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Vaz RZ, Lobato JFP, Bethancourt-Garcia JA, Pacheco RF, Reis NP, Sartori DBS, Jappe SA, Restle J. Environmental factors on the probability of pregnancy in early or conventionally weaned beef cows. Anim Reprod 2023; 20:e20230054. [PMID: 37795201 PMCID: PMC10546909 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2023-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Potential variables for the reproductive success of beef cows were evaluated. Included in the model were the age of the cow at calving; the interval between the Julian calving date and the end of the breeding season; the body weight and conditions at calving, at 75 days post-partum and at the end of the breeding season; and the mean daily variation in weight between these dates. Logistic regression was used in the analysis, with the parameters evaluated using the odds ratio statistic, estimating the chance of pregnancy. The mean rate of pregnancy was 84% and 55% for early and late-weaned cows, respectively. For early weaned cows, the regression variables were the Julian calving date, age of the cow, weight gain from calving to 75 days post-partum, and from 75 days post-partum to the end of the reproductive period. For late-weaned cows, there were only two regression variables, weight at calving and weight gain from calving to the end of the reproductive period. For every year above the average age of the herd, early weaned cows have an 80.9% greater chance of pregnancy, while a reduction of one year reduces the chance of pregnancy by 44.7%. In early weaned cows, every seven days after the mean Julian calving date reduces the chances of pregnancy by 22.6%, whereas every seven days before the mean calving date increases pregnancy by 29.2%. Greater gains in cow body weight, from calving to the end of the reproductive period, determine a greater probability of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - João Restle
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
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Galina CS, Geffroy M. Dual-Purpose Cattle Raised in Tropical Conditions: What Are Their Shortcomings in Sound Productive and Reproductive Function? Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2224. [PMID: 37444022 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dual-purpose husbandry might well be the most commonly employed cattle management system in tropical regions worldwide. The advantages of producing both meat and milk, although in reduced quantities, gives an edge to the farmer in coping with the volatile economic conditions that prevail in the region. Herein, we discuss the different methods of cattle management under tropical conditions based on the financial and social structure of this system. An account of the sanitary and nutritional conditions available to the farmers and how these factors affect the profitability of the enterprise will also be given. Finally, we will discuss how these systems can take advantage of several biotechnological procedures, and how these tools (such as controlled natural mating, artificial insemination, and embryo transfer) affect reproductive outcomes. The present review will mainly concentrate on production systems located less than 1000 m above sea level, as the problems and shortcomings of cattle raised above this arbitrary landmark are quite different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Salvador Galina
- Departamento de Reproducción, Facultad de Medicina, Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Mariana Geffroy
- Departamento de Reproducción, Facultad de Medicina, Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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Alforma AMP, Pereira GR, da Rocha MK, Teixeira ODS, de Oliveira MCM, Lima JA, Cumbe TA, Barcellos JOJ. Influence of weaning management at 30, 75 and 180 days of age on non-esterified fatty acids and reproductive performance in beef cows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:407-417. [PMID: 35616028 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of age at weaning of calves on non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and reproductive parameters of beef cows. Animals (n = 65) were randomly assigned to three treatments after calving: hyper-early weaning (W30) at 32 ± 0.89 days, early weaning (W75) at 77 ± 0.95 days, and conventional weaning (W180) at 183 ± 0.82 days. Body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) were evaluated at parturition (AP) and at 30, 45, 64, 81, 100 and 115 days postpartum (dPP). Blood samples were collected to analyze NEFA levels and progesterone (P4) at 30, 45, 64 and 81 dPP. Higher BW and BCS were observed from 64 to 115 dPP in W30 cows than W180 ones (p < 0.05). Cows subjected to W30 condition had higher levels of NEFA at 30 dPP compared to 64 and 81 dPP (p < 0.05). We also observed that cows from W180 group showed decreased levels of NEFA at 30 dPP compared to 45 (p < 0.01) and 64 dPP (p < 0.05). The highest P4 level was observed at 64 dPP in W30 cows compared to W75 and W180 (p < 0.05). We also observed higher CR of W30 (86%) compared to W180 (47%) at 45 dPP (p < 0.05). The overall pregnancy rate (PR) was higher for W30 (95.5%) than W180 (73.9%). In addition, higher BW at calving and P4 levels at 30 dPP were positively correlated with the possibility of pregnancy (p < 0.05). Improvement in BW and BCS were observed in cows subjected to hyper-early weaning management. However, levels of NEFA decreased as the postpartum period progressed. We concluded that cows who weaned calves hyper-early have greater chances of increasing cyclicity and PRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antónia Mendes Paizano Alforma
- Departamento de Zootecnia, PPG Zootecnia, Núcleo de Estudos em Sistemas de Produção (NESPro), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brasil.,Estação Zootécnica de Angónia (EZA), Centro Regional da Zona Centro, Instituto de Investigação Agrária de Moçambique (IIAM), Ulónguè, Tete, Moçambique
| | - Gabriel Ribas Pereira
- Departamento de Zootecnia, PPG Zootecnia, Núcleo de Estudos em Sistemas de Produção (NESPro), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Marcela Kuczynski da Rocha
- Departamento de Zootecnia, PPG Zootecnia, Núcleo de Estudos em Sistemas de Produção (NESPro), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Odilene de Souza Teixeira
- Departamento de Zootecnia, PPG Zootecnia, Núcleo de Estudos em Sistemas de Produção (NESPro), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Maria Carolina Muniz de Oliveira
- Departamento de Zootecnia, PPG Zootecnia, Núcleo de Estudos em Sistemas de Produção (NESPro), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Júlia Abud Lima
- Departamento de Zootecnia, PPG Zootecnia, Núcleo de Estudos em Sistemas de Produção (NESPro), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Télis Adolfo Cumbe
- Departamento de Zootecnia, PPG Zootecnia, Núcleo de Estudos em Sistemas de Produção (NESPro), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brasil.,Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Zambeze, Ulónguè, Tete, Moçambique
| | - Júlio Otávio Jardim Barcellos
- Departamento de Zootecnia, PPG Zootecnia, Núcleo de Estudos em Sistemas de Produção (NESPro), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brasil
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4
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Probability of pregnancy in beef cows with early-weaned calves. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.104854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Martínez JF, Galina CS, Ortiz P, Corro MD, Rubio I, Romero-Zuñiga JJ. Backfat Thickness Does Affect the Restoration of Ovarian Activity Postpartum in Different Breeding Programs in Zebu Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:794632. [PMID: 34957287 PMCID: PMC8695602 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.794632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The backfat thickness (BFT) was used to forecast the onset of ovarian activity and predict the calf growth. Eighty Brahman cows with their calves were allocated in two groups of 40 distributed in 4 months according to the month of calving, starting in March and finishing in June. One was synchronized and inseminated at fixed time following by natural mating (TAI+NM); whilst the other only by natural mating (NM). The programs started at 60 ± 5 days postpartum and ended 60 days later. From day 30 postpartum, serial ultrasound examinations and progesterone samples were used to monitor the onset of ovarian activity. The BFT in the rump area was measured by ultrasound from 30 days postpartum and every 15 days thereafter. The weight of the calves was recorded at birth and at weaning on 160 days. The adjusted effect of BFT on ovarian activity and the calves' development was assessed by binomial logistic regression at 30, 60, 75, and 120 days postpartum. The cycling cows averaged higher BFT irrespective of breeding program (P < 0.001). Also, slower changes in BFT were recorded during the follow-up at each time for all cows. However, the former had the higher BFT values from calving to the end of the study (P < 0.001). At 60, 75, and 120 days, the BFT measured, at the preceding time, was the only factor predicting the commencement of cyclicity (P < 0.001). The accumulative pregnancy through time was higher in TAI+NM (P = 0.003). Daily weight gain and weaning weight of the calves born in March was significantly heavier (P < 0.001) than peers born in April, May, or June. The most critical element to forecast the onset of ovarian activity is the monitoring of BFT around calving regardless of the breeding program. BFT to estimate the development of the calves until weaning was unpredictable.
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Affiliation(s)
- José F Martínez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Department of Reproduction, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos S Galina
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Department of Reproduction, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pablo Ortiz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Department of Reproduction, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Manuel D Corro
- Centre for Teaching, Research and Extension in Tropical Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Tlapacoyan, Mexico
| | - Ivette Rubio
- Centre for Teaching, Research and Extension in Tropical Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Tlapacoyan, Mexico
| | - Juan J Romero-Zuñiga
- Research Program in Population Medicine, Veterinary Medicine School, National University, Heredia, Costa Rica
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Orihuela A, Galina CS. The Effect of Maternal Behavior around Calving on Reproduction and Wellbeing of Zebu Type Cows and Calves. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113164. [PMID: 34827899 PMCID: PMC8614372 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The behaviors associated with domestic cattle such as maternal care are quite similar to those behaviors observed in wild ungulates. These behaviors allow the cow to bond with her calf, protect and provide it with nourishment and ultimately reduce the bond at weaning. Although maternal behavior is an important factor influencing the survival and early development of the newborn calf, Zebu type cows around calving have not been studied extensively. Herein, we consider the four main aspects of maternal behavior in cattle and particularly Bos indicus cows and calves. Firstly, we provide a brief description of the behavior of cows around parturition and the behavior of the first stages of the calves' lives. In the second part, the protective behavior of the mother is analyzed. Subsequently, examples of animal welfare implications followed by an analysis of some factors that affect calf survival, including mother experience and weather conditions, are discussed, and in the last part, reproduction along with some peculiarities of reproductive behavior, and the wellbeing of mother and calves are examined. We concluded that knowledge of maternal behavior of Zebu type cows around calving and interactions with calves might contribute to an enhanced reproductive efficiency of the mother and the welfare of the calf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Orihuela
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
- Correspondence:
| | - Carlos S. Galina
- Departamento de Reproducción, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
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Pfeifer LFM, Rodrigues WB, Nogueira E. Relationship between body condition score index and fertility in beef cows subjected to timed artificial insemination. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Díaz RF, Galina CS, Aranda EM, Aceves LA, Sánchez JG, Pablos JL. Effect of temperature - humidity index on the onset of post- partum ovarian activity and reproductive behavior in Bos indicus cows. Anim Reprod 2020; 17:e20190074. [PMID: 32399065 PMCID: PMC7212737 DOI: 10.21451/1984-3143-ar2019-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of climatic factors on ovarian activity and reproductive behavior (RB) was evaluated in 46 Bos indicus cows kept under grazing conditions. Temperature-humidity index (THI) was used as an indicator of stress and divided in alert, damage and emergency levels. Fat thickness (FAT) was taken during the last trimester of gestation (LTG) to approximately 90d postpartum (PP). At 30d PP animals received a progesterone (P4)-releasing device (CIDR) which was withdrawn 9d later. Ovarian activity was assessed by blood progesterone on days 21, 24, 27, 30, 49, 51, and 54 PP. Animals were divided into three groups, higher, and moderate RB and non-behavior. Sixty percent presented a THI >74 increasing dramatically from June to September up to >78. During LTG, animals lost 27% of their body reserves contrasting to PP where an increase of 2.6% (P=0.002) was observed. The percentages of cyclic and non-cyclic animals were 57 and 43%, respectively (P> 0.05). Seventy-two percent displayed RB and 28% were non-behavior (P<0.05). A negative correlation (r = -0.307; P = 0.038) between THI and RB, and a positive correlation (r = 0.427; P = 0.003) between the onset of ovarian activity and RB were observed. Differences in THI during the LTG (P<0.01) were observed between cyclic and non-cyclic animals. Non-behavior cows in the LTG had a higher THI (P <0.05). High levels of THI have a negative effect on the resumption of ovarian activity and RB in Bos indicus especially if high THI occurs during the last trimester of gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Fernando Díaz
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador.,Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Carlos Salvador Galina
- Departamento de Reproducción, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | | | | | - Jose Luis Pablos
- Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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Orihuela A, Galina CS. Effects of Separation of Cows and Calves on Reproductive Performance and Animal Welfare in Tropical Beef Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E223. [PMID: 31071919 PMCID: PMC6562594 DOI: 10.3390/ani9050223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nursing a calf suppresses postpartum ovarian activity prolonging the period of anestrus. Diverse methods are used to reduce the effect of suckling; the most popular, restricted suckling, reduces the number of encounters mother-calf. Temporal weaning of the calf for periods of 24 h, 48 h, or even 72 h also suppress the effect of suckling and is commonly applied to cow-calf operations in the tropics. Early weaning of the calf, usually three to five months after birth, is a practice gaining popularity over the traditional system of weaning at seven months. Furthermore, the use of nose-flaps in the calf to avoid suckling is a common procedure in South America. Finally, weaning during the first week after calving is an established method to reduce postpartum anestrus. The objective of the present review is to discuss the effects of these methods on the reproductive performance of beef cattle and their animal welfare implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Orihuela
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Carlos S Galina
- Departamento de Reproducción, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
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Xavier EG, Galina CS, Pimentel CA, Rechsteiner SF, Maquivar M. Calf presence and estrous response, ovarian follicular activity and the pattern of luteinizing hormone in postpartum Bos indicus cows. Anim Reprod 2018; 15:1208-1213. [PMID: 34221134 PMCID: PMC8203114 DOI: 10.21451/1984-3143-ar2017-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of the present experiment was to assess the effect of temporary weaning on the onset of estrus, ovarian follicular activity and secretion of luteinizing hormone in Bos indicus cows. Forty six mature cows were divided into three groups 1) calves were weaned for 72 h allowing auditory, olfactory and visual contact with their dams (VISUAL, n = 17), 2) calves without contact with their dams for 72 h (NC, n = 17) and 3) calves not weaned and in constant contact with their dams (CTRL, n = 12). Estrus was synchronized in all cows using CIDR for 9 days plus 2 mg of estradiol benzoate given at CIDR insertion. The VISUAL group had a greater (P < 0.05) proportion of cows in estrus (76.5%) compared to the CTRL group (16.7%), but no differences were found when compared to the NC group (58.8%). The VISUAL group had a greater proportion of animal that ovulated (76.5%) compared to CTRL (33.3%) and NC groups (64.7%; P = 0.059). Duration of estrus was shorter (P = 0.04) in the VISUAL (8.4 ± 4.4 hours) than in the NC (12.9 ± 13.4 hours) however, CTRL treatment (11 ± 1.4 hours) was not different from either of these two groups. LH concentration after implant removal was similar among treatments and started to increase at 36 h post CIDR removal. Only in the CTRL group was there an obvious increase by 54 h after implant removal. Follicular size increased in diameter from 36 h and were evident in treatments and control groups by 60 h (P < 0.05). The VISUAL treatment increased the number of cows ovulating and shortened the length of estrus. VISUAL and NC groups showed a similar response in follicular growth and pattern of circulating LH because of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Salvador Galina
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia,UNAM, México
| | | | | | - Martin Maquivar
- Department of Animal Sciences. Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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Machado Pfeifer LF, de Souza Andrade J, Moreira EM, Reis da Silva R, Araújo Neves PM, Moreira da Silva G, Lemos IC, Schneider A. Uterine inflammation and fertility of beef cows subjected to timed AI at different days postpartum. Anim Reprod Sci 2018; 197:268-277. [PMID: 30195943 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the uterine health and fertility of postpartum beef cows subjected to timed AI (TAI) protocols at different days from calving. Lactating Nelore cows (Bos indicus; n = 244) were used in this study. The TAI protocols were initiated between 20 and 60 days postpartum (DPP). Cows were subjected to an estradiol-progesterone based TAI protocol. The cows were divided into three groups according to the days postpartum at the time the hormonal treatment was initiated: 1) Early (n = 64), cows between 20 and 30 DPP; 2) Middle (n = 115), cows between 31 and 45 DPP; and 3) Late (n = 65), cows between 46 and 60 DPP. At Day 0 of the protocol, endometrial cytobrush samples were collected. Slides for polymorphonuclear (PMN) cell counting were prepared and cytobrush was used for RNA extraction and analysis of relative abundance of il1, il6, il8, and tnf mRNA. Cows from the Early group had less (P < 0.05) pregnancies per AI (P/AI) than cows from Middle and Late groups; 29.7% (19/64), 45.2% (52/115), and 52.31% (34/65), respectively. Accordingly, the Early group had a greater (P < 0.05) proportion of PMN cells in the uterus than Middle and Late groups; 9.0%, 3.8%, and 2.2%, respectively. Relative abundances of il1 and il8 mRNA were greater (P < 0.05) in the Early group than Middle and Late groups. These results indicate that beef cows subjected to TAI protocols early postpartum (< 30 DPP) are less likely to become pregnant, which is associated with increased inflammation and relative abundance of mRNA for the proinflammatory cytokines il1 and il8.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jéssica de Souza Andrade
- Bionorte, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, CEP 76815-800, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Reis da Silva
- Embrapa, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, CEP 76815-800, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Paulo Marcos Araújo Neves
- UNIR, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, CEP 76940-000, Rolim de Moura, RO, Brazil
| | - George Moreira da Silva
- UNIR, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Regional e Meio Ambiente, CEP 76815-800, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Izabela Cristina Lemos
- UNIR, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Regional e Meio Ambiente, CEP 76815-800, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Augusto Schneider
- UFPel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, CEP 96010-610, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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