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Ouboter DA, Kadosoe VS, Ouboter PE. Impact of ecotourism on abundance, diversity and activity patterns of medium-large terrestrial mammals at Brownsberg Nature Park, Suriname. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250390. [PMID: 34077471 PMCID: PMC8171955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The impacts of ecotourism on biodiversity are poorly understood and the outcome of this type of research is often contradictory. On the one hand ecotourism could impact the occurrence, survival or behavior of species, on the other hand ecotourism is often mentioned as providing a "human shield" by deterring negative practices like gold mining, logging and hunting. Brownsberg Nature Park is easily the most visited protected area of Suriname, with a high number of ecotourists visiting from abroad. A four-year study on the impact of ecotourism on medium-large terrestrial mammals was carried out between 2013 and 2016 using 16 camera trap stations. The area has a clear gradient of tourism pressure, with the pressure decreasing further away from the lodging facilities. Evidently, the impacts of human presence on the mammal communities were more significant in the busiest areas. Most species avoided areas with many hikers or switched to a more nocturnal activity pattern. In these areas the impact was not reflected in species numbers, however it was causing a significant decrease in the diversity of mammals. On the other hand, vehicles had little impact on species avoidance or diversity, but did increase nocturnality, even more than hikers. A few species seemed to be "attracted" by hikers and/or traffic. Giant armadillos (Priodontes maximus) and spotted pacas (Cuniculus paca) used the pools in the road created by traffic. Ocelots (Leopardus pardalis), margays (Leopardus wiedii) and red-rumped agoutis (Dasyprocta leporina) seemed to favor human disturbance probably because of predator release. Some of the most impacted species were the jaguar (Panthera onca), puma (Puma concolor) and lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris), all three species with significant contribution to ecosystem balance. Management measures should focus on lowering the number of hikers in popular places and limiting the number of vehicles in recreational areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri A. Ouboter
- Institute for Neotropical Wildlife and Environmental Studies, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Vanessa S. Kadosoe
- Institute for Neotropical Wildlife and Environmental Studies, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Paul E. Ouboter
- Institute for Neotropical Wildlife and Environmental Studies, Paramaribo, Suriname
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Griffiths BM, Bowler M, Gilmore MP, Luther D. Temporal patterns of visitation of birds and mammals at mineral licks in the Peruvian Amazon. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:14152-14164. [PMID: 33391706 PMCID: PMC7771178 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mineral licks are key ecological resources for many species of birds and mammals in Amazonia, providing essential dietary nutrients and clays, yet little is known about which species visit and their behaviors at the mineral licks. Studying visitation and behavior at mineral licks can provide insight into the lives of otherwise secretive and elusive species. We assessed which species visited mineral licks, when they visited, and whether visits and the probability of recording groups at mineral licks were seasonal or related to the lunar cycle. We camera trapped at 52 mineral licks in the northeastern Peruvian Amazon and detected 20 mammal and 13 bird species over 6,255 camera nights. Generalized linear models assessed visitation patterns and records of groups in association with seasonality and the lunar cycle. We report nocturnal curassows (Nothocrax urumutum) visiting mineral licks for the first time. We found seasonal trends in visitation for the black agouti (Dasyprocta fuliginosa), red howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus), blue-throated piping guan (Pipile cumanensis), red brocket deer (Mazama americana), collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), and tapir (Tapirus terrestris). Lunar trends in visitation occurred for the paca (Cuniculus paca), Brazilian porcupine (Coendou prehensilis), and red brocket deer. The probability of recording groups (>1 individual) at mineral licks was seasonal and related to lunar brightness for tapir. Overall, our results provide important context for how elusive species of birds and mammals interact with these key ecological resources on a landscape scale. The ecological importance of mineral licks for these species can provide context to seasonal changes in species occupancy and movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Griffiths
- Department of Environmental Science and PolicyGeorge Mason UniversityFairfaxVAUSA
| | - Mark Bowler
- School of Science, Technology and EngineeringUniversity of SuffolkIpswichUK
- Suffolk Sustainability InstituteIpswichUK
| | | | - David Luther
- Department of Biology and Smithsonian Mason School of ConservationGeorge Mason UniversityFairfaxVAUSA
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Mayor P, Habner de Souza Pereira T, Andrade RDSD, González-Benavent E, Barros Monteiro FO, Bodmer R, Valsecchi J, El Bizri HR. Embryonic and fetal development of the red brocket deer (Mazama americana). Theriogenology 2019; 134:53-64. [PMID: 31132721 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The red brocket deer (Mazama americana), a medium-sized Neotropical ungulate, is one of the most hunted mammals in the Amazon. This study analyzes the intrauterine development in the red brocket deer through the description of the external and internal morphology in one embryo and 38 fetuses collected from animals hunted for subsistence in the Amazon. The chronological order of occurrence of external characteristics in relation to the total dorsal length (TDL) was: differentiated genitalia, limbs and eyelid buds (TDL = 3.9 cm), fusioned eyelids, outer ear and hooves (TDL ≥ 9.5 cm), skin (TDL ≥ 20.4 cm), tactile pelage and nasal pigmentation (TDL ≥ 21.5 cm), covering pelage and skin spots (TDL ≥ 31.3 cm), and teeth eruption and opened eyelids (TDL ≥ 34.2 cm). The formula of fetal age was ∛W = 0.072 (t - 42), with a high linear relationship between TDL and gestational age. Multiple linear and non-linear regressions showed strong positive associations between biometric measures and absolute visceral weights with TDL. The relative weight of the tubular gastrointestinal organs, spleen and thymus increased during the fetal development; in contrast, the liver and kidneys' relative weight diminished during the fetal development. Advanced fetuses (≥44.0 cm TDL) had lower proportion of liver and larger tubular gastrointestinal organs within the visceral weight than adults. The chronology of appearance of the main events of the fetal development suggests that the red brocket deer adopt some precocial features, such as the early development of the sensorial function, including the early development of eyelids, outer ear and tactile pelage, the early development of the covering pelage which acts in thermoregulation and the early teeth eruption which allows the early foraging. Nevertheless, the precocial level of the red brocket deer is apparently lower than other species more frequently predated by large felids, such as peccaries and the paca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mayor
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Barcelona, Spain; Museo de Culturas Indígenas Amazónicas, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru; ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, 332 Malecon Tarapaca, Iquitos, Peru; Rede de Pesquisa em Diversidade, Conservação e Uso da Fauna na Amazônia (REDEFAUNA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia (PPGSPAA), Belém, Pará, Brazil.
| | - Thyago Habner de Souza Pereira
- Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia (PPGSPAA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Rafael Dos Santos de Andrade
- Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia (PPGSPAA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Elena González-Benavent
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frederico Ozanan Barros Monteiro
- Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia (PPGSPAA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Richard Bodmer
- Museo de Culturas Indígenas Amazónicas, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru; ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, 332 Malecon Tarapaca, Iquitos, Peru; Rede de Pesquisa em Diversidade, Conservação e Uso da Fauna na Amazônia (REDEFAUNA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - João Valsecchi
- ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, 332 Malecon Tarapaca, Iquitos, Peru; Rede de Pesquisa em Diversidade, Conservação e Uso da Fauna na Amazônia (REDEFAUNA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Mamirauá Sustainable Development Institute (IDSM), Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Hani Rocha El Bizri
- ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, 332 Malecon Tarapaca, Iquitos, Peru; Rede de Pesquisa em Diversidade, Conservação e Uso da Fauna na Amazônia (REDEFAUNA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Mamirauá Sustainable Development Institute (IDSM), Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil; School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Oxford Road, M15 6BH, Manchester, United Kingdom
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El Bizri HR, Fa JE, Bowler M, Valsecchi J, Bodmer R, Mayor P. Breeding seasonality in the lowland paca (Cuniculus paca) in Amazonia: interactions with rainfall, fruiting, and sustainable hunting. J Mammal 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyy102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hani R El Bizri
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Ecologia de Vertebrados Terrestres, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá (IDSM), Estrada do Bexiga, Fonte Boa, CEP, Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil
- ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, Malecon Tarapaca, Iquitos, Peru
- School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - John E Fa
- School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Jalan Cifor Rawajaha, Situ Gede, Bogor Barat, Kota Bogor, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
| | - Mark Bowler
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of Suffolk, Waterfront Building, Neptune Quay, Ipswich, United Kingdom
- San Diego Zoo Global Institute for Conservation Research, Escondido, California, CA, USA
| | - João Valsecchi
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Ecologia de Vertebrados Terrestres, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá (IDSM), Estrada do Bexiga, Fonte Boa, CEP, Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil
- ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, Malecon Tarapaca, Iquitos, Peru
| | - Richard Bodmer
- ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, Malecon Tarapaca, Iquitos, Peru
- FundAmazonia, Malecón Tarapacá nº, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
| | - Pedro Mayor
- ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, Malecon Tarapaca, Iquitos, Peru
- FundAmazonia, Malecón Tarapacá nº, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Produção Animal na Amazônia, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Terra Firme, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Mayor P, El Bizri H, Bodmer RE, Bowler M. Assessment of mammal reproduction for hunting sustainability through community-based sampling of species in the wild. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2017; 31:912-923. [PMID: 27917537 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Wildlife subsistence hunting is a major source of protein for tropical rural populations and a prominent conservation issue. The intrinsic rate of natural increase. (rmax ) of populations is a key reproductive parameter in the most used assessments of hunting sustainability. However, researchers face severe difficulties in obtaining reproductive data in the wild, so these assessments often rely on classic reproductive rates calculated mostly from studies of captive animals conducted 30 years ago. The result is a flaw in almost 50% of studies, which hampers management decision making. We conducted a 15-year study in the Amazon in which we used reproductive data from the genitalia of 950 hunted female mammals. Genitalia were collected by local hunters. We examined tissue from these samples to estimate birthrates for wild populations of the 10 most hunted mammals. We compared our estimates with classic measures and considered the utility of the use of rmax in sustainability assessments. For woolly monkey (Lagothrix poeppigii) and tapir (Tapirus terrestris), wild birthrates were similar to those from captive populations, whereas birthrates for other ungulates and lowland-paca (Cuniculus paca) were significantly lower than previous estimates. Conversely, for capuchin monkeys (Sapajus macrocephalus), agoutis (Dasyprocta sp.), and coatis (Nasua nasua), our calculated reproductive rates greatly exceeded often-used values. Researchers could keep applying classic measures compatible with our estimates, but for other species previous estimates of rmax may not be appropriate. We suggest that data from local studies be used to set hunting quotas. Our maximum rates of population growth in the wild correlated with body weight, which suggests that our method is consistent and reliable. Integration of this method into community-based wildlife management and the training of local hunters to record pregnancies in hunted animals could efficiently generate useful information of life histories of wild species and thus improve management of natural resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mayor
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, E-08193, Spain
- FUNDAMAZONIA, Malecón Tarapacá n° 332, Iquitos, Loreto, Perú
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Produção Animal na Amazônia, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém, CEP 66077-901, Brazil
| | - Hani El Bizri
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Produção Animal na Amazônia, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém, CEP 66077-901, Brazil
- Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Tefé, Amazonas, CEP 69553-225, Brazil
| | - Richard E Bodmer
- FUNDAMAZONIA, Malecón Tarapacá n° 332, Iquitos, Loreto, Perú
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NR, U.K
| | - Mark Bowler
- San Diego Zoo Global Institute for Conservation Research, Escondido, CA 92027-9614, U.S.A
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Antunes AP, Fewster RM, Venticinque EM, Peres CA, Levi T, Rohe F, Shepard GH. Empty forest or empty rivers? A century of commercial hunting in Amazonia. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1600936. [PMID: 27757421 PMCID: PMC5061472 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The Amazon basin is the largest and most species-rich tropical forest and river system in the world, playing a pivotal role in global climate regulation and harboring hundreds of traditional and indigenous cultures. It is a matter of intense debate whether the ecosystem is threatened by hunting practices, whereby an "empty forest" loses critical ecological functions. Strikingly, no previous study has examined Amazonian ecosystem resilience through the perspective of the massive 20th century international trade in furs and skins. We present the first historical account of the scale and impacts of this trade and show that whereas aquatic species suffered basin-wide population collapse, terrestrial species did not. We link this differential resilience to the persistence of adequate spatial refuges for terrestrial species, enabling populations to be sustained through source-sink dynamics, contrasting with unremitting hunting pressure on more accessible aquatic habitats. Our findings attest the high vulnerability of aquatic fauna to unregulated hunting, particularly during years of severe drought. We propose that the relative resilience of terrestrial species suggests a marked opportunity for managing, rather than criminalizing, contemporary traditional subsistence hunting in Amazonia, through both the engagement of local people in community-based comanagement programs and science-led conservation governance.
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Affiliation(s)
- André P. Antunes
- Department of Ecology, National Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
- Wildlife Conservation Society Brasil, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Rachel M. Fewster
- Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Carlos A. Peres
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Taal Levi
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Fabio Rohe
- Department of Ecology, National Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Glenn H. Shepard
- Department of Anthropology, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil
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Bowler M, Anderson M, Montes D, Pérez P, Mayor P. Refining reproductive parameters for modelling sustainability and extinction in hunted primate populations in the Amazon. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93625. [PMID: 24714614 PMCID: PMC3979925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Primates are frequently hunted in Amazonia. Assessing the sustainability of hunting is essential to conservation planning. The most-used sustainability model, the 'Production Model', and more recent spatial models, rely on basic reproductive parameters for accuracy. These parameters are often crudely estimated. To date, parameters used for the Amazon's most-hunted primate, the woolly monkey (Lagothrix spp.), come from captive populations in the 1960s, when captive births were rare. Furthermore, woolly monkeys have since been split into five species. We provide reproductive parameters calculated by examining the reproductive organs of female Poeppig's woolly monkeys (Lagothrix poeppigii), collected by hunters as part of their normal subsistence activity. Production was 0.48-0.54 young per female per year, and an interbirth interval of 22.3 to 25.2 months, similar to parameters from captive populations. However, breeding was seasonal, which imposes limits on the maximum reproductive rate attainable. We recommend the use of spatial models over the Production Model, since they are less sensitive to error in estimated reproductive rates. Further refinements to reproductive parameters are needed for most primate taxa. Methods like ours verify the suitability of captive reproductive rates for sustainability analysis and population modelling for populations under differing conditions of hunting pressure and seasonality. Without such research, population modelling is based largely on guesswork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Bowler
- San Diego Zoo Global Institute for Conservation Research, Escondido, California, United States of America
- School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland
| | - Matt Anderson
- San Diego Zoo Global Institute for Conservation Research, Escondido, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel Montes
- Yavari: Conservación y Uso Sostenible (YAVACUS), Iquitos, Loreto, Perú
| | - Pedro Pérez
- Yavari: Conservación y Uso Sostenible (YAVACUS), Iquitos, Loreto, Perú
| | - Pedro Mayor
- Yavari: Conservación y Uso Sostenible (YAVACUS), Iquitos, Loreto, Perú
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Fecal progestins during pregnancy and postpartum periods of captive red brocket deer (Mazama americana). Anim Reprod Sci 2012; 137:62-8. [PMID: 23287415 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to validate the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for fecal progestin quantification of the species Mazama americana, define its excretion profile during periods of gestation and postpartum and determine the gestation period and resumption of postpartum ovarian activity in this species in captivity. Fecal samples were collected twice a week during gestation and every day in the postpartum period, and analyzed using EIA. The mean concentrations (±SEM) of fecal progestins during gestation were 2180.0±299.1ng/g in early pregnancy (week 1-11), 3271.4±406.9ng/g in middle pregnancy (week 12-22) and 5592.0±1125.8ng/g in late pregnancy (week 23-32). The gestation period determined for the species was 220.9±1.2 days. The concentration of progestins reached its peak prior to parturition and returned to baseline levels in 4±0.31 days after parturition. In the postpartum period, the mean concentrations of fecal progestins were 1564.2±182.6ng/g in the interval between parturition and resumption of ovarian activity, 469.8±24.5ng/g in the inter-luteal phase and 2401.7±318.5ng/g during the luteal phase, such that the postpartum period and the luteal phase differed from the inter-luteal phase. Fecal progestin profiling permitted the detection of ovulation 26.9±3.4 days after parturition in all the hinds studied and estimation of the mean duration of the estrous cycle, 21.3±1.1 days. Analysis established that concentrations of progestins above 3038.76ng/g diagnosed pregnancy, a value determined from the week 12 of gestation. Moreover, the quantification of fecal progestins by EIA proved to be an important tool for noninvasive endocrine monitoring and to obtain reproductive data on the species M. americana in captivity.
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Mayor P, López-Plana C, López-Béjar M. Anatomicohistological Characteristics of the Tubular Genital Organs of the Female Red Brocket Deer (Mazama americana) in the Peruvian Amazon. Anat Histol Embryol 2012; 41:436-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2012.01154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - C. López-Plana
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy; Faculty of Veterinary; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra; E-08193; Barcelona; Spain
| | - M. López-Béjar
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy; Faculty of Veterinary; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra; E-08193; Barcelona; Spain
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