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Harahap MA, Widodo S, Handayani UF, Altandjung RI, Wulandari, Sakti AA, Atmoko BA, Negara W, Dewi YL, Julendra H, Sofyan A, Wahyono T, Ujilestari T, Ahmed B, Qomariyah N, Sholikin MM, Baihaqi ZA. Examining performance, milk, and meat in ruminants fed with macroalgae and microalgae: A meta-analysis perspective. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:243. [PMID: 39172278 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-04080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
This meta-analysis consolidates various related studies to identify patterns in the impact of feeding algae on performance aspects, including milk fat, milk protein, and carcass yield in several ruminant species, such as cattle, sheep, and goats. The data were collected from 67 articles that examined factors such as the type of algae (macro- and microalgae), algal species, and animal breed. Barki sheep, Moghani sheep, and Zaraibi goats demonstrated an increased average daily gain (P < 0.05) when fed with both macro- and microalgae. Conversely, sheep such as Canadian Arcott and Ile-de-France showed adverse effects on the feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P < 0.05). Elevated FCR values were observed across castrated and young animals (P < 0.05). Algae extract notably increased the hot carcass weight (P < 0.001), particularly among Moghani sheep (P < 0.001). Raw algae significantly reduced the milk fat content (P < 0.001), particularly in cattle and sheep (P < 0.001). A decrease in milk fat was particularly noticeable in lactating females of Assaf sheep, Damascus goats, and Holstein cows (P < 0.001). Overall, algae inclusion tended to decrease the milk protein content (P < 0.05), leading to reduced milk production (P < 0.001) with cumulative algae feeding in Assaf sheep. However, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA; C18:2 c9,t11-CLA and C18:2 c12,t10-CLA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6n-3) mostly increased in meat and milk from Holstein cow, Assaf sheep, Dorset sheep, and Ile-de-France sheep (P < 0.01). This meta-analysis highlights the necessity for additional research aimed at optimizing the sustainable use of algae in feed for ruminants, despite the demonstrated improvements in performance and the levels of CLA and DHA found in meat and milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ainsyar Harahap
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, 16915, Indonesia
| | - Slamet Widodo
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, 16915, Indonesia
| | - Ulvi Fitri Handayani
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, 16915, Indonesia
| | | | - Wulandari
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, 16915, Indonesia
| | - Awistaros Angger Sakti
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, 16915, Indonesia
| | - Bayu Andri Atmoko
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, 16915, Indonesia
| | - Windu Negara
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, 16915, Indonesia
| | - Yelsi Listiana Dewi
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, 16915, Indonesia
| | - Hardi Julendra
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, 16915, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Sofyan
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, 16915, Indonesia
| | - Tegoh Wahyono
- Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Gunungkidul, 55861, Indonesia
| | - Tri Ujilestari
- Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Gunungkidul, 55861, Indonesia
| | - Bilal Ahmed
- Undergraduate Student from Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia
| | - Novia Qomariyah
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, 16915, Indonesia
| | - Mohammad Miftakhus Sholikin
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, 16915, Indonesia
| | - Zein Ahmad Baihaqi
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, 16915, Indonesia.
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Zhu M, Singer SD, Guan LL, Chen G. Emerging microalgal feed additives for ruminant production and sustainability. ADVANCED BIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 2:17. [PMID: 38756984 PMCID: PMC11097968 DOI: 10.1007/s44307-024-00024-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The global demand for animal-derived foods has led to a substantial expansion in ruminant production, which has raised concerns regarding methane emissions. To address these challenges, microalgal species that are nutritionally-rich and contain bioactive compounds in their biomass have been explored as attractive feed additives for ruminant livestock production. In this review, we discuss the different microalgal species used for this purpose in recent studies, and review the effects of microalgal feed supplements on ruminant growth, performance, health, and product quality, as well as their potential contributions in reducing methane emissions. We also examine the potential complexities of adopting microalgae as feed additives in the ruminant industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mianmian Zhu
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, EdmontonAlberta, T6G 2P5 Canada
| | - Stacy D. Singer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, LethbridgeAlberta, T1J 4B1 Canada
| | - Le Luo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, EdmontonAlberta, T6G 2P5 Canada
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, VancouverBritish Columbia, V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Guanqun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, EdmontonAlberta, T6G 2P5 Canada
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Micro- and Macro-Algae Combination as a Novel Alternative Ruminant Feed with Methane-Mitigation Potential. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050796. [PMID: 36899652 PMCID: PMC10000192 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to provide alternative high-quality feed and to reduce methane production using a mixture of the minimum effective levels of Euglena gracilis, EG, and Asparagopsis taxiformis, AT. This study was performed as a 24 h in vitro batch culture. Chemical analysis demonstrated that EG is a highly nutritive material with 26.1% protein and 17.7% fat. The results showed that the supplementation of AT as a feed additive at 1 and 2.5% of the diet reduced methane production by 21 and 80%, respectively, while the inclusion of EG in the diet at 10 and 25% through partially replacing the concentrate mixture reduced methane production by 4 and 11%, respectively, with no adverse effects on fermentation parameters. The mixtures of AT 1% with both EG 10% and EG 25% had a greater reductive potential than the individual supplementation of these algae in decreasing methane yield by 29.9% and 40.0%, respectively, without adverse impacts on ruminal fermentation characteristics. These results revealed that the new feed formulation had a synergistic effect in reducing methane emissions. Thus, this approach could provide a new strategy for a sustainable animal production industry.
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Yang H, Choi K, Kim KJ, Park SY, Jeon JY, Kim BG, Kim JY. Immunoenhancing Effects of Euglena gracilis on a Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressive Mouse Model. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:228-237. [PMID: 35001010 PMCID: PMC9628845 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2112.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of the immune stimulator Euglena gracilis (Euglena) in cyclophosphamide (CCP)-induced immunocompromised mice were assessed. The key component β-1,3-glucan (paramylon) constitutes 50% of E. gracilis. Mice were orally administered Euglena powder (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight (B.W.)) or β-glucan powder (250 mg/kg B.W.) for 19 days. In a preliminary immunology experiment, ICR mice were intraperitoneally injected with 80 mg of CCP/kg B.W. during the final 3 consecutive days. In the main experiment, BALB/c mice were treated with CCP for the final 5 days. To evaluate the enhancing effects of Euglena on the immune system, mouse B.W., the spleen index, natural killer (NK) cell activity and mRNA expression in splenocytes lungs and livers were determined. To detect cytokine and receptor expression, splenocytes were treated with 5 μg/ml concanavalin A or 1 μg/ml lipopolysaccharide. The B.W. and spleen index were significantly increased and NK cell activity was slightly enhanced in all the experimental groups compared to the CCP group. In splenocytes, the gene expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-6, and IL-12 receptor were increased in the E. gracilis and β-glucan groups compared to the CCP group, but there was no significant difference. Treatment with 500mg of Euglena/kg B.W. significantly upregulated dectin-1 mRNA expression in the lung and liver compared to the CCP group. These results suggest that Euglena may enhance the immune system by strengthening innate immunity through immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonji Yang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanyong Choi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Jin Kim
- Department of Nano Bio Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-yeon Park
- Lab of Nanobio, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Jeon
- BIO R&D center, Daesang Corp., Icheon 17384, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Gon Kim
- BIO R&D center, Daesang Corp., Icheon 17384, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea,Department of Nano Bio Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-2-970-6740 E-mail:
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Kottuparambil S, Thankamony RL, Agusti S. Euglena as a potential natural source of value-added metabolites. A review. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Nakashima A, Sugimoto R, Suzuki K, Shirakata Y, Hashiguchi T, Yoshida C, Nakano Y. Anti-fibrotic activity of Euglena gracilis and paramylon in a mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:139-147. [PMID: 30680167 PMCID: PMC6341149 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) manifests as hepatitis, fibrosis, and sometimes carcinoma, resulting in liver failure. Various clinical trials have indicated that several pharmacological agents, including angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) or farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists, are effective in NASH treatment. In addition, functional foods are expected to be important alternatives for treating or preventing NASH. Recently, focus has been directed toward microalgae as dietary supplements, mainly for lifestyle-related diseases, because they contain various nutrients and functional ingredients. Specifically, a unicellular microalga Euglena gracilis stores a unique β-1,3-glucan particle called paramylon that stimulates the immune system. In this study, we evaluated the effects of Euglena and paramylon on NASH in Stelic Animal Model (STAM) mice using Sirius red staining and confirmed that oral administration of Euglena or paramylon inhibits the process of liver fibrosis. Moreover, compared with controls, paramylon decreased non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) activity scores related to inflammation. These results indicate that the oral administration of Euglena and paramylon inhibits fibrosis and ameliorates NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yoshihisa Nakano
- Center for Research and Development of BioresourcesOsaka Prefecture UniversityOsakaJapan
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Aemiro A, Watanabe S, Suzuki K, Hanada M, Umetsu K, Nishida T. Effect of substituting soybean meal with euglena (Euglena gracilis) on methane emission and nitrogen efficiency in sheep. Anim Sci J 2019; 90:71-80. [PMID: 30362202 PMCID: PMC6587532 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated methane (CH4 ) emission, intake, digestibility, and nitrogen efficiency in sheep fed diets containing replacement levels (0%, 33%, 50%, and 67% of soybean meal with euglena). In this experiment, four Corriedale wether sheep with an initial body weight of 53.8 ± 4.6 were arranged in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. This experiment lasted 84 days, divided into four experimental periods. Each period lasted 21 days, which consists of 14 days of adaptation to the diets, 5 days to collect samples, and 2 days to collect gas emission from sheep. Methane emission expressed as L/kg DM intake or g/kg DM intake reduced by up to 37% and the energy loss via CH4 (% of GE intake) reduced by up to 34%. No differences (p > 0.05) were observed in DM and OM intake and whole tract apparent DM digestibility due to substitution of soybean meal with euglena. The total CP loss reduced significantly (linear, p < 0.001) and CP efficiency increased linearly (p = 0.03) with increasing concentration of euglena. As a result, nitrogen balance and average daily weight gain remained unchanged despite higher nitrogen concentration in soybean supplemented group. In conclusion, substitution of soybean meal with euglena reduced methane emission without affecting the performance of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashagrie Aemiro
- Department of Life and Food SciencesObihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary MedicineObihiroJapan
| | | | | | - Masaaki Hanada
- Department of Life and Food SciencesObihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary MedicineObihiroJapan
| | - Kazutaka Umetsu
- Department of Agro‐environmental ScienceObihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary MedicineObihiroJapan
| | - Takehiro Nishida
- Department of Life and Food SciencesObihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary MedicineObihiroJapan
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Muñoz HE, Li M, Riche CT, Nitta N, Diebold E, Lin J, Owsley K, Bahr M, Goda K, Di Carlo D. Single-Cell Analysis of Morphological and Metabolic Heterogeneity in Euglena gracilis by Fluorescence-Imaging Flow Cytometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:11280-11289. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hector E. Muñoz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia
| | - Carson T. Riche
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Nao Nitta
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Eric Diebold
- Omega Biosystems Incorporated, San Jose, California 95131, United States
| | - Jonathan Lin
- Omega Biosystems Incorporated, San Jose, California 95131, United States
| | - Keegan Owsley
- Omega Biosystems Incorporated, San Jose, California 95131, United States
| | - Matthew Bahr
- Omega Biosystems Incorporated, San Jose, California 95131, United States
| | - Keisuke Goda
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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Symonds JM, Beauchamp N, Takeuchi T, Yamada K, Atsuji K, Asayama Y, Suzuki K, Kruger CL. Toxicological assessment of Euglena gracilis strain Eu029 shows no adverse effects in vivo and in vitro. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847318761672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Euglena gracilis is a single-celled organism capable of photosynthesis and heterotrophy. Euglena sp. have long been studied in the laboratory for its metabolic pathways, cell motility, and ease of culture. The safety of E. gracilis strain eu029 (EG029) for use as a food ingredient was assessed in a bacterial reverse mutagenesis assay (Ames), rec assay, in vivo micronucleus assay, acute toxicity study in mice, 13-week toxicology in rats, and a teratology study in mice and rats. EG029 was not genotoxic. The No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) in the 13-week study was greater than 1000 mg/kg/day, the highest dose tested. Teratogenicity studies did not find any defects in fetal development or effects to maternal health in rats at 1000 mg/kg/day, the highest dose tested.
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Aemiro A, Kiiru P, Watanabe S, Suzuki K, Hanada M, Umetsu K, Nishida T. The effect of euglena ( Euglena gracilis ) supplementation on nutrient intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and rumen fermentation in sheep. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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