue mobilization. These relationships were affected by the physiological status of the animals. In conclusion, we established equations that quantify the net release of glucose by the liver from the net availability of precursors. They provide a quantitative overview of factors regulating hepatic glucose synthesis in ruminants. These equations can be linked with the predictions of portal absorption of nutrients from intake and dietary characteristics, and provide indications of glucose synthesis from dietary characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Loncke
- INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, Saint-Genès-ChampanelleF-63122, France
- Clermont Université, VetAgro Sup, UMR1213 Herbivores, BP 10448, Clermont-FerrandF-63000, France
| | - P. Nozière
- INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, Saint-Genès-ChampanelleF-63122, France
- Clermont Université, VetAgro Sup, UMR1213 Herbivores, BP 10448, Clermont-FerrandF-63000, France
| | - J. Vernet
- INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, Saint-Genès-ChampanelleF-63122, France
- Clermont Université, VetAgro Sup, UMR1213 Herbivores, BP 10448, Clermont-FerrandF-63000, France
| | - H. Lapierre
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - L. Bahloul
- INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, Saint-Genès-ChampanelleF-63122, France
- Clermont Université, VetAgro Sup, UMR1213 Herbivores, BP 10448, Clermont-FerrandF-63000, France
| | - M. Al-Jammas
- INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, Saint-Genès-ChampanelleF-63122, France
- Clermont Université, VetAgro Sup, UMR1213 Herbivores, BP 10448, Clermont-FerrandF-63000, France
| | - D. Sauvant
- UMR Modélisation Systémique Appliquée aux Ruminants, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris75005, France
| | - I. Ortigues-Marty
- INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, Saint-Genès-ChampanelleF-63122, France
- Clermont Université, VetAgro Sup, UMR1213 Herbivores, BP 10448, Clermont-FerrandF-63000, France
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14
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Omphalius C, Lemosquet S, Ouellet DR, Bahloul L, Lapierre H. Postruminal infusions of amino acids or glucose affect metabolisms of splanchnic, mammary, and other peripheral tissues and drive amino acid use in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:2233-2254. [PMID: 31954566 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Effects of AA and glucose infusions on efficiency of use of essential AA (EAA) were studied according to a 2 × 2 factorial using 5 multicatheterized cows in a 4 × 4 Latin square plus one cow, with 2-wk periods. The diet provided 87% of energy and 70% of metabolizable protein requirements, and the 4 treatments were abomasal infusions of (1) water, (2) an AA mixture with a casein profile (695 g/d), (3) glucose (1,454 g/d), or (4) a combination of AA and glucose infusions. Milk samples were collected on the last 6 milkings. On d 14, 6 blood samples were collected from arterial, and portal, hepatic, and mammary venous vessels. Splanchnic plasma flow was calculated by dilution of p-aminohippurate and mammary flow by the Fick principle using Phe + Tyr. The net flux of AA across tissues [splanchnic, i.e., portal-drained viscera (PDV) + liver, and mammary gland] was calculated as the efflux minus the influx across that tissue. The efficiency of EAA was calculated as the sum of exported true proteins [milk protein yield (MPY), scurf, and metabolic fecal protein] multiplied by their respective AA profile and divided by the predicted AA supply minus AA endogenous urinary loss. In addition, catabolism was estimated for each tissue: AA supply - (portal net flux + metabolic fecal protein) for the PDV; -hepatic net flux for the liver; splanchnic net flux - (-mammary net flux + scurf) for the other peripheral tissues; and -mammary net flux - milk for the mammary gland. The MIXED procedure (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) was used with cow as a random effect. No AA × glucose interaction existed for most of the measured parameters. With infusions of AA and glucose, MPY increased by 17 and 14%, respectively. The decreased efficiency of EAA-N with AA infusion resulted from increased EAA-N in MPY smaller than the increased EAA-N supply and was accompanied by increased liver catabolism of His + Met + Phe (representing group 1 AA) and increased mammary and PDV catabolisms of group 2 AA-N (Ile, Leu, Lys, and Val). In contrast, the increased efficiency of EAA-N with glucose infusion, resulting from increased EAA-N in MPY with no change in EAA-N supply, was accompanied by decreased mammary catabolism of group 2 AA-N and hepatic catabolism of His + Met + Phe. No mammary catabolism of His, Met, and Phe existed in all treatments, as indicated by the mammary uptake to milk output ratio close to one for these EAA. Therefore, the mammary gland contributes significantly to variations of efficiency of group 2 AA-N through variations of AA catabolism, in response to both AA and glucose supplies, whereas additional PDV catabolism was observed with increased AA supply. Partition of AA use between tissues allows to delineate their anabolic or catabolic fate across tissues and better understand changes of efficiency of EAA in response to protein and energy supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Omphalius
- PEGASE, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, 35590 Saint Gilles, France; Adisseo France S.A.S., 10, Place du General de Gaulle, 92160 Antony, France
| | - S Lemosquet
- PEGASE, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, 35590 Saint Gilles, France
| | - D R Ouellet
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - L Bahloul
- Adisseo France S.A.S., 10, Place du General de Gaulle, 92160 Antony, France
| | - H Lapierre
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8.
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Fleming A, Lapierre H, Martineau R, White R, Hanigan M. Modeling portal-drained viscera and liver fluxes of essential amino acids in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:10964-10982. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Fleming AJ, Lapierre H, White RR, Tran H, Kononoff PJ, Martineau R, Weiss WP, Hanigan MD. Predictions of ruminal outflow of essential amino acids in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:10947-10963. [PMID: 31704011 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to update and evaluate predictions of essential AA (EAA) outflows from the rumen. The model was constructed based on previously derived equations for rumen-undegradable (RUP), microbial (MiCP), and endogenous (EndCP) protein outflows from the rumen, and revised estimates of ingredient composition and EAA composition of the protein fractions. Corrections were adopted to account for incomplete recovery of EAA during 24-h acid hydrolysis. The predicted ruminal protein and EAA outflows were evaluated against a data set of observed values from the literature. Initial evaluations indicated a minor mean bias for non-ammonia, non-microbial nitrogen flow ([RUP + EndCP]/6.25) of 16 g of N per day. Root mean squared errors (RMSE) of EAA predictions ranged from 26.8 to 40.6% of observed mean values. Concordance correlation coefficients (CCC) of EAA predictions ranged from 0.34 to 0.55. Except for Leu, all ruminal EAA outflows were overpredicted by 3.0 to 32 g/d. In addition, small but significant slope biases were present for Arg [2.2% mean squared error (MSE)] and Lys (3.2% MSE). The overpredictions may suggest that the mean recovery of AA from acid hydrolysis across laboratories was less than estimates encompassed in the recovery factors. To test this hypothesis, several regression approaches were undertaken to identify potential causes of the bias. These included regressions of (1) residual errors for predicted EAA flows on each of the 3 protein-driven EA flows, (2) observed EAA flows on each protein-driven EAA flow, including an intercept, (3) observed EAA flows on the protein-driven EAA flows, excluding an intercept term, and (4) observed EAA flows on RUP and MiCP. However, these equations were deemed unsatisfactory for bias adjustment, as they generated biologically unfeasible predictions for some entities. Future work should focus on identifying the cause of the observed prediction bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Fleming
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061
| | - H Lapierre
- Agricultural and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - R R White
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061; National Animal Nutrition Program, National Research Support Project, USDA, Washington, DC 20250
| | - H Tran
- National Animal Nutrition Program, National Research Support Project, USDA, Washington, DC 20250; Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583
| | - P J Kononoff
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583
| | - R Martineau
- Agricultural and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - W P Weiss
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - M D Hanigan
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061.
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Omphalius C, Lapierre H, Guinard-Flament J, Lamberton P, Bahloul L, Lemosquet S. Amino acid efficiencies of utilization vary by different mechanisms in response to energy and protein supplies in dairy cows: Study at mammary-gland and whole-body levels. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:9883-9901. [PMID: 31477306 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Variations of mammary gland (MG) metabolism were studied in dairy cows in response to diets containing 2 levels of net energy of lactation [NEL; 25.0 and 32.5 Mcal/d for low (LE) and high energy (HE), respectively], combined with 2 levels of metabolizable protein [MP, 1,266 and 2,254 g/d of protein digestible in the intestine for low (LP) and high protein (HP), respectively] in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Four cows received 4 diets (LELP, HELP, LEHP, and HEHP) in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 2-wk experimental periods. Milk production and feed intake were measured on the last 5 d of each period, whereas MG net uptake of AA was determined on d 13. Efficiencies were estimated as the sum of measured milk true protein yield (MPY) and of estimations of metabolic fecal and scurf proteins multiplied by their respective AA profile and divided by the estimated AA supply minus the AA endogenous urinary loss. The increased MPY in the HE compared with the LE diets (higher by 123 g/d) was accompanied by increased mammary plasma flow and MG uptake of the nonessential AA (NEAA) and the essential AA (EAA), except for branched-chain AA. In contrast, the increase in MPY (higher by 104 g/d) observed in the HP compared with the LP diets was linked to increased MG uptake of EAA without a change in mammary plasma flow and a decreased NEAA uptake. Because MG uptake of total AA-N was almost equal to cows' milk output on a nitrogen basis, these different mechanisms involve a large MG flexibility, with variable synthesis of NEAA. In addition, MP efficiency did not increase only through increased MPY in the HE compared with the LE diets but also through metabolic fecal protein, estimated to increase (by 65 g/d) with dry matter intake. The MPY increased in the HP compared with the LP diets, but the increase was smaller than the calculated increase (greater by 993 g/d) in MP supply. The highest MG clearance rates of individual EAA could suggest that Met, His, and Lys were limiting in LP, and Met was the most limiting AA in HP. Interestingly, a similar hypothesis could be stated by analyzing estimated AA efficiencies. The highest efficiencies among EAA, observed for His in HELP and for Met with the other diets, could indicate that they were the most limiting AA in these respective diets, whereas other EAA (including Lys) efficiencies varied with MP efficiency. The MG metabolic flexibility with regard to individual AA utilization partially contributes to the anabolic fate of AA through MPY; however, other export proteins also contribute to variations in MP and AA efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Omphalius
- PEGASE, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, 35590 Saint Gilles, France; Adisseo France S.A.S., 92160 Antony, France
| | - H Lapierre
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | | | - P Lamberton
- PEGASE, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, 35590 Saint Gilles, France
| | - L Bahloul
- Adisseo France S.A.S., 92160 Antony, France
| | - S Lemosquet
- PEGASE, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, 35590 Saint Gilles, France.
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Martineau R, Ouellet DR, Lapierre H. Does blending canola meal with other protein sources improve production responses in lactating dairy cows? A multilevel mixed-effects meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5066-5078. [PMID: 30904303 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of blending canola meal (CM) with other protein sources on production responses in lactating dairy cows. To evaluate this effect, a data set was assembled containing 22 studies reporting at least 3 isonitrogenous dietary treatments (total of 74 treatment means). Each study needed to report 1 diet with CM <0.3 kg/d, 1 or more diets consisting of CM blended with another protein source, and 1 diet with CM as the main protein source in the protein supplement (>85%). The crude protein (CP) concentration of CM averaged 37.4 ± 3.09% (dry matter basis), and the predictor of interest was the intake of CP from CM, which averaged 0.46 ± 0.413 kg/d among studies. The maximal CP from CM ranged from 0.47 to 1.55 kg/d among studies. The quadratic relationship between CP from CM and responses in milk true protein concentration was significant, the maximum response (3.19%) being reached at 0.79 kg of CP from CM; the quadratic relationships were not significant for the other dependent variables. Responses in dry matter intake; yields of milk, energy-corrected milk, and milk true protein; and apparent N efficiency were related positively to CP from CM and negatively for responses in milk fat and milk urea N concentrations. Remembering that diets were isonitrogenous within studies, this indicates no nutritional benefit of blending CM with another protein source. Taken together, the results indicate that the whole-body N utilization efficiency by the dairy cow improved and that more dietary protein was used to synthesize milk protein when CM was used as the sole protein source in the protein supplement up to 1.55 kg/d.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Martineau
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6.
| | - D R Ouellet
- Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, J1M 0C8
| | - H Lapierre
- Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, J1M 0C8
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Martineau R, Ouellet D, Patton R, White R, Lapierre H. Plasma essential amino acid concentrations in response to casein infusion or ration change in dairy cows: A multilevel, mixed-effects meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:1312-1329. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Lapierre H, Binggeli S, Sok M, Pellerin D, Ouellet DR. Estimation of correction factors to determine the true amino acid concentration of protein after a 24-hour hydrolysis. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:1205-1212. [PMID: 30591335 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although it has been acknowledged for a long time that a single period of hydrolysis, normally 21 to 24 h, is not the optimal time for most of the AA, a single period is routinely used due to time and cost constraints. As models to balance dairy rations for proteins are evolving toward balancing for AA, it becomes critical to improve the predictions of AA supply from digested proteins. Our objective was to develop correction factors that could systematically be applied to AA concentrations obtained after a 24-h hydrolysis of proteins to account for incomplete recovery and therefore determine their true AA composition. Thirteen substrates were selected to represent different types of proteins commonly used to estimate the supply of AA in ration formulation models: feed ingredients (grass silage, corn silage, soybean meal, canola meal, high-protein corn dried distillers grains, and wheat dried distillers grains plus solubles), 16-h rumen residues (soybean meal and canola meal), digesta (duodenal digesta and feces), and rumen microorganisms (fluid-associated bacteria, particle-associated bacteria and protozoa). Each protein was hydrolyzed in 6 N HCl for multiple hydrolysis times: 13 (2, 4, 8, 12, 18, 21, 24, 30, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 168 h) for feed ingredients, rumen residues, and digesta, and 9 (2, 4, 8, 18, 24, 30, 48, 96, and 168 h) for rumen microorganisms; all analyses were conducted in triplicate. Using nonlinear regression, the AA composition in the protein before the hydrolysis (A0) was derived for each AA in each protein. Two ratios were calculated as potential correction factors: A0/24-h concentration (A0/24h) and the maximal concentration/24-h concentration (max/24h). Both ratios were tested to determine if the type of proteins was affecting them. The ratios A0/24h were not affected by the type of proteins, whereas the ratios max/24h were also not affected by the type of proteins except for 3 nonessential AA (Ala, Glu, and Gly). In an attempt to propose correction factors, our results were combined with results from the literature reporting ratios A0/24h, ratios max/24h, or the ratio of the AA composition calculated from gene structure/24 h. The correction factors proposed for individual AA varied from 1.02 (Asp) to 1.12 (Thr). For the essential AA, the highest ratios were obtained, as expected, for the branched-chain AA and Thr. Formulation programs balancing dairy rations for essential AA would need to acknowledge the incomplete recovery of AA when obtained from 24-h hydrolysis and include correction factors, specific for each AA, but the same across different types of proteins, to correctly estimate the true AA supply to dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lapierre
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8.
| | - S Binggeli
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8; Département de Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - M Sok
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8; Département de Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - D Pellerin
- Département de Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - D R Ouellet
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
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Estes K, White R, Yoder P, Pilonero T, Schramm H, Lapierre H, Hanigan M. An in vivo stable isotope–based approach for assessment of absorbed amino acids from individual feed ingredients within complete diets. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:7040-7060. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Moraes L, Kebreab E, Firkins J, White R, Martineau R, Lapierre H. Predicting milk protein responses and the requirement of metabolizable protein by lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:310-327. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Martineau R, Ouellet D, Kebreab E, White R, Lapierre H. Relationships between postruminal casein infusion and milk production, and concentrations of plasma amino acids and blood urea in dairy cows: A multilevel mixed-effects meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8053-8071. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Duplessis M, Lapierre H, Ouattara B, Bissonnette N, Pellerin D, Laforest JP, Girard C. Whole-body propionate and glucose metabolism of multiparous dairy cows receiving folic acid and vitamin B12 supplements. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8578-8589. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sok M, Ouellet D, Firkins J, Pellerin D, Lapierre H. Amino acid composition of rumen bacteria and protozoa in cattle. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:5241-5249. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Duplessis M, Lapierre H, Pellerin D, Laforest JP, Girard C. Effects of intramuscular injections of folic acid, vitamin B12, or both, on lactational performance and energy status of multiparous dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:4051-4064. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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de Veth M, Artegoitia V, Campagna S, Lapierre H, Harte F, Girard C. Choline absorption and evaluation of bioavailability markers when supplementing choline to lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:9732-9744. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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de Veth MJ, Artegoitia VM, Campagna SR, Lapierre H, Harte FM, Girard CL. 1354 Net choline absorption of abomasally infused choline and rumen-protected choline in the lactating dairy cow. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jam2016-1354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Rodriguez M, Lapierre H, Sohmer B, Glineur D, Ruel M. MINIMALLY INVASIVE CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFTING: THE MID-TERM OUTCOMES AND LEARNING CURVE EFFECT. Can J Cardiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2016.07.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Giallongo F, Harper M, Oh J, Lopes J, Lapierre H, Patton R, Parys C, Shinzato I, Hristov A. Effects of rumen-protected methionine, lysine, and histidine on lactation performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:4437-4452. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Martineau R, Ouellet D, Kebreab E, Lapierre H. Corrigendum to “Casein infusion rate influences feed intake differently depending on metabolizable protein balance in dairy cows: A multilevel meta-analysis” (J. Dairy Sci. 99:2748–2761). J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:4097. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-99-5-4097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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32
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Martineau R, Ouellet D, Kebreab E, Lapierre H. Casein infusion rate influences feed intake differently depending on metabolizable protein balance in dairy cows: A multilevel meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:2748-2761. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Doepel L, Hewage I, Lapierre H. Milk protein yield and mammary metabolism are affected by phenylalanine deficiency but not by threonine or tryptophan deficiency. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:3144-3156. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Larsen M, Galindo C, Ouellet D, Maxin G, Kristensen N, Lapierre H. Abomasal amino acid infusion in postpartum dairy cows: Effect on whole-body, splanchnic, and mammary amino acid metabolism. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:7944-61. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Galindo C, Larsen M, Ouellet DR, Maxin G, Pellerin D, Lapierre H. Abomasal amino acid infusion in postpartum dairy cows: Effect on whole-body, splanchnic, and mammary glucose metabolism. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:7962-74. [PMID: 26319765 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nine Holstein cows fitted with rumen cannulas and indwelling catheters in splanchnic blood vessels were used to study the effects of supplementing AA on milk lactose secretion, whole-body rate of appearance (WB-Ra) of glucose, and tissue metabolism of glucose, lactate, glycerol, and β-OH-butyrate (BHBA) in postpartum dairy cows according to a generalized randomized incomplete block design with repeated measures in time. At calving, cows were blocked according to parity (second and third or greater) and were allocated to 2 treatments: abomasal infusion of water (n=4) or abomasal infusion of free AA with casein profile (AA-CN; n=5) in addition to the same basal diet. The AA-CN infusion started with half the maximal dose at 1 d in milk (DIM) and then steadily decreased from 791 to 226 g/d from DIM 2 to 29 to cover the estimated essential AA deficit. On DIM 5, 15, and 29, D[6,6-(2)H2]-glucose (23.7 mmol/h) was infused into a jugular vein for 5h, and 6 blood samples were taken from arterial, portal, hepatic, and mammary sources at 45-min intervals, starting 1h after the initiation of the D[6,6-(2)H2]glucose infusion. Trans-organ fluxes were calculated as veno-arterial differences times plasma flow (splanchnic: downstream dilution of deacetylated para-aminohippurate; mammary: Fick principle using Phe+Tyr). Energy-corrected milk and lactose yields increased on average with AA-CN by 6.4 kg/d and 353 g/d, respectively, with no DIM × treatment interaction. Despite increased AA supply and increased demand for lactose secretion with AA-CN, net hepatic release of glucose remained unchanged, but WB-Ra of glucose tended to increase with AA-CN. Portal true flux of glucose increased with AA-CN and represented, on average, 17% of WB-Ra. Splanchnic true flux of glucose was unaltered by treatments and was numerically equivalent to WB-Ra, averaging 729 and 741 mmol/h, respectively. Mammary glucose utilization increased with AA-CN infusion, averaging 78% of WB-Ra, and increased gradually as lactation advanced. Net portal, hepatic, splanchnic, and mammary fluxes of lactate, glycerol, and BHBA were not affected by AA infusion. Increasing the supply of AA in postpartum dairy cows elevated the WB-Ra of glucose without affecting the true liver glucose release. The greater WB-Ra of glucose with abomasal AA infusion seemed to originate mainly from greater true portal-drained viscera release of glucose. Glucose utilization by the portal-drained viscera was unaffected by abomasal AA infusion, but the exact mechanism behind the greater true portal glucose release could not be assessed in the current study. The increased mammary glucose uptake was in line with the increased milk lactose yield. In early postpartum lactation, the demand for AA seems to be so high that even with increased AA supply, cows have metabolic priorities for AA other than hepatic gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Galindo
- Département de Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - M Larsen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - D R Ouellet
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - G Maxin
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - D Pellerin
- Département de Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - H Lapierre
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8.
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Patton R, Hristov A, Parys C, Lapierre H. Relationships between circulating plasma concentrations and duodenal flows of essential amino acids in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:4707-34. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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37
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Lee C, Giallongo F, Hristov A, Lapierre H, Cassidy T, Heyler K, Varga G, Parys C. Effect of dietary protein level and rumen-protected amino acid supplementation on amino acid utilization for milk protein in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:1885-902. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Giallongo F, Hristov AN, Oh J, Frederick T, Weeks H, Werner J, Lapierre H, Patton RA, Gehman A, Parys C. Effects of slow-release urea and rumen-protected methionine and histidine on performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:3292-308. [PMID: 25726096 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted with the objective to investigate the effects of slow-release urea and rumen-protected (RP) Met and His supplementation of a metabolizable protein (MP)-deficient diet (according to NRC, 2001) on lactation performance of dairy cows. Sixty lactating Holstein cows were used in a 10-wk randomized complete block-design trial. Cows were fed a covariate diet for 2 wk and then assigned to one of the following treatments for an 8-wk experimental period: (1) MP-adequate diet [AMP; 107% of MP requirements, based on the National Research Council (NRC, 2001)]; (2) MP-deficient diet (DMP; 95% of MP requirements); (3) DMP supplemented with slow-release urea (DMPU); (4) DMPU supplemented with RPMet (DMPUM); and (5) DMPUM supplemented with RPHis (DMPUMH). Total-tract apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, and crude protein, and urinary N and urea-N excretions were decreased by DMP, compared with AMP. Addition of slow-release urea to the DMP diet increased urinary urea-N excretion. Dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield (on average 44.0±0.9kg/d) were not affected by treatments, except DMPUMH increased DMI and numerically increased milk yield, compared with DMPUM. Milk true protein concentration and yield were increased and milk fat concentration tended to be decreased by DMPUMH, compared with DMPUM. Cows gained less body weight on the DMP diet, compared with AMP. Plasma concentrations of His and Lys were not affected by treatments, whereas supplementation of RPMet increased plasma Met concentration. Plasma concentration of 3-methylhistidine was or tended to be higher for DMP compared with AMP and DMPU, respectively. Addition of RPHis to the DMPUM diet tended to increase plasma glucose and creatinine. In conclusion, feeding a 5% MP-deficient diet (according to NRC, 2001) did not decrease DMI and yields of milk and milk components, despite a reduction in nutrient digestibility. Supplementation of RPHis increased DMI and milk protein concentration and yield. These results are in line with our previous data and suggest that His may have a positive effect on voluntary feed intake and milk production and composition in high-yielding dairy cows fed MP-deficient diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Giallongo
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
| | - J Oh
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - T Frederick
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - H Weeks
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - J Werner
- Animal Resource Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - H Lapierre
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - R A Patton
- Nittany Dairy Nutrition Inc., Mifflinburg, PA 17844
| | - A Gehman
- Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY, 40356
| | - C Parys
- Evonik Industries AG, 63457 Hanau, Germany
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Larsen M, Lapierre H, Kristensen N. Abomasal protein infusion in postpartum transition dairy cows: Effect on performance and mammary metabolism. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:5608-22. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Martineau R, Côrtes C, Ortigues-Marty I, Ouellet DR, Lapierre H. Evaluation of equations predicting the net portal appearance of amino acid nitrogen in ruminants. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:1670-81. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Martineau
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - C Côrtes
- Département de Productions Animales, Unité de Recherche Systèmes d'Élevage, École Supérieure d'Agriculture d'Angers, Angers, 49007, France
| | - I Ortigues-Marty
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1213 Herbivores, Theix, 63122 St Genès Champanelle, France
| | - D R Ouellet
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - H Lapierre
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1M 0C8, Canada.
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Martineau R, Ouellet D, Lapierre H. The effect of feeding canola meal on concentrations of plasma amino acids. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:1603-10. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Maxin G, Ouellet DR, Lapierre H. Effect of substitution of soybean meal by canola meal or distillers grains in dairy rations on amino acid and glucose availability. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:7806-17. [PMID: 24140327 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Canola meal (CM) or by-products of ethanol production (dried distillers grain, DDG) may offer an economical alternative to soybean meal (SBM) in North American dairy rations. These protein supplements can effectively replace SBM and, in 2 recent meta-analyses, CM had a positive effect on milk and milk protein yields compared with SBM. The objective of this study was to determine if the positive responses observed with inclusion of CM in dairy rations could be explained by an increased availability of His, Lys, Met, or glucose. Eight Holstein dairy cows were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square with 14-d periods. Cows were fed isonitrogenous (17.2% crude protein) and isoenergetic (1.56 Mcal/kg of net energy of lactation) diets formulated to slightly exceed nutrient requirements. Diets contained 38% grass hay and 62% corn-based concentrate including SBM, CM, corn high-protein DDG (HPDDG), or wheat DDG plus solubles (WDDGS) as the single protein supplement. The effect of protein supplements on availability of His, Lys, Met, and glucose was estimated using variations in the whole-body (WB) flux of these nutrients, determined by isotopic dilution. As planned, dry matter intake and milk and milk protein yields were not affected by treatments and averaged 23.7, 31.4, and 1.14 kg/d, respectively. Lactose yield did not differ among diets although milk lactose content tended to be lower with CM and WDDGS diets than with SBM and HPDDG diets. Lysine availability was affected by treatments: the highest WB irreversible loss rate (ILR) was observed for the CM diet (371 g/d) and the lowest for HPDDG diet (290 g/d); values for SBM and WDDGS were intermediate (330 and 316 g/d, respectively). Availability of His and Met did not vary among diets and WB ILR averaged, respectively, 129 and 124 g/d; the CM diet, however, had numerically the highest His and Met ILR. Plasma concentrations of most of the essential AA were higher with the CM diet and lower with the HPDDG diet, the exception being Leu for which the concentration was highest for the HPDDG diet. Glucose WB rate of appearance was altered by diet, with the highest mean observed for SBM (3,036 g/d) and the lowest for CM (2,795 g/d); the 2 diets with the lowest WB glucose rate of appearance (CM and WDDGS) also had the lowest dietary starch concentration. Overall, this study suggested that positive responses in milk and milk protein yields observed with inclusion of CM in dairy rations could be linked to a greater supply of metabolizable protein, including some essential AA, especially His, Lys, and Met, as glucose availability was certainly not increased in cows fed the CM diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Maxin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1M 0C8.
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Maxin G, Ouellet DR, Lapierre H. Ruminal degradability of dry matter, crude protein, and amino acids in soybean meal, canola meal, corn, and wheat dried distillers grains. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:5151-60. [PMID: 23769369 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Different protein sources, such as canola meal (CM) or dried distillers grains (DDG), are currently used in dairy rations to replace soybean meal (SBM). However, little data exists comparing their rumen degradation in a single study. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the ruminal degradation of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and AA of SBM, CM, high-protein corn DDG (HPDDG), and wheat DDG plus solubles (WDDGS). In situ studies were conducted with 4 rumen-fistulated lactating Holstein cows fed a diet containing 38% grass hay and 62% corn-based concentrate. Each protein source was incubated in the rumen of each cow in nylon bags for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h to determine DM and CP rumen degradation kinetics, whereas additional bags were also incubated for 16 h to evaluate AA ruminal disappearance. Rumen DM and CP degradability was calculated from rumen-undegraded residues corrected or not for small particle loss. Data were fitted to an exponential model to estimate degradation parameters and effective degradability (ED) was calculated with a passage rate of 0.074 h(-1). The WDDGS and SBM had higher uncorrected ED (DM=75.0 and 72.6%; CP=84.8 and 66.0%, respectively) than CM and HPDDG (DM=57.2 and 55.5%; CP=59.3 and 48.2%, respectively), due to higher soluble fraction in WDDGS and a combination of higher potentially degradable fraction and rate of degradation in SBM. Correction for small particle loss from bags, higher for WDDGS than for the other protein sources, decreased estimated ED but did not alter feed ranking. The ruminal disappearance of AA after 16 h of incubation reflected the overall pattern of CP degradation between protein supplements, but the ruminal disappearance of individual AA differed between protein supplements. Overall, these results indicate that, in the current study, (1) SBM and WDDGS were more degradable in the rumen than CM and HPDDG, and (2) that small particle loss correction is relevant but does not alter this ranking.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Maxin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.
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Martineau R, Ouellet D, Lapierre H. Feeding canola meal to dairy cows: A meta-analysis on lactational responses. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:1701-14. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Columbus D, Lapierre H, Fuller MF, Htoo JK, de Lange CFM. The impact of lower gut nitrogen supply on nitrogen balance and urea kinetics in growing pigs fed a valine-limiting diet1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90 Suppl 4:62-4. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.51843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. Columbus
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - H. Lapierre
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - M. F. Fuller
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - J. K. Htoo
- Evonik Industries AG, Hanau 63457, Germany
| | - C. F. M. de Lange
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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Lee C, Hristov A, Cassidy T, Heyler K, Lapierre H, Varga G, de Veth M, Patton R, Parys C. Rumen-protected lysine, methionine, and histidine increase milk protein yield in dairy cows fed a metabolizable protein-deficient diet. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:6042-56. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lee C, Hristov A, Heyler K, Cassidy T, Lapierre H, Varga G, Parys C. Effects of metabolizable protein supply and amino acid supplementation on nitrogen utilization, milk production, and ammonia emissions from manure in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:5253-5268. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ruel M, Shariff M, Lapierre H, Sohmer B, McGinn J. 254 Mid-Term Results of 800 Minimally Invasive Coronary Bypass Operations. Can J Cardiol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2012.07.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Pacheco D, Patton RA, Parys C, Lapierre H. Ability of commercially available dairy ration programs to predict duodenal flows of protein and essential amino acids in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:937-63. [PMID: 22281359 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this analysis was to compare the rumen submodel predictions of 4 commonly used dairy ration programs to observed values of duodenal flows of crude protein (CP), protein fractions, and essential AA (EAA). The literature was searched and 40 studies, including 154 diets, were used to compare observed values with those predicted by AminoCow (AC), Agricultural Modeling and Training Systems (AMTS), Cornell-Penn-Miner (CPM), and National Research Council 2001 (NRC) models. The models were evaluated based on their ability to predict the mean, their root mean square prediction error (RMSPE), error bias, and adequacy of regression equations for each protein fraction. The models predicted the mean duodenal CP flow within 5%, with more than 90% of the variation due to random disturbance. The models also predicted within 5% the mean microbial CP flow except CPM, which overestimated it by 27%. Only NRC, however, predicted mean rumen-undegraded protein (RUP) flows within 5%, whereas AC and AMTS underpredicted it by 8 to 9% and CPM by 24%. Regarding duodenal flows of individual AA, across all diets, CPM predicted substantially greater (>10%) mean flows of Arg, His, Ile, Met, and Lys; AMTS predicted greater flow for Arg and Met, whereas AC and NRC estimations were, on average, within 10% of observed values. Overpredictions by the CPM model were mainly related to mean bias, whereas the NRC model had the highest proportion of bias in random disturbance for flows of EAA. Models tended to predict mean flows of EAA more accurately on corn silage and alfalfa diets than on grass-based diets, more accurately on corn grain-based diets than on non-corn-based diets, and finally more accurately in the mid range of diet types. The 4 models were accurate at predicting mean dry matter intake. The AC, AMTS, and NRC models were all sufficiently accurate to be used for balancing EAA in dairy rations under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pacheco
- AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Lapierre H, Lobley GE, Doepel L, Raggio G, Rulquin H, Lemosquet S. TRIENNIAL LACTATION SYMPOSIUM: Mammary metabolism of amino acids in dairy cows1,2. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:1708-21. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H. Lapierre
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1M 0C8 Canada
| | - G. E. Lobley
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB, United Kingdom
| | - L. Doepel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, T6G 2P5 Canada
| | - G. Raggio
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1M 0C8 Canada
| | - H. Rulquin
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, 1080 Dairy Production, INRA, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France
| | - S. Lemosquet
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, 1080 Dairy Production, INRA, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France
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