Aberrant expression of Igf2/H19 in porcine parthenogenetic fetuses and placentas

Epigenetic modulation of long noncoding RNA H19 in oral squamous cell carcinoma-A narrative review

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) showed a seemingly increasing incidence in the last decade. In India, despite the use of tobacco decreased rapidly, in the past five years, the incidence pattern of OSCC over gender and age showed a drastic shift. About 51 % of the head and neck cancers are not associated with habits. Studies exploring various contributing factors in the incidence of this malignancy have documented. Recently, the epigenetic factors associated with the induction and progression of OSCC were explored. More than 90 % of the human genome is made up of non-coding transcriptome, which believed to be noises. However, these non-coding RNAs were identified to be the major epigenetic modulators, which raises concern over incidence of carcinoma in non-habit patients. H19 is a long non coding RNA which proved to be an effective biomarker in various carcinoma. Its role in oral squamous cell cancer was not investigated in depth. This review discusses in detail the various epigenetic role of H19 in inducing oral carcinogenesis.

Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) H19: An essential developmental regulator with expanding roles in cancer, stem cell differentiation, and metabolic diseases

Recent advances in deep sequencing technologies have revealed that, while less than 2% of the human genome is transcribed into mRNA for protein synthesis, over 80% of the genome is transcribed, leading to the production of large amounts of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). It has been shown that ncRNAs, especially long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), may play crucial regulatory roles in gene expression. As one of the first isolated and reported lncRNAs, H19 has gained much attention due to its essential roles in regulating many physiological and/or pathological processes including embryogenesis, development, tumorigenesis, osteogenesis, and metabolism. Mechanistically, H19 mediates diverse regulatory functions by serving as competing endogenous RNAs (CeRNAs), Igf2/H19 imprinted tandem gene, modular scaffold, cooperating with H19 antisense, and acting directly with other mRNAs or lncRNAs. Here, we summarized the current understanding of H19 in embryogenesis and development, cancer development and progression, mesenchymal stem cell lineage-specific differentiation, and metabolic diseases. We discussed the potential regulatory mechanisms underlying H19's functions in those processes although more in-depth studies are warranted to delineate the exact molecular, cellular, epigenetic, and genomic regulatory mechanisms underlying the physiological and pathological roles of H19. Ultimately, these lines of investigation may lead to the development of novel therapeutics for human diseases by exploiting H19 functions.

Alterations to DNA structure as a cause of expression modifications of selected genes of known intrauterine-growth-restriction-association shared by chosen species - a review

The review aimed at searching for DNA structure markers of epigenetic modifications leading to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) in three livestock species, mouse and human. IUGR affects mammals by harming their wellbeing and the profitability of breeding enterprises. Of the livestock species, we chose cow, pig and sheep owing to there being many reports on the epigenetics of IUGR. IUGR investigations in human and mouse are particularly numerous, as we are interested in our own wellbeing and the mouse is a model species. We decided to focus on five genes (Igf2r, Igf2, H19, Peg3 and Mest) of known IUGR association, reported in all of those species. Despite the abundance of papers on IUGR, naturally occurring mutations responsible for epigenetic modifications have been described only in human and cow. The effect of induced DNA structural modifications upon epigenetics has been described in mouse and pig. One paper regarding mouse was chosen from among those describing DNA modifications performed to obtain parthenogenetic progeny. Papers regarding pig parthenogenetic progeny described the epigenetics of genes involved in foetal development, with no interference with the genome structure. No reports on DNA modifications altering IUGR epigenetics in sheep were found. Only environmental effects were studied and we could not conclude from the experiment designs whether the gene setup could affect the expression of involved genes, as different populations were not included or not specified within particular experiments. Apparently, DNA markers of IUGR epigenetics exist. It has been reported that the small number of them, occurring naturally, may result from neglecting existing evidence of such selection or health status forecasting markers.

Vitrification, not cryoprotectant exposure, alters the expression of developmentally important genes in in vitro produced porcine blastocysts

The vitrification of embryos is common practice in advanced livestock breeding programs and in human fertility clinics. Recent studies have revealed that vitrification results in aberrant expression of a number of stress related genes. However, few studies have examined the effect that vitrification has on developmentally important genes, and none have been conducted in porcine embryos. The aim of this study was to determine the effects that different vitrification procedures and cryoprotectant combinations have on the expression of imprinted genes in in vitro produced (IVP) porcine blastocysts. The transcript levels of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) were lower in all groups of vitrified blastocysts compared to that in non-vitrified control blastocysts (P < 0.05). Expression levels of IGF2 and IGF2 receptor (IGF2R) in blastocysts that had been exposed to cryoprotectants without being vitrified were similar to that in non-vitrified control blastocysts (P > 0.05). Furthermore, blastocysts vitrified using ethylene glycol and propanediol combined, and those vitrified in a closed device, had IGF2R transcript levels similar to that in non-vitrified control blastocysts (P > 0.05). In conclusion, vitrification, but not exposure to cryoprotectants, caused aberrant expression of the imprinted genes IGF2 and IGF2R. Vitrification protocols that incorporated propanediol or a closed device were found to be least disruptive of gene expression in IVP porcine blastocysts.

DNA methylation-mediated silencing of FLT1 in parthenogenetic porcine placentas

Studies show that perturbed expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family genes is related to abnormal development of parthenogenetic (PA) placenta. In this study, the methylation status of VEGF family genes were compared between PA and normal placentas using bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP). Results showed no significant difference in the methylation of VEGF-A differentially methylated region (DMR), placental growth factor (PIGF) DMR, and kinase insert domain receptor (KDR) DMR, whereas FMS-like tyrosine kinase 1 (FLT1) DMR was hypermethylated in PA placentas. These results suggested that abnormal methylation of FLT1 DMR might trigger the developmental failure of porcine PA placentas.

Disruption of NNAT, NAP1L5 and MKRN3 DNA methylation and transcription in rabbit parthenogenetic fetuses

Parthenogenetically activated oocytes cannot develop to term in mammals due to lack of paternal gene expression. Disruption of imprinted gene expression and DNA methylation status in parthenogenetic fetuses has been reported in mice and pigs, but not in rabbits. In this study, the genomic imprinting status of the paternally expressed genes Neuronatin (NNAT), Nucleosome assembly protein 1-like 5 (NAP1L5), and Makorin ring finger protein 3 (MKRN3) was compared between rabbit parthenogenetic (PA) and normally fertilized fetuses (Con) using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP). The results revealed a significantly reduced expression of NNAT, NAP1L5, and MKRN3 in rabbit PA fetuses compared with Con fetuses (p<0.05). In addition, the BSP results demonstrated hypermethylation in the differentially methylated regions (DMRs) of NNAT, NAP1L5, and MKRN3 in rabbit PA fetuses. Taken together, these results suggest that hypermethylation of DMRs is associated with decreased NNAT, NAP1L5, and MKRN3 expression, which may be responsible for developmental failure of rabbit PA fetuses.

DNA methylation modulates H19 and IGF2 expression in porcine female eye

The sexually dimorphic expression of H19/IGF2 is evolutionarily conserved. To investigate whether the expression of H19/IGF2 in the female porcine eye is sex-dependent, gene expression and methylation status were evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP). We hypothesized that H19/IGF2 might exhibit a different DNA methylation status in the female eye. In order to evaluate our hypothesis, parthenogenetic (PA) cells were used for analysis by qPCR and BSP. Our results showed that H19 and IGF2 were over-expressed in the female eye compared with the male eye (3-fold and 2-fold, respectively). We observed a normal monoallelic methylation pattern for H19 differentially methylated regions (DMRs). Compared with H19 DMRs, IGF2 DMRs showed a different methylation pattern in the eye. Taken together, these results suggest that elevated expression of H19/IGF2 is caused by a specific chromatin structure that is regulated by the DNA methylation status of IGF2 DMRs in the female eye.

Effects of cytochalasin B on DNA methylation and histone modification in parthenogenetically activated porcine embryos

DNA methylation and histone modification play important roles in the development of mammalian embryos. Cytochalasin B (CB) is an actin polymerization inhibitor that can significantly affect cell activity and is often used in studies concerning cytology. In recent years, CB is also commonly being used in in vitro experiments on mammalian embryos, but few studies have addressed the effect of CB on the epigenetic modification of embryonic development, and the mechanism underlying this process is also unknown. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of CB on DNA methylation and histone modification in the development of parthenogenetically activated porcine embryos. Treatment with 5 μg/mL CB for 4 h significantly increased the cleavage rate, blastocyst rate and total cell number of blastocysts. However, the percentage of apoptotic cells and the expression levels of the apoptosis-related genes BCL-XL, BAX and CASP3 were significantly decreased. Treatment with CB significantly decreased the expression levels of DNMT1, DNMT3a, DNMT3b, HAT1 and HDAC1 at the pronuclear stage and promoted the conversion of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). After CB treatment, the level of AcH3K9 was upregulated and the level of H3K9me3 was downregulated. When combined with Scriptaid and 5-Aza-Cdr, CB further improved the embryonic development competence and decreased the expression of BCL-XL, BAX and CASP3 In conclusion, these results suggest that CB could improve embryonic development and the quality of the blastocyst by improving the epigenetic modification during the development of parthenogenetically activated embryos.

Faithful expression of imprinted genes in donor cells of SCNT cloned pigs

To understand if the genomic imprinting status of the donor cells is altered during the process of SCNT (somatic cell nuclear transfer), cloned pigs were produced by SCNT using PEF (porcine embryonic fibroblast) and P-PEF (parthenogenetic-PEF) cells as donors. Then, the gene expression and methylation patterns of H19, IGF2, NNAT and MEST were compared between PEF vs. C-PEF (cloned-PEF), P-PEF vs. CP-PEF (cloned-P-PEF), respectively. Taken together, the results revealed that there was no significant difference in the expression of imprinted genes and conserved genomic imprints between the donor and cloned cells.

Production of Cloned Korean Native Pig by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

The Korean native pig (KNP) have been considered as animal models for animal biotechnology research because of their relatively small body size and their presumably highly inbred status due to the closed breeding program. However, little is reported about the use of KNP for animal biotechnology researches. This study was performed to establish the somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) protocol for the production of swine leukocyte antigens (SLA) homotype-defined SCNT KNP. The ear fibroblast cells originated from KNP were cultured and used as donor cell. After thawing, the donor cells were cultured for 1 hour with 15 μM roscovitine prior to the nuclear transfer. The numbers of reconstructed and parthenogenetic embryos transferred were 98 ± 35.2 and 145 ± 11.2, respectively. The pregnancy and delivery rate were 3/5 (60%) and 2/5 (40%). One healthy SLA homotype-defined SCNT KNP was successfully generated. The recipient-based individual cloning efficiency ranged from 0.65 to 1.08%. Taken together, it can be postulated that the methodological establishment of the production of SLA homotype-defined cloned KNP can be applied to the generation of transgenic cloned KNP as model animals for human disease and xenotransplantation researches.

DNA methylation-mediated silencing of neuronatin (NNAT) in pig parthenogenetic fetuses

It is generally believed that aberrant expression of imprinted genes participates in growth retardation of mammalian parthenogenesis. Neuronatin (NNAT), a paternally expressed gene, plays important roles in neuronal growth and metabolic regulation. Here we have compared the gene expression and promoter methylation pattern of NNAT between pig normally fertilized (Con) and parthenogenetic (PA) embryos. The results showed loss of NNAT expression (p<0.001) and hypermethylation of NNAT promoter in PA samples. Additionally, partial methylation was observed in Con fetuses, while almost full methylation and unmethylation of NNAT promoter were apparent in Metaphase II (MII) oocytes and mature sperms, respectively, which identified the CpG promoter region as a putative differentially methylated region (DMR) of NNAT. The data demonstrate that promoter hypermethylation is associated with the silencing of NNAT in pig PA fetuses, which may be related to developmental failure of pig parthenogenesis at early stages.

Disruption of imprinted gene expression and DNA methylation status in porcine parthenogenetic fetuses and placentas

Parthenogenetically activated oocytes cannot develop to term in mammals due to the lack of paternal gene expression and failed X chromosome inactivation (XCI). To further characterize porcine parthenogenesis, the expression of 18 imprinted genes was compared between parthenogenetic (PA) and normally fertilized embryos (Con) using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The results revealed that maternally expressed genes were over-expressed, whereas paternally expressed genes were significantly reduced in PA fetuses and placentas. The results of bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) demonstrated that PRE-1 and Satellite were hypermethylated in both Con and PA fetuses and placentas, while XIST DMRs were hypomethylated only in PA samples. Taken together, these results suggest that the aberrant methylation profile of XIST DMRs and abnormal imprinted gene expression may be responsible for developmental failure and impaired growth in porcine parthenogenesis.

Genomic imprinting analysis of Igf2/H19 in porcine cloned fetuses using parthenogenetic somatic cells as nuclear donors

To gain insight into parthenogenesis in pigs, we report for the first time that using parthenogenetic somatic cells as nuclear donors (PSCNT), the porcine parthenogenetic fetus can develop to gestational day 39. Weight and morphological analysis revealed that PSCNT fetuses were smaller and developmentally retarded when compared to normally fertilized controls. Quantitative gene expression analysis indicated that in PSCNT fetuses, H19 was over-expressed, whereas Igf2 was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) compared with their controls. In addition, bisulfite-sequencing PCR results demonstrated that H19 differentially DNA methylated regions (DMRs) were hypomethylated in PSCNT fetuses, while Igf2 DMRs were hypermethylated in both PSCNT and control fetuses. Our results suggest that extended development of the porcine parthenogenetic fetus can be accomplished using PSCNT and that abnormal DNA methylation of H19 DMRs might contribute to the critical barrier of parthenogenesis in pigs.

Genomic imprinting in farm animals

The mouse is the first species in which genomic imprinting was studied. Imprinting research in farm species has lagged behind owing to a lack of sequencing and genetic background information, as well as long generation intervals and high costs in tissue collection. Since the creation of Dolly, the first cloned mammal from an adult sheep, studies on genomic imprinting in domestic species have accelerated because animals from cloning and other assisted reproductive technologies exhibit phenotypes of imprinting disruptions. Although this review focuses on new developments in farm animals, most of the imprinting mechanism information was derived from the mouse.