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Choi H, Kim SW. Characterization of β-Glucans from Cereal and Microbial Sources and Their Roles in Feeds for Intestinal Health and Growth of Nursery Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2236. [PMID: 37444033 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this review are to investigate the quantitative, compositional, and structural differences of β-glucans and the functional effects of β-glucans on the intestinal health and growth of nursery pigs. Banning antibiotic feed supplementation increased the research demand for antibiotic alternatives to maintain the intestinal health and growth of nursery pigs. It has been proposed that β-glucans improve the growth efficiency of nursery pigs through positive impacts on their intestinal health. However, based on their structure and source, their impacts can be extensively different. β-glucans are non-starch polysaccharides found in the cell walls of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), bacteria, fungi (Basidiomycota), and cereal grains (mainly barley and oats). The total β-glucan content from cereal grains is much greater than that of microbial β-glucans. Cereal β-glucans may interfere with the positive effects of microbial β-glucans on the intestinal health of nursery pigs. Due to their structural differences, cereal β-glucans also cause digesta viscosity, decreasing feed digestion, and decreasing nutrient absorption in the GIT of nursery pigs. Specifically, cereal β-glucans are based on linear glucose molecules linked by β-(1,3)- and β-(1,4)-glycosidic bonds with relatively high water-soluble properties, whereas microbial β-glucans are largely linked with β-(1,3)- and β-(1,6)-glycosidic bonds possessing insoluble properties. From the meta-analysis, the weight gain and feed intake of nursery pigs increased by 7.6% and 5.3%, respectively, through the use of yeast β-glucans (from Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and increased by 11.6% and 6.9%, respectively, through the use of bacterial β-glucans (from Agrobacterium sp.), whereas the use of cereal β-glucans did not show consistent responses. The optimal use of yeast β-glucans (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was 50 mg/kg in nursery pig diets based on a meta-analysis. Collectively, use of microbial β-glucans can improve the intestinal health of nursery pigs, enhancing immune conditions, whereas the benefits of cereal β-glucans on intestinal health were not consistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjun Choi
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Lee GI, Bach Knudsen KE, Hedemann MS. Effect of Particle Size of Wheat and Barley Grain on the Digestibility and Fermentation of Carbohydrates in the Small and Large Intestines of Growing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1986. [PMID: 37370496 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this investigation was to study the effects of different cereal types, barley and wheat, with different particle sizes (PS) on the recovery of ileal digesta and fecal excretion, digestion of nutrients and fiber components, mean transit time (MTT), and short-chain fatty acid content and composition in growing pigs studied in two experiments. Five barrows with ileal cannulas (initial BW 35.9 ± 1.5 kg) in Experiment 1 and thirty-two castrated pigs (30.8 ± 1.3 kg) in Experiment 2 were fed four different diets: barley fine, barley coarse, wheat fine and wheat coarse diets. The cereal type and PS did not influence the relative weight of the small and large intestines and pH of digesta, whereas MTT in the large intestine of pigs fed the coarse barley diet was lower compared to pigs fed other diets (p < 0.05). Pigs fed the coarse barley diet had lower apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and fiber (p < 0.05), whereas pigs fed the fine barley diet had similar AID and ATTD to pigs fed wheat fine and coarse diets (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the barley diet was more influenced by PS in comparison to wheat, thereby inducing lower AID and ATTD of nutrient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geon-Il Lee
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Knud Erik Bach Knudsen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Mette Skou Hedemann
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Tian X, Li D, Zhao X, Xiao Z, Sun J, Yuan T, Wang Y, Zuo X, Yang G, Yu T. Dietary grape pomace extract supplementation improved meat quality, antioxidant capacity, and immune performance in finishing pigs. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1116022. [PMID: 36937296 PMCID: PMC10017996 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1116022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In pig production, reducing production costs and improving immunity are important. Grape pomace, a good agricultural by-product, has been thrown away as food waste for a long time. Recently, we found that it could be used as a new source of pig feed. We investigated the effect of grape pomace on inflammation, gut barrier function, meat quality, and growth performance in finishing pigs. Our results indicated that treatment samples showed a significant decrease in water loss, IL-1β, DAO, ROS, and MDA content (p < 0.05). IgA, IgG, IgM, CAT, T-AOC, SOD, and IFN-γ significantly increased compared with those in control samples (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the relative mRNA expression of the tight junction protein occludin showed a significant difference (p < 0.05). Analysis of metagenomic sequencing indicated that grape pomace significantly decreased the relative abundance of Treponema and Streptococcus (p < 0.05). In summary, our results demonstrated that grape pomace could improve meat quality, alleviate inflammation, and decrease oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuekai Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dong Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zitong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingchun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tiantian Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongcheng Wang
- Qinghai Yufu Animal Husbandry Development Co., Ltd, Qinghai, China
| | - Xinhui Zuo
- Ningxia Lilan Winery Co., Ltd, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Gongshe Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Taiyong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- *Correspondence: Taiyong Yu,
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Diet nutrient digestibility and growth performance in weaned pigs fed barley differing in fermentable starch and fibre profile. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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VanderZaag AC, Glenn A, Balde H. Manure methane emissions over three years at a swine farm in western Canada. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2022; 51:301-311. [PMID: 35146759 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Swine manure is kept in outdoor storage facilities until it is applied to cropland. Anaerobic conditions facilitate microbial methane (CH4 ) production at a rate that depends on temperature. Manure CH4 emissions can be the largest contributor to the carbon footprint of pork production. Despite the importance of CH4 , its actual emissions in cold temperate climates are highly uncertain. This study measured emissions from a single-cell earthen manure storage facility at a commercial swine farm near Brandon, Manitoba, Canada, for 3 yr. Complimentary laboratory measurements were done to assess CH4 potential (B0 ). The manure storage regularly received manure from the barn and was only emptied in October. In the summer, manure temperature was usually lower than the air temperature, with the manure temperature (averaged across depths) warming to between 15 and 18.5 °C for only 9 wk. Emissions of CH4 were low, with the CH4 conversion factor being between 3.0 and 11.0%, depending on the year (using the IPCC 2019 default B0 ). Scaled by the number of swine reaching market weight (125 kg) each year, CH4 emissions were between 250 and 902 g CH4 animal-1 . Laboratory measurements of CH4 production potential scaled by VS were 335 ml CH4 g-1 VS at 37 °C, perhaps lower than the IPCC 2019 default value due to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in the ration and degradation in the under-barn pit prior to transfer outdoors. Taken together, the low manure temperatures, short warm season, and barley in the ration suggest that emissions from swine manure in cold climates like western Canada are considerably lower than previously estimated based on default factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C VanderZaag
- Science and Technology Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Glenn
- Science and Technology Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada
| | - H Balde
- Science and Technology Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Szuba-Trznadel A, Korzeniowska M, Hikawczuk T, Fuchs B. The Effect of Hybrid Barley in the Diets of Fattening Pigs on Pork Oxidative Stability Related to the Fatty Acid Profile. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072134. [PMID: 34359265 PMCID: PMC8300252 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Feed determines the quality of pork meat, in which the composition of the fatty acid (FA) profile is one of the easiest to modify by the application of selected feed components. Barley grains are considered to have an impact on meat quality, including pork; however, there are still limited data on the use of hybrid barley in fattening pigs' nutrition in relation to meat quality. The aim of this study was to determine the relation between meat quality, i.e., its oxidative stability, especially the FA profile, and fattening pigs' diets with hybrid barley and/or wheat. In group I, hybrid barley (HB) composed 80% of the feed; in group II, a mixture of (40% each) wheat and barley was used; and in group III, wheat (W) composed 80% of the feed. Meat samples were taken from twelve randomly selected carcasses chosen from each group. The meat analyses covered the physicochemical and sensory traits. The results showed that the pork meat of fattening pigs fed fodder with 80% HB had decreased palmitic acid concentrations and increased oleic acid concentrations. The meat of these pigs was characterised by the best marbling, which was closely related to its juiciness after thermal processing and determined its final culinary quality. Moreover, the meat from these pigs exhibited a reddish colour, before and after thermal processing. In summary, the application of hybrid barley into pig nutrition improved the quality of the culinary meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Szuba-Trznadel
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 38 C, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (T.H.); (B.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-320-5836
| | - Małgorzata Korzeniowska
- Department of Functional Food Products Development, The Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Hikawczuk
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 38 C, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (T.H.); (B.F.)
| | - Bogusław Fuchs
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 38 C, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (T.H.); (B.F.)
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Tripura S, K S, K A, K S A, A P U, Tarang M, Raghavendran SV, Av SM, Lokhande S, K K S. Incorporation of cooked barley residue and spent grapes in the ration of pregnant Large White Yorkshire sows and their piglets. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:77. [PMID: 33404863 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In Kerala and other South Indian States, the ayurvedic by-products are widely available which can adequately be incorporated into pig diets. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary incorporation of cooked barley residue and spent grapes on feed intake, growth performance, and nutrient utilization in sows and their piglets. Using completely randomized design (CRD), fifteen (15) Large White Yorkshire (LWY) pregnant sows with an average body weight of 180.53 kg, 3 weeks before the estimated date of farrowing, were randomly allotted to one of three treatment groups. The dietary treatment groups consisted of T1 (control), fed with a ration containing maize and soya bean meal of 18% CP and 3265 kcal/kg ME, T2 with a ration containing cooked barley residue replacing 25% maize in control, and T3 with a ration containing spent grapes replacing 25% maize in control ration. Data on average daily feed intake (ADFI), fortnightly bodyweight of sows and their piglets were recorded for 63 days. Also, the average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and cost of feed per kg of weight gain of the piglets were calculated. The result showed no significant (P > 0.05) dietary treatment effects on average weekly dry matter intake and fortnightly average body weight gain among the sows in all the three groups. Piglets showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) in total dry matter intake (DMI), total body weight gain, ADG, and FCR among the three groups during the entire study period. No variations were observed for the apparent digestibility of nitrogen-free extract and the availability of magnesium in the three rations. The cost of feed per kg weight gain was lower in piglets belonging to T2 and T3 than the control (T1), though not significant statistically (P > 0.05). It is, therefore, concluded that cooked barley residue and spent grapes could be included up to 25% in the ration of sow and their piglets by partially replacing maize without affecting their overall performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Tripura
- Animal Nutrition Section, Eastern Regional Station (ERS), ICAR- National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Kalyani, West Bengal, 741235, India.
| | - Shyama K
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, 680651, India
| | - Ally K
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, 680651, India
| | - Ajith K S
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, 680651, India
| | - Usha A P
- Centre for Pig Production and Research, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, 680651, India
| | - Mitek Tarang
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareily, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - S Vijaya Raghavendran
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, 680651, India
| | - Sanoodh Mohammed Av
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, 680651, India
| | - Snehal Lokhande
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, 680651, India
| | - Sumayya K K
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, 680651, India
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Szuba-Trznadel A, Hikawczuk T, Korzeniowska M, Fuchs B. Effect of Different Amounts of Hybrid Barley in Diets on the Growth Performance and Selected Biochemical Parameters of Blood Serum Characterizing Health Status in Fattening Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10111987. [PMID: 33137945 PMCID: PMC7692960 DOI: 10.3390/ani10111987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of dietary hybrid barley and/or wheat on production parameters, selected biochemical parameters of blood serum characterizing health status in fattening pigs. The use of hybrid barley as the basic ingredient of diets for fattening pigs provided similar production parameters as those obtained with wheat. No significant differences were noted in case of performance results and meatiness of fatteners. However, usage of hybrid barley with high level in diet decreased level of total cholesterol and LDL (low-density lipoprotein fraction) fraction in blood. It means that barley had a beneficial effect on blood lipid indices. Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the effect of dietary hybrid barley and/or wheat on production parameters, selected biochemical parameters of blood serum characterizing health status in fattening pigs. In group I, hybrid barley constituted 80% of feed; in II—wheat and hybrid barley were used, each in amount of 40% feed; in III—contained 80% of wheat. No significant differences were noted in case of performance results (body weight gains, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio) and meatiness of fatteners. All estimated biochemical indices determined in serum were within normal range. Usage of 80% hybrid barley decreased concentration of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein fraction (LDL), and triglycerides in blood (p < 0.05). However, high-density lipoprotein fraction (HDL) content increased (p < 0.01) up to 1.04 mmol·dm−3, comparing to the group with 80% of wheat (0.84 mmol·dm−3). Summarized, the diet with high level of barley had a beneficial effect on blood lipid indices, what indicate a good health status of all animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Szuba-Trznadel
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, J. Chełmońskiego 38 C, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (T.H.); (B.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tomasz Hikawczuk
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, J. Chełmońskiego 38 C, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (T.H.); (B.F.)
| | - Małgorzata Korzeniowska
- Department of Functional Food Products Development, The Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Bogusław Fuchs
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, J. Chełmońskiego 38 C, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (T.H.); (B.F.)
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The effect of Piétrain sire on the performance of the progeny of two commercial dam breeds: a pig intervention study. Animal 2019; 13:2125-2132. [PMID: 30846009 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119000429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic evaluation of Piétrain sires in Flanders occurs under standardized conditions, on test stations with fixed dam breeds, standardized diets and uniform management practices. As environmental conditions vary on commercial farms and differ from the test stations, this study aimed at understanding to what extent the sire, the dam breed and the interaction between both affects the translation of breeding values to practice. Dams of two commercial breeds were inseminated with semen from one of five different sires selected for contrasting breeding values (daily gain, feed conversion ratio and carcass quality). For each sire by dam breed combination, six pen replicates (with three gilts and three barrows per pen) were evaluated for growth performance from 9 weeks of age (20 kg) to slaughter (110 kg), and for carcass and meat quality. In our experimental setup, both sire and dam breed affected growth, carcass and meat quality traits. No significant sire×dam breed interactions on performance could be detected. Though a tendency for interaction on average daily feed intake between 20 and 110 kg (P=0.087), and on pork colour (lightness) (P=0.093) was present. In general, offspring of all tested sires behaved similarly in both dam breeds, indicating that estimated breeding values for Piétrain sires determined in one dam breed are representative in other dam breeds as well.
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Wang L, Zhang H, Beltranena E, Zijlstra R. Diet nutrient and energy digestibility and growth performance of weaned pigs fed hulled or hull-less barley differing in fermentable starch and fibre to replace wheat grain. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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