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Milk Plane of Nutrition and Alfalfa Hay Provision in Neonatal Holstein Calves: Growth Performance, Ruminal Fermentation Characteristics, and Blood Biochemical Attributes. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2023.115636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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Chen X, Han Z, Dong J, Xiao J, Zhao W, Rong J, Aschalew ND, Zhang X, Qin G, Zhen Y, Sun Z, Wang T. Dietary protein to starch metabolizable energy ratios alter growth performance and gastrointestinal microbiota of calves. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1065721. [PMID: 36937312 PMCID: PMC10014794 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1065721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The diet structure is very important for the growth and development of calves. This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary protein-to-starch metabolizable energy ratios (DPSRs) on growth performance, blood index, and gastrointestinal microbiota of calves. Forty-eight Holstein bull calves were fed six dietary DPSRs including A20-35 (20% CP and 35% starch), B20-30, C20-25, D22-35, E22-30, and F22-25 at d 4 to d 60, and then changed to another six dietary DPSRs at d 61 to d 180 (A18-30, B18-27, C18-24, D20-30, E20-27, and F20-24). Twelve calves (d 60) from groups A20-35, C20-25, D22-35, and F22-25 (n = 3) and another twelve calves (d 180) from groups A18-30, C18-24, D20-30, and F20-24 (n = 3) were euthanized. The growth performance parameters were measured. Blood, ruminal fluid, and cecum digesta were collected for further analysis. Results showed heart girth gain of B18-27 was significantly higher than A18-30, C18-24, and heart girth gain (d 180) was significantly affected by protein × starch (DPSRs; p < 0.05). Blood urea nitrogen (BUN; d 60) in C20-25 was significantly higher than A20-35 and B20-30 (p < 0.05). The BUN (d 180) in D20-30 was significantly higher than A18-30 (p < 0.05). The BUN was significantly affected by protein × starch (p < 0.05) on d 60. The albumin (ALB) levels in C20-25 and C18-24 were significantly higher than that in A20-35 on d 60 and A18-30 on d 180, respectively (p < 0.05). The ALB level in D22-35 on d 60 and E20-27 on d 180 was significantly higher than that in other groups (p < 0.05). The ALB level was significantly affected by protein and starch, respectively, on d 60 (p < 0.05). In the rumen, the genera Roseburia (C20-25) and Dialister (D22-35), Prevotellaceae UCG-001 (C18-24), Erysipelotrichaceae UCG-002, and Anaerovorax (F20-24) were found in significant higher relative abundances than those in other groups (p < 0.05). In the cecum, the genera Bacteroides and Eisenbergiella (F22-25), Ruminiclostridium_1 and Candidatus Stoquefichus (A18-30), Erysipelotrichaceae UCG-004 and Tyzzerella 4 (D20-30), and Prevotellaceae UCG-003 and Klebsiella (F20-24) were found in significant higher abundances than those in other groups (p < 0.05). Collectively, these results indicated that the heart girth, BUN, ALB, and gastrointestinal microbiota responded distinctly to differing DPSRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Production Product Quality and Security Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, JLAU-Borui Dairy Science and Technology R&D Center, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhiyi Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Production Product Quality and Security Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, JLAU-Borui Dairy Science and Technology R&D Center, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Production Product Quality and Security Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, JLAU-Borui Dairy Science and Technology R&D Center, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Production Product Quality and Security Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, JLAU-Borui Dairy Science and Technology R&D Center, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Production Product Quality and Security Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, JLAU-Borui Dairy Science and Technology R&D Center, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiye Rong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Production Product Quality and Security Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, JLAU-Borui Dairy Science and Technology R&D Center, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Natnael D. Aschalew
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Production Product Quality and Security Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, JLAU-Borui Dairy Science and Technology R&D Center, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Production Product Quality and Security Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, JLAU-Borui Dairy Science and Technology R&D Center, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Guixin Qin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Production Product Quality and Security Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, JLAU-Borui Dairy Science and Technology R&D Center, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuguo Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Production Product Quality and Security Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, JLAU-Borui Dairy Science and Technology R&D Center, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Postdoctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Feed Engineering Technology Research Center of Jilin Province, Changchun Borui Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Changchun, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Postdoctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Feed Engineering Technology Research Center of Jilin Province, Changchun Borui Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Changchun, China
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Zhe Sun,
| | - Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Production Product Quality and Security Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, JLAU-Borui Dairy Science and Technology R&D Center, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Tao Wang,
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Valehi MM, Ghorbani GR, Khorvash M, Hashemzadeh F, Rafiee H, Drackley JK. Performance, structural growth, and digestibility by Holstein calves fed different amounts of milk through step-up/step-down or conventional methods. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:3988-3996. [PMID: 35307181 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Early life milk intake can influence the survival and future productivity of replacement heifers. The present study determined the effects of different amounts of milk through step-up/step-down or conventional feeding methods on the performance of dairy calves. Thirty-nine Holstein calves (18 male and 21 female) were used in a completely randomized design. Calves were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 treatments: (1) conventional milk feeding (CONV; 4.5 L/d of milk from d 1 to 50 and 2 L/d of milk at d 51 and 52 of the study; total milk intake = 229 L); (2) low milk intake with step-up/step-down method (L-SUSD, 4 L/d of milk from d 1 to 10, 6 L/d from d 11 to 20, 8 L/d from d 21 to 30, 6 L/d from d 31 to 40, 4 L/d from d 41 to 50, and 2 L/d milk at d 51 and 52 of the study, total milk intake = 284 L); (3) high milk intake with step-up/step-down method (H-SUSD, 6 L/d of milk from d 1 to 10, 8 L/d from d 11 to 20, 10 L/d from d 21 to 30, 8 L/d from d 31 to 40, 6 L/d from d 41 to 50, 4 L/d milk at d 51, and 2 L/d milk at d 52 of the study, total milk intake = 386 L). All calves were weaned at d 52 and followed until d 70. Performance data (every week), skeletal growth (d 52 and 70), and ruminal fermentation parameters and digestibility (d 35, 55, and 70) were analyzed as repeated measurements with PROC MIXED of SAS version 9.3 (SAS Institute Inc.). A treatment × time interaction was observed for total dry matter intake (TDMI) as follows: TDMI differed among all treatments where H-SUSD > L-SUSD > CONV from d 11 to 38 of study, greater for H-SUSD versus other treatments from d 3 to 10 and d 39 to 70 of study. Starter feed intake and average daily gain (ADG) were greater in H-SUSD calves than in CONV calves, and L-SUSD treatment was intermediate for those traits. The H-SUSD calves tended to have greater body weight (BW) and lower feed efficiency than calves fed CONV or L-SUSD treatments. The treatments did not affect structural growth parameters, except for hip width, which tended to be greater in H-SUSD calves than CONV calves. Regardless of treatments, ADG, starter feed intake, BW, and body measurements increased as calves aged, whereas feed efficiency increased from d 1 to 52 of study and decreased from d 52 to 70 of study. The treatments had no effect on digestibility, rumen parameters, or fecal score. Overall, in calves that were weaned at 52 d and fed milk 3 times daily, the high milk intake (386 L) through the SUSD method did not increase diarrhea or decrease digestibility but increased starter feed intake and ADG.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Valehi
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
| | - G R Ghorbani
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
| | - M Khorvash
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
| | - F Hashemzadeh
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
| | - H Rafiee
- Animal Science Research Department, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREOO, 8174835117, Isfahan, Iran
| | - J K Drackley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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Kazemi-Bonchenari M, Khanaki H, Jafari A, Eghbali M, Poorhamdollah M, Ghaffari MH. Milk feeding level and starter protein content: Effects on growth performance, blood metabolites, and urinary purine derivatives of Holstein dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:1115-1130. [PMID: 34998554 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of milk allowances equal to 526 g/d as moderate (MOD) versus 790 g/d of milk dry matter as high (HI), and starter diets containing 18% or 23% crude protein (CP), on growth performance, blood metabolites, and purine derivative (PD) excretion in the urine of dairy calves. A total of 52 female Holstein dairy calves (40.8 kg of body weight) were randomly assigned to the experimental diets. The treatments were (1) moderate milk and 18% CP starter diet (MOD-18CP); (2) MOD and 23% CP starter diet (MOD-23CP); (3) high milk and 18% CP starter diet (HI-18CP); and (4) HI and 23% CP starter diet (HI-23CP). Calves had free access to a starter feed and water and were weaned on d 53 but remained in the study until d 73. Urine samples were collected during the preweaning period (for 6 consecutive days between d 35 and 40) and postweaning period (for 6 consecutive days between d 65 and 70) to investigate urinary excretion of PD. Starter feed intake, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and blood urea concentrations were reduced; however, average daily gain (ADG) and blood glucose levels increased in calves fed HI before weaning compared with MOD. During the preweaning period, high milk feeding increased total urinary PD excretion but decreased it after weaning. The 23CP diet resulted in higher feed intake and ADG before weaning and higher excretion of allantoin and total excretion of PD compared with the 18CP diet. The HI-23CP treatment resulted in the greatest withers and hip heights at weaning and final measurement, as well as the highest preweaning blood insulin concentrations. In terms of rumen development, MOD-23CP showed the greatest benefits based on starter intake, blood BHB concentration, and urinary excretion of PD. Based on the higher urinary excretion of PD found in HI-fed calves before weaning, it is possible that milk feeding overestimates estimated microbial yield. The results suggest that feeding starters with a higher proportion of CP may help maintain a more balanced ratio of CP to ME during high milk feeding, to avoid protein deficiency due to low starter intake. When calves are fed a high milk allowance, urine excretion of PD may be misinterpreted as a measure of estimated microbial growth and rumen development; this should be considered during calculations of estimated microbial yield in milk-fed calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kazemi-Bonchenari
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, 38156-88349, Arak, Iran.
| | - H Khanaki
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Dookie Campus, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3647, Australia
| | - A Jafari
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, 74394-75918, Yasouj, Iran
| | - M Eghbali
- Division of Livestock Science, Department of Sustainable Agricultural System, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Poorhamdollah
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 31587-77871, Iran
| | - M H Ghaffari
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
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Fernández-Ciganda S, Fraga M, Zunino P. Probiotic Lactobacilli Administration Induces Changes in the Fecal Microbiota of Preweaned Dairy Calves. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 14:804-815. [PMID: 34390476 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09834-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Early microbial colonization is a determinant factor in animal health, and probiotic administration has been demonstrated to modulate intestinal microbiota and promote health in dairy calves. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in calves' fecal microbiota after the administration of two probiotic lactobacilli strains that had previously exhibited beneficial effects in calves' health in relation to neonatal calf diarrhea. An in vivo assay was performed with 30 newborn male Holstein calves that were divided into three groups. Two groups were orally administered with two different lactobacilli strains (Lactobacillus johnsonii TP1.6 or Limosilactobacillus reuteri TP1.3B), and the third was the control group. Calves (5 to 9 days old) were administered with freeze-dried bacteria once a day for 10 consecutive days. Feces samples were taken before the first administration (day 0) and then again on days 10 and 21, and the V4 region of the bacterial 16S ribosomal gene was sequenced with an Illumina MiSeq 250 paired-end platform. The administration of both strains significantly affected the total bacterial community composition, and the effect lasted for 11 days after the last dose. In particular, amplicon sequence variants related to Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia genera were significantly higher in both treated groups. Therefore, modulation of the intestinal microbiota is a potential mechanism of action behind the beneficial effects of these probiotic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Fernández-Ciganda
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay. .,Unidad de Investigación de Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA-LE), Colonia, Uruguay.
| | - Martín Fraga
- Unidad de Investigación de Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA-LE), Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Zunino
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Yousefinejad S, Fattahnia F, Kazemi-Bonchenari M, Nobari B, Ghaffari MH. Effects of protein content and rumen-undegradable to rumen-degradable protein ratio in finely ground calf starters on growth performance, ruminal and blood parameters, and urinary purine derivatives. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:8798-8813. [PMID: 34001367 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-20092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of feeding finely ground starter diets containing either 18 or 22% crude protein (CP) content [dry matter (DM) basis] and high or low ratios of rumen-undegradable protein to rumen-degradable protein (RUP:RDP) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites, and urinary purine derivatives in dairy calves. A total of 48 three-day-old female Holstein dairy calves with 40.2 ± 2.5 kg of initial body weight (BW) were randomly assigned in a complete randomized block design to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (12 calves/treatment). Treatments were as follows: (1) finely ground starter diet (mean particle size = 0.69 mm) with 18% CP and low RUP:RDP ratio [low ratio (LR) = 26:74; 18CP-LR]; (2) finely ground starter diet with 18% CP and high RUP:RDP ratio [high ratio (HR) = 35:65; 18CP-HR]; (3) finely ground starter diet with 22% CP and low RUP:RDP ratio (22CP-LR); (4) finely ground starter diet with 22% CP and high RUP:RDP ratio (22CP-HR) on DM bases. Blocking was based on the day of treatment assignment, and treatments were randomly assigned within each block. Calves received 4 L of milk daily from d 3 to 10, 7 L/d from d 11 to 40, 4 L/d from d 41 to 49, and 2.5 L/d from d 50 to 53, and then all calves were weaned but remained in the experiment until d 83 of age. The results showed that overall average daily gain (ADG), weaning BW, and feed efficiency (FE) were greater in 22% CP treatments than in 18% CP. Increasing the starter CP content from 18 to 22% of DM did not influence overall starter feed intake, milk intake, total dry matter intake (DMI), postweaning ADG, and FE of calves. No effect of RUP:RDP ratio was observed for starter feed intake, milk intake, total DMI, preweaning ADG, FE, and grams of CP per megacalorie of metabolizable energy. The RUP intake and postweaning ADG were greater for calves fed the HR diets than for those fed the LR diets. The digestibility of neutral detergent fiber was greater, and the digestibility of OM tended to be greater, and the ruminal concentrations of total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), acetate proportion, and acetate-to-propionate ratio were greater in 22% CP than in 18% CP. A 2-way interaction between starter protein content and time was observed for total ruminal SCFA, acetate proportion, and acetate-to-propionate ratio, indicating that starter CP concentration had more effect on ruminal parameters. Preweaning urinary purine derivatives, preweaning microbial protein synthesis, and postweaning urinary nitrogen were greater for calves fed the 22CP diets than for those fed the 18CP diets but were not affected by the different RUP:RDP ratios. The concentrations of blood glucose and insulin were greater in 22% CP than in 18% CP diets. The blood insulin concentration was greater when calves received the HR diets compared with the LR diets. Therefore, we conclude that greater starter protein content can have beneficial effects on growth performance, probably through increased microbial protein synthesized and preweaning blood insulin concentration; however, a greater RUP:RDP ratio showed marginal effects on growth performance during the postweaning period.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yousefinejad
- Department of Animal Science, Ilam University, 69315-516 Ilam, Iran
| | - F Fattahnia
- Department of Animal Science, Ilam University, 69315-516 Ilam, Iran.
| | - M Kazemi-Bonchenari
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, 38156-8-8349 Arak, Iran
| | - B Nobari
- Australia Department of Nutrition and Technical, Ridley Corporation, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - M H Ghaffari
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
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Mirzakhani A, Ghorbani GR, Sadeghi-Sefidmazgi A, Rafiee H, Drackley JK. Effects of starter protein content and alkali processing of wheat straw on growth, ruminal fermentation, and behavior in Holstein calves. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:3098-3108. [PMID: 33455786 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of crude protein (CP) content of starter feed and wheat straw (WS) processing on growth performance, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and behavior of Holstein calves. Sixty calves (28 male and 32 female) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a randomized complete block design. Treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement were (1) lower-CP ground starter feed mixed with alkali-processed WS (LP-PWS), (2) lower-CP ground starter feed mixed with unprocessed WS (LP-WS), (3) higher-CP ground starter feed mixed with alkali-processed WS (HP-PWS), and (4) higher-CP ground starter feed mixed with unprocessed WS (HP-WS). Wheat straw was fed at 4.75% of dry matter (DM), and low-protein (LP) and high-protein (HP) starter feed contained 19.5 and 23.5% CP, respectively. The calves were weaned on d 60 and remained in the study until d 75. During the experiment, the calves received 4.2 kg of whole milk per day and had free access to fresh water and starter feed. The interaction between WS processing and protein content of starter tended to be significant for starter feed intake, average daily gain (ADG), and body weight (BW); calves fed HP-PWS tended to have greater ADG and final BW than other treatments. The results showed that feeding HP ground starter feed increased ADG and feed efficiency compared with LP groups during the preweaning and the overall periods. Moreover, weaning and final BW were higher in HP-fed calves than in LP-fed calves. Apparent digestibilities of acid detergent fiber (ADF), starch, and CP were greater in calves fed HP than in calves fed LP starter feed. The HP ground starter feed increased rumen propionate and ammonia concentrations. Wheat straw processing had no effect on intake and growth of calves but increased DM, ADF, and neutral detergent fiber digestibilities and decreased ruminal pH. Using processed wheat straw (PWS) mixed with starter feed tended to decrease rumination time and ruminal acetate concentration in calves. Final body barrel and withers height tended to be greater in calves fed PWS. Overall, the results indicated that HP content of ground starter feed (23.5%) could be recommended for Holstein calves. Furthermore, PWS inclusion in the ground starter diet increased fiber digestibility but had no effect on calf performance. Moreover, calves fed HP-PWS had greater ADG and final BW than other treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mirzakhani
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
| | - G R Ghorbani
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
| | - A Sadeghi-Sefidmazgi
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
| | - H Rafiee
- Animal Science Research Department, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Areeo, 81748-35117, Isfahan, Iran
| | - J K Drackley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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Yousefinejad S, Fattahnia F, Kazemi-Bonchenari M, Khanaki H, Drackley JK, Ghaffari MH. Soybean oil supplementation and starter protein content: Effects on growth performance, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and urinary purine derivatives of Holstein dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:1630-1644. [PMID: 33358160 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of feeding dairy calves starter diets containing 19% or 22% crude protein (CP) content on a dry matter basis and either supplemented or not with soybean oil (SBO, 0 vs. 3%, dry matter basis) on growth performance, digestibility, urinary nitrogen, and purine derivatives (PD) excretion. A total of 48 female Holstein dairy calves (mean 39.8 kg of body weight) were randomly distributed to experimental diets in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The 4 dietary treatments were (1) starter diet without SBO supplement and 19% CP (NSBO-19CP), (2) starter diet without SBO supplement and 22% CP (NSBO-22CP), (3) starter diet with 3% SBO and 19% CP (SBO-19CP), and (4) starter diet with 3% SBO and 22% CP (SBO-22CP). Milk feeding value was similarly based on a constant protocol across experimental treatments and calves had ad libitum access to water and starter diets throughout the study. All calves were weaned on d 63 of age and remained in the study until d 83 of age. Calves supplemented with SBO had lower starter feed intake and average daily gain (ADG) and lower feed efficiency (FE) but had a higher fecal score indicating a higher likelihood of diarrhea occurrence compared with unsupplemented calves. Wither heights, digestibilities of organic matter, CP, and neutral detergent fiber were decreased, and ruminal volatile fatty acids tended to be reduced, and the molar proportion of ruminal butyrate (preweaning) and acetate (postweaning) reduced by supplemental SBO. The urinary allantoin and total PD excretion were reduced; however, urinary nitrogen excretion was increased when calves were supplemented with SBO. The CP amount did not affect starter feed intake, FE, or diarrhea occurrence rate, whereas the 22CP diets increased neutral detergent fiber digestibility, improved ADG (tendency), and increased allantoin and urinary PD excretion compared with the 19CP diets. The starter feed intake, ADG, FE, diarrhea occurrence rate, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal fermentation were not affected by the interaction between starter SBO and CP level; however, hip height and total PD in calves that received the SBO-22CP diets were higher than those fed the SBO-19CP diets. In conclusion, based on our experimental conditions, supplemental SBO could not be recommended for dairy calves. Furthermore, our findings indicate that SBO has negative effects on performance more attributed to reducing starter intake, digestibility, and ruminal volatile fatty acid concentration rather than because of a limitation of starter metabolizable protein supply and intestinal amino acid availability. Therefore, our results indicate that feeding the higher starter CP content is not a viable strategy to compensate for the negative effects of SBO supplementation on the growth performance of dairy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yousefinejad
- Department of Animal Science, Ilam University, Ilam, 69315-516, Iran
| | - F Fattahnia
- Department of Animal Science, Ilam University, Ilam, 69315-516, Iran.
| | - M Kazemi-Bonchenari
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak, 38156-8-8349, Iran.
| | - H Khanaki
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Dookie Campus, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3647, Australia
| | - J K Drackley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - M H Ghaffari
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, 53111 Bonn, Germany
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Jensen MB, Jensen A, Vestergaard M. The effect of milk feeding strategy and restriction of meal patterning on behavior, solid feed intake, and growth performance of male dairy calves fed via computer-controlled milk feeders. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:8494-8506. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Makizadeh H, Kazemi-Bonchenari M, Mansoori-Yarahmadi H, Fakhraei J, Khanaki H, Drackley JK, Ghaffari MH. Corn processing and crude protein content in calf starter: Effects on growth performance, ruminal fermentation, and blood metabolites. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:9037-9053. [PMID: 32773311 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of feeding dairy calves starter diets containing corn grain processed by different methods (ground versus steam-flaked; GRC vs. SFC) and either 18% or 21% crude protein (CP) contents (dry matter basis) on growth performance, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, urinary purine derivatives, and blood metabolites of dairy calves. Holstein dairy calves (39.3 ± 1.9 kg of body weight, n = 12 calves per treatment, 6 males and 6 females) were randomly distributed to experimental diets in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The 4 dietary treatments were (1) starter diet containing GRC and 18% dietary CP (GRC-18CP; geometric mean particle size, GMPS = 0.73 mm); (2) GRC and 21% dietary CP (GRC-21CP; GMPS = 0.71 mm); (3) SFC and 18% dietary CP (SFC-18CP; GMPS = 2.21 mm); and (4) SFC and 21% dietary CP (SFC-21CP; GMPS = 2.16 mm). Calves were weaned on d 63 and remained in the study until d 83 of age. The starter feed intake did not differ among treatments; however, average daily gain and feed efficiency (FE) were improved and final body weight was higher for SFC diets compared with GRC diets. The organic matter and nonfiber carbohydrate digestibilities were greater for calves fed the SFC diets than for those fed the GRC diets. The ruminal total volatile fatty acid concentrations and the molar proportions of propionate and butyrate were greater, and the molar proportion of acetate and NH3-N concentrations were lower, for calves fed the SFC diets than for those fed the GRC diets. The excretion of allantoin and total purine derivatives, and subsequently microbial protein synthesis, were greater for calves fed the SFC diets than the GRC diets. The total urinary nitrogen excretion and its proportion of N intake were lower for calves fed the SFC diets than the GRC diets. The blood concentrations of insulin (pre- and postweaning), glucose (postweaning), and β-hydroxybutyrate (preweaning) were greater and blood urea nitrogen (preweaning) was lower for calves fed the SFC diets than the GRC diets. The protein content of the concentrate did not affect feed intake, growth performance, or ruminal fermentation of the calves. The neutral detergent fiber digestibility was greater for calves fed the 21% CP diets than the 18% CP diets. No interaction between main effects was observed regarding the starter intake, average daily gain, body weight, FE, ruminal fermentation, and nutrient digestibility of calves. The interaction between corn grain processing and starter protein content was significant for withers and hip heights with the greatest values found for SFC-21CP treatment. Our results show that steam flaking of corn improved the organic matter and nonfiber carbohydrate digestibilities, weight gain, FE, and ruminal microbial protein synthesis, and reduced urinary nitrogen excretion compared with grinding corn. Regardless of the marginal benefit derived from feeding the diet containing SFC and 21% CP in the height of calves, lower starter protein content (18% CP) may be used efficiently when calves are fed the SFC diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Makizadeh
- Department of Animal Science, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, 38361-1-9131, Iran
| | - M Kazemi-Bonchenari
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak, 38156-8-8349, Iran.
| | - H Mansoori-Yarahmadi
- Department of Animal Science, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, 38361-1-9131, Iran
| | - J Fakhraei
- Department of Animal Science, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, 38361-1-9131, Iran
| | - H Khanaki
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Dookie Campus, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3647, Australia
| | - J K Drackley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - M H Ghaffari
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology and Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
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Boorboor M, Alamouti AA, Karimi N, Sahraei Belverdy M. Effects of reducing crude protein concentration in starter feed containing constant rumen undegradable protein on dairy calves performance. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:1287-1293. [PMID: 32383285 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the effects of decreasing crude protein (CP) in diets with constant rumen undegradable protein (RUP) content on dry matter (DM) intake, growth, feed efficiency (FE) and blood parameters in calves in a randomized complete block design. Dietary treatments included: (a) a calf starter containing 200 g/kg CP (62 g/kg RUP, based on DM), (b) a starter containing 180 g/kg CP (65 g/kg RUP, based on DM) and (c) a starter containing 160 g/kg CP (65 g/kg RUP, based on DM). A total 42 newborn male and female Holstein calves were fed 8 L milk/day until day 45, after which they were weaned and continued the experiment until day 75. Solid feed intake and total DM intake were measured daily, and body weight and skeletal growth parameters including withers height and heart girth were recorded weekly. Blood samples were collected on days 45 and 75. Solid feed intake, total DM intake, weaning weight, average daily gain from birth to weaning and from birth to 75 days, final weight and FE were not affected by the experimental treatments. In addition, skeletal growth parameters were similar among groups. Glucose concentration was similar among treatments; however, calves fed the starter containing 160 g/kg CP had significantly lower plasma concentrations of albumin and urea nitrogen compared with those fed starters containing 180 and 200 g/kg CP. These results indicate that CP level in the calf starter could be decreased to 160 g/kg DM if RUP levels stay at 65 g/kg DM, without negatively affecting feed intake and calf performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Boorboor
- Department of Animal Science, Varamin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali A Alamouti
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasser Karimi
- Department of Animal Science, Varamin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Sahraei Belverdy
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Quigley JD. Symposium review: Re-evaluation of National Research Council energy estimates in calf starters. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:3674-3683. [PMID: 30772024 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Provision of nutrients in appropriate amounts to meet nutrient requirements for growth, production, and reproduction is the basis for modern animal nutrition. Ration formulation systems predict nutrient requirements based on numerous inputs and then predict nutrient supply based on predicted intake and nutrient content of feeds. Energy systems are used to predict energy supply based on gross caloric content of feeds followed by adjustments for digestion and metabolism of ingested energy. Many models of energy supply use static coefficients of digestibility based on nutrient composition of feed. Other models partition digestion dynamically between ruminal and postruminal digestion but use static estimates of intestinal digestibility to predict energy supplied to the animal. In young calves, both ruminal fermentation and intestinal digestion are underdeveloped; therefore, existing models of energy supply might overestimate the energy available before complete gastrointestinal maturation. In a series of experiments, we reported that total-tract digestion of nutrients changes with advancing age and nutrient intake. Total-tract digestion was measured in calves from 3 to 16 wk of age when fed different amounts and types of milk replacers. Calves were also fed different types of calf starter for ad libitum consumption. Total-tract digestibility of protein, fat, neutral detergent fiber, and nonfiber carbohydrate (NFC) was used to calculate the metabolizable energy (ME) in starter. We used nonlinear regression to estimate the contribution of protein and fat from starter and milk replacer before weaning. Early in life, calculated ME of starter was low and increased with increasing intake of NFC. Cumulative intake of NFC was more highly correlated with changing ME values than other indices, including age, intake of milk replacer, or intake of other nutrients in starter. When calves consumed at least of 15 kg of NFC, ME calculated from digestibility measurements was similar to the ME calculated using National Research Council equations and indicated maturation of gastrointestinal digestion. Our data suggest that intake of NFC is critical to gastrointestinal maturation and the calf's ability to extract energy from calf starter.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Quigley
- Nurture Research Center, Provimi North America, Cargill Animal Nutrition, Brookville, OH 45309.
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Sharma B, Nimje P, Tomar SK, Dey D, Mondal S, Kundu SS. Effect of different fat and protein levels in calf ration on performance of Sahiwal calves. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019; 33:53-60. [PMID: 30744335 PMCID: PMC6946977 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective The current study was carried out to examine the response of different levels of fat and protein in calf starter on nutrient utilisation, nitrogen metabolism, weight gain, blood parameters, and immunity level in pre-ruminant calves. Methods Twenty four calves (5 days old) were divided into six groups in a 2×3 factorial design, with two levels of fat (10% and 14%) and three levels of protein (18%, 21%, and 24%). The calves were kept in individual pens for 120 days and fed with whole milk (1/10th of body weight) and calf starter ad-libitum. Daily dry matter intake was recorded; whereas body weight was taken on fortnightly basis to calculate average daily gain. During the growth trial blood samples were collected at 30 days interval to estimate blood glucose, albumin, total protein, total leucocyte count, total immunoglobulins and immunoglobulin G levels. A metabolic trial of seven days was carried out to find out the digestibility of different nutrients. Results The dry matter intake was reduced (p<0.05) with higher fat and protein levels whereas feed conversion efficiency was improved (p<0.05) with higher protein level. Different levels of fat and protein in calf ration did not affect average daily gain in calves. The dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein digestibility were significantly (p<0.01) higher with increased level of protein. The nitrogen retention was also significantly higher (p<0.05) at 24% protein level, similarly the total immunoglobulin was significantly (p<0.05) high in higher protein fed groups, showed better immunity. Conclusion The present finding suggested that 10% fat and 18% protein level of calf starter could be used in Sahiwal calves for optimum performance in terms of weight gain and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Sharma
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Animal Nutrition Division, Karnal -132001 (Haryana), India
| | - Prapti Nimje
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Animal Nutrition Division, Karnal -132001 (Haryana), India
| | - S K Tomar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Animal Nutrition Division, Karnal -132001 (Haryana), India
| | - Dipak Dey
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Animal Nutrition Division, Karnal -132001 (Haryana), India
| | - Santu Mondal
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Livestock Production and Management, Karnal -132001 (Haryana), India
| | - S S Kundu
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Animal Nutrition Division, Karnal -132001 (Haryana), India
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Mojahedi S, Khorvash M, Ghorbani G, Ghasemi E, Mirzaei M, Hashemzadeh-Cigari F. Performance, nutritional behavior, and metabolic responses of calves supplemented with forage depend on starch fermentability. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:7061-7072. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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