1
|
Ventura M, Holland ME, Smith MB, Chaparro JM, Prenni J, Patz JA, Paskewitz S, Weir TL, Stull VJ. Suitability of maize crop residue fermented by Pleurotus ostreatus as feed for edible crickets: growth performance, micronutrient content, and iron bioavailability. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1157811. [PMID: 37497060 PMCID: PMC10368478 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1157811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Small-scale farming of edible insects could help combat public health challenges such as protein energy malnutrition and anemia, but reliable low-cost feeds for insects are needed. In resource-limited contexts, where grains such as maize are prohibitively costly for use as insect feed, the feasibility of insect farming may depend on finding alternatives. Here, we explore the potential to modify plentiful maize crop residue with edible mushroom mycelium to generate a low-cost feed adjunct for the farmed two-spotted cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus. Mushroom farming, like insect agriculture, is versatile; it can yield nutritious food while increasing system circularity by utilizing lignocellulosic residues from row crops as inputs. Pleurotus ostreatus, is an edible basidiomycete capable of being cultivated on corn stover (Zea mays). Mushroom harvest results in abundant "spent" substrate, which we investigated as a candidate feed ingredient. We created six cricket feeds containing fermented Pleurotus substrate plus an unfermented control, measuring cricket mass, mortality, and maturation weekly to evaluate cricket growth performance impacts of both fungal fermentation duration and mushroom formation. Pasteurized corn stover was inoculated with P. ostreatus mycelium and fermented for 0, 2, 3, 4, or 8 weeks. Some 4 and 8-week substrates were induced to produce mushrooms through manipulations of temperature, humidity, and light conditions. Dried fermented stover (40%) was added to a 1:1 corn/soy grain mix and fed to crickets ad libitum for 44 days. The unfermented control group showed higher survivorship compared to several fermented diets. Control group mass yield was higher for 2 out of 6 fermented diets. Little variation in cricket iron content was observed via ICP-spectrometry across feeds, averaging 2.46 mg/100 g. To determine bioavailability, we conducted in vitro Caco-2 human colon epithelial cell absorption assays, showing that iron in crickets fed fruiting-induced substrates was more bioavailable than in unfruited groups. Despite more bioavailable iron in crickets reared on post-fruiting substrates, we conclude that Pleurotus-fermented stover is an unsuitable feed ingredient for G. bimaculatus due to high mortality, variability in growth responses within treatments, and low mass yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ventura
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - M Elizabeth Holland
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | | | - Jacqueline M Chaparro
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jessica Prenni
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jonathan A Patz
- Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Susan Paskewitz
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Tiffany L Weir
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Valerie J Stull
- Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Arredondo-Santoyo M, Herrera-Camacho J, Vázquez-Garcidueñas MS, Vázquez-Marrufo G. Corn stover induces extracellular laccase activity in Didymosphaeria sp. (syn. = Paraconiothyrium sp.) and exhibits increased in vitro ruminal digestibility when treated with this fungal species. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2020; 65:849-861. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-020-00795-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
3
|
Li R, Wang J, Zhao J. Solid-state fermentation of ammoniated corn straw to produce feed protein and toxicological assessment of the product. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:13895-13901. [PMID: 32036536 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07981-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state fermentation (SSF) of ammoniated corn straw was used to produce feed protein, followed by a toxicological assessment of the fermentation product. Results showed that through ammonification at 35 °C for 9 days and the subsequent SSF by the two fungi Penicillium sp. and Torula allii at 30 °C for 5 days, the contents of real protein and crude protein of the corn straw reached 29.66% and 35.41%, respectively. Toxicological assessment in mice showed that there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) for micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (Mn-PCEs) and sperm abnormality between dose groups and the control group. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and activities of superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) also showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) between tissues (heart, liver, spleen, stomach, kidney, and brain), which indicates that the fermentation product did not induce toxic effects and is safe to use as ruminant feed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riqiang Li
- College of Environmental & Resources Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi Province, China.
| | - Jianxing Wang
- College of Environmental & Resources Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jixin Zhao
- College of Environmental & Resources Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi Province, China
| |
Collapse
|