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Jung H, Yoon M. Transplantation of spermatogonial stem cells in stallions. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2024; 66:635-644. [PMID: 39165739 PMCID: PMC11331362 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2024.e30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cells originate from gonocytes and undergo self-renewal and differentiation to generate mature spermatozoa via spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules of the testis in male mammals. Owing to the unique capacity of these cells, the spermatogonial stem cell transplantation technique, which enables the restoration of male fertility by transfer of germlines between donor and recipient males, has been developed. Thus, spermatogonial stem cell transplantation can be used as an important next-generation reproductive and breeding tool in livestock production. However, in large animals, this approach is associated with many technical limitations and inefficiency. Furthermore, research regrading spermatogonial stem cell transplantation in stallions is limited. Therefore, this review article describes the history and current knowledge regarding spermatogonial stem cell transplantation in animals and challenges in establishing an experimental protocol for successful spermatogonial stem cell transplantation in stallions, which have been presented under the following heads: spermatogonial stem cell isolation, recipient preparation, and spermatogonial stem cell transplantation. Additionally, we suggest that further investigation based on previous unequivocal evidence regarding donor-derived spermatogenesis in large animals must be conducted. A detailed and better understanding of the physical and physiological aspects is required to discuss the current status of this technique field and develop future directions for the establishment of spermatogonial stem cell transplantation in stallions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejun Jung
- Research Center for Horse Industry,
Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Minjung Yoon
- Research Center for Horse Industry,
Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
- Department of Horse, Companion and Wild
Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224,
Korea
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2
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Mogielnicka-Brzozowska M, Cichowska AW. Molecular Biomarkers of Canine Reproductive Functions. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:6139-6168. [PMID: 38921038 PMCID: PMC11202846 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46060367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study is to review potential molecular biomarker substances selected so far as useful for assessing the quality of dog semen. Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and ions can serve as molecular biomarkers of reproductive functions (BRFs) for evaluating male reproductive health and identifying potential risk factors for infertility or reproductive disorders. Evaluation of BRF levels in semen samples or reproductive tissues may provide insights into the underlying causes of infertility, such as impaired sperm function, abnormal sperm-egg interaction, or dysfunction of the male reproductive tract. Molecular biomarker proteins may be divided into two groups: proteins that are well-studied, such as A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs), albumins (ALBs), alkaline phosphatase (ALPL), clusterin (CLU), canine prostate-specific esterase (CPSE), cysteine-rich secretory protein 2 (CRISP2), lactotransferrin (LTF), metalloproteinases (MMPs), and osteopontin (OPN) and proteins that are not well-studied. Non-protein markers include lipid-based substances (fatty acids, phosphatidylcholine), carbohydrates (glycosaminoglycans), and ions (zinc, calcium). Assessing the levels of BRFs in semen samples may provide valuable information for breeding management and reproductive assessments in dogs. This review systematizes current knowledge that could serve as a starting point for developing practical tests with the use of biomarkers of canine reproductive functions and their predictive value for assisted reproductive technique outcomes and semen preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Mogielnicka-Brzozowska
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 5, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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3
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The stallion sperm acrosome: Considerations from a research and clinical perspective. Theriogenology 2023; 196:121-149. [PMID: 36413868 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During the fertilization process, the interaction between the sperm and the oocyte is mediated by a process known as acrosomal exocytosis (AE). Although the role of the sperm acrosome on fertilization has been studied extensively over the last 70 years, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that govern acrosomal function, particularly in species other than mice or humans. Even though subfertility due to acrosomal dysfunction is less common in large animals than in humans, the evaluation of sperm acrosomal function should be considered not only as a complementary but a routine test when individuals are selected for breeding potential. This certainly holds true for stallions, which might display lower levels of fertility in the face of "acceptable" sperm quality parameters determined by conventional sperm assays. Nowadays, the use of high throughput technologies such as flow cytometry or mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis is commonplace in the research arena. Such techniques can also be implemented in clinical scenarios of males with "idiopathic" subfertility. The current review focuses on the sperm acrosome, with particular emphasis on the stallion. We aim to describe the physiological events that lead to the acrosome formation within the testis, the role of very specific acrosomal proteins during AE, the methods to study the occurrence of AE under in vitro conditions, and the potential use of molecular biology techniques to discover new markers of acrosomal function and subfertility associated with acrosomal dysfunction in stallions.
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Fu J, Yingying Ge, Qingmei Zhang, Lin Y, Liu C, Nong W, Luo X, Xiao S, Xie X, Luo B. Immunohistochemistry Study of OY-TES-1 Location in Fetal and Adult Human Tissues. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:7052830. [PMID: 35463688 PMCID: PMC9020931 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7052830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OY-TES-1 is reportedly involved in carcinogenesis and spermatogenesis. However, the tissue distribution of OY-TES-1 in the normal human body remains elusive. This study detected OY-TES-1 expression in human fetal and adult normal tissues by immunohistochemistry. We identified a general principle of OY-TES-1 expression. The expression of OY-TES-1 was found in neurons, smooth muscle cells, and cardiac muscle cells from both fetuses and adults. The connective tissue showed no specific staining throughout the fetal and adult samples. With OY-TES-1-positive staining of the epithelium irregular, OY-TES-1 was strongly expressed in the epithelium of the skin and bladder, as well as hepatocytes, pancreatic islets, and acinous cells during the fetal stage but was not detected in the postnatal period. In contrast to the epithelium of blood vessels, the fetal and adult central hepatic vein and glomeruli showed negative expression of the OY-TES-1 protein. Sex-dimorphism was observed in the distribution of OY-TES-1 in male and female germ cells. Collectively, our results indicate that OY-TES-1 is a member of the cancer-testis antigen and autoantigen, with tissue-specific and period-specific expression patterns, revealing potential contributions of OY-TES-1 to the diagnosis and therapeutic treatment for neoplasms and infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fu
- Department of Histology & Embryology, School of Pre-clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yingying Ge
- Department of Histology & Embryology, School of Pre-clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Qingmei Zhang
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory Research of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yongda Lin
- Department of Histology & Embryology, School of Pre-clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Weixia Nong
- Department of Histology & Embryology, School of Pre-clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Histology & Embryology, School of Pre-clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Shaowen Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xiaoxun Xie
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory Research of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Bin Luo
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory Research of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
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Araujo MS, de Oliveira Henriques Paulo OL, Scott C, Paranzini CS, Codognoto VM, de Paula Freitas Dell'Aqua C, Papa FO, de Souza FF. Insights into the influence of canine breed on proteomics of the spermatozoa and seminal plasma. J Proteomics 2022; 257:104508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Jung Y, Yoon M. Oxytocin receptor expression in stallion testes and epididymides. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 74:106562. [PMID: 33038836 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine factors orchestrate the development and physiology of the stallion reproductive system. Oxytocin (OXT) is one of the critical endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine factors for the male reproductive system. Previous studies have investigated OXT receptor (OXTR) expression in testes and epididymides, including humans, marmosets, macaques, swine, and sheep. This study aimed to explore (1) OXTR localization in the testes and epididymides and (2) the seasonal modification of OXTR expression in the testes. Adult stallion testis and epididymis samples were prepared using routine castration procedures. Reverse-transcription PCR was performed to detect the presence of OXTR messenger RNA (mRNA) in the testes. Western blot procedure was performed to confirm the cross-reactivity of OXTR antibody to horse OXTR. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect OXTR protein expression in the testes and epididymides. Oxytocin receptor mRNA was detected in the stallion testes. The OXTR protein band was observed at 55 kDa. Interestingly, the relative intensity of the OXTR protein band varied between nonbreeding and breeding season. The OXTR protein level in the testes collected during the breeding season was higher than that during the nonbreeding season. Oxytocin receptor localization was observed in the cytoplasm of Type A spermatogonia and spermatid. Oxytocin receptor protein expression was also observed in the cytoplasmic area of Leydig cells and the membrane of the seminiferous tubules. The cytoplasm of principal and basal cells in the caput, corpus, and cauda was also immunolabeled with OXTR antibody. In conclusion, based on the expression of OXTR in tissues of testes and epididymides, OXT-OXTR system may be a critical factor for stallion testicular and epididymal function. In addition, according to the seasonal alteration of intensity, the OXT-OXTR system may be associated with seasonal changes in the reproductive system in stallions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Jung
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - M Yoon
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea; Department of Horse, Companion and Wild Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Cruz A, Sullivan DB, Doty KF, Hess RA, Canisso IF, Reddi PP. Acrosomal marker SP-10 (gene name Acrv1) for staging of the cycle of seminiferous epithelium in the stallion. Theriogenology 2020; 156:214-221. [PMID: 32758798 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The acrosome plays a critical role in sperm-oocyte interactions during fertilization. SP-10 is an acrosomal matrix protein, which is evolutionarily conserved among mammals. The SP-10 antibody has been shown to be useful for staging the seminiferous cycle in the mouse and human. A canonical acrosomal marker; however, has never been used for staging in the horse. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the presence of SP-10 within the horse acrosome using an anti-mouse SP-10 antibody, to classify spermatids based on the shape of the acrosome, and then to use that information to assign stages of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium. Testes from mature stallions with history of normospermic ejaculates were used for immunohistochemistry. We found that the mouse SP-10 antibody stained the horse acrosome vividly in testis cross-sections, indicating evolutionary conservation. Previous methods based on morphology alone without the aid of an antibody marker showed 8 stages in the horse seminiferous epithelium. Morphological detail of the acrosome afforded by the SP-10 marker in this study identified 16 steps of spermatids. This, in turn, led to the identification of 12 distinct stages in the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium of the horse wherein stage I shows recently formed round spermatids and stage XII includes meiotic divisions; a classification that is consistent with other animal models. The SP-10 antibody marks the acrosome in a way that enables researchers in the field to identify stages of spermatogenesis in the horse easily. In conclusion, we demonstrated that immunolabeling for SP-10 can be an objective approach to stage the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in normospermic stallions; future studies will determine if SP-10 could be used to assess testicular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamaria Cruz
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, USA
| | - Derek B Sullivan
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, USA
| | - Karen F Doty
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, USA
| | - Rex A Hess
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, USA
| | - Igor F Canisso
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, USA; Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, USA
| | - Prabhakara P Reddi
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, USA.
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Chen G, Chen J, Liu H, Chen S, Zhang Y, Li P, Thierry-Mieg D, Thierry-Mieg J, Mattes W, Ning B, Shi T. Comprehensive Identification and Characterization of Human Secretome Based on Integrative Proteomic and Transcriptomic Data. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:299. [PMID: 31824949 PMCID: PMC6881247 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted proteins (SPs) play important roles in diverse important biological processes; however, a comprehensive and high-quality list of human SPs is still lacking. Here we identified 6,943 high-confidence human SPs (3,522 of them are novel) based on 330,427 human proteins derived from databases of UniProt, Ensembl, AceView, and RefSeq. Notably, 6,267 of 6,943 (90.3%) SPs have the supporting evidences from a large amount of mass spectrometry (MS) and RNA-seq data. We found that the SPs were broadly expressed in diverse tissues as well as human body fluid, and a significant portion of them exhibited tissue-specific expression. Moreover, 14 cancer-specific SPs that their expression levels were significantly associated with the patients’ survival of eight different tumors were identified, which could be potential prognostic biomarkers. Strikingly, 89.21% of 6,943 SPs (2,927 novel SPs) contain known protein domains. Those novel SPs we mainly enriched with the known domains regarding immunity, such as Immunoglobulin V-set and C1-set domain. Specifically, we constructed a user-friendly and freely accessible database, SPRomeDB (www.unimd.org/SPRomeDB), to catalog those SPs. Our comprehensive SP identification and characterization gain insights into human secretome and provide valuable resource for future researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Chen
- The Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiwei Chen
- The Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huanlong Liu
- The Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuangguan Chen
- The Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- The Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Li
- The Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Danielle Thierry-Mieg
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jean Thierry-Mieg
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - William Mattes
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson City, AR, United States
| | - Baitang Ning
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson City, AR, United States
| | - Tieliu Shi
- The Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Pinto TMF, Moreira RF, Matos MNC, Soares VVM, Aguiar MVDA, de Aragão PDTTD, Alves JG, Moreno FBMB, Monteiro-Moreira ACDO, Costa CRR, de Lima JL, Eloy AMX, da Cunha RMS. Evaluation of the proteomic profiles of ejaculated spermatozoa from Saanen bucks ( Capra hircus ). Anim Reprod 2019; 16:902-913. [PMID: 32368270 PMCID: PMC7189512 DOI: 10.21451/1984-3143-ar2019-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Saanen goat breed has been widely explored in breeding programmes; however, there are few reports about the breed's genetic and molecular composition. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the proteomic profile of spermatozoa from Saanen breeding goats. Five breeding animals with proven fertility were selected, the spermatozoa were collected, and the protein was extracted. Subsequently, the proteins were separated and analysed by two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry; the proteins were then identified with the SwissProt database. A total of 31 proteins involved in reproduction were identified, including binding proteins on spermatozoa for fusion with the egg, acrosomal membrane proteins, metabolic enzymes, heat shock proteins, cytoskeletal proteins and spermatozoa motility proteins. The characterization of such proteins clarifies the molecular mechanisms of spermatogenesis and the modifications that ensure the success of fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Maria Farias Pinto
- Universidade Estadual Vale do AcaraúLaboratorio de Biologia MolecularSobralBrasilUniversidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú, Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular, Sobral, Brasil
| | - Raulzito Fernandes Moreira
- Universidade Estadual Vale do AcaraúLaboratorio de Biologia MolecularSobralBrasilUniversidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú, Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular, Sobral, Brasil
| | - Maria Nagila Carneiro Matos
- Universidade Estadual Vale do AcaraúLaboratorio de Biologia MolecularSobralBrasilUniversidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú, Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular, Sobral, Brasil
| | - Vitória Virginia Magalhães Soares
- Universidade Estadual Vale do AcaraúLaboratorio de Biologia MolecularSobralBrasilUniversidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú, Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular, Sobral, Brasil
| | - Mônica Valeria de Almeida Aguiar
- Universidade Estadual Vale do AcaraúLaboratorio de Biologia MolecularSobralBrasilUniversidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú, Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular, Sobral, Brasil
| | - Paulo de Tarso Teles Dourado de Aragão
- Universidade Estadual Vale do AcaraúLaboratorio de Biologia MolecularSobralBrasilUniversidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú, Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular, Sobral, Brasil
| | - João Garcia Alves
- Universidade Estadual Vale do AcaraúLaboratorio de Biologia MolecularSobralBrasilUniversidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú, Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular, Sobral, Brasil
| | - Frederico Bruno Mendes Batista Moreno
- Universidade de FortalezaNúcleo de Biologia ExperimentalFortalezaBrasilUniversidade de Fortaleza, Núcleo de Biologia Experimental, Fortaleza, Brasil
| | | | - Cíntia Renata Rocha Costa
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco FederalDepartamento de BioquímicaLaboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo AsamiRecifeBrasilUniversidade Federal de Pernambuco Federal, Departamento de Bioquímica, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Recife, Brasil
| | - José Luiz de Lima
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco FederalDepartamento de BioquímicaLaboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo AsamiRecifeBrasilUniversidade Federal de Pernambuco Federal, Departamento de Bioquímica, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Recife, Brasil
| | - Angela Maria Xavier Eloy
- Centro de Pesquisa Caprinos e OvinosEmpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa AgropecuáriaSobralBrasilCentro de Pesquisa Caprinos e Ovinos, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Sobral, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Maranguape Silva da Cunha
- Universidade Estadual Vale do AcaraúLaboratorio de Biologia MolecularSobralBrasilUniversidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú, Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular, Sobral, Brasil
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Ahuja AK, Cheema RS. Homology between cattle bull sperm and bacterial antigenic proteins viz a viz possible role in immunological infertility. Reprod Domest Anim 2018; 53:1530-1538. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Kumar Ahuja
- Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics GADVASU Ludhiana Punjab India
| | - Ranjna S. Cheema
- Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics GADVASU Ludhiana Punjab India
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