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Barbas JP, Baptista MC, Carolino N, Simões J, Margatho G, Pimenta J, Claudino F, Ferreira FC, Grilo F, Pereira RMLN. Effect of Breed and Season in Buck Semen Cryopreservation: The Portuguese Animal Germplasm Bank. Vet Sci 2024; 11:326. [PMID: 39058010 PMCID: PMC11281507 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11070326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to characterize the semen as well as the influence of breed, season, and semen processing on spermatozoa (SPZ) traits of four native Portuguese goat breeds used for the bank of Portuguese animal germplasm (BPAG). A total of 1017 ejaculates from Serrana (n = 30), Bravia (n = 15), Charnequeira (n = 11), and Preta de Montezinho (n = 3) bucks were collected between 2004 and 2020 at (EZN-INIAV; 39° N) during the whole year under natural conditions. All the fresh and cryopreserved (-196 °C) semen was evaluated and stored in the BPAG. Bravia bucks (the smallest breed) produced less (p < 0.05) volume of ejaculate than all the other breeds, which was higher during the full breeding season (September-January; p < 0.05), regarding all the other breeds. Contrarily, in general, SPZ concentration was lower during September-January, but total SPZ per ejaculate remained similar (p > 0.05) during May-August and September-January in Serrana bucks. The SPZ viability and SPZ midpiece defects were slightly influenced by breed and SPZ head defects by season (lowest % in February-April; p < 0.05). On the contrary, the freezing-thawing cycle strongly influenced (p < 0.01) all SPZ traits. The correlation coefficients of these traits between fresh and thawed SPZ were low (up to 0.33; p < 0.01), highlighting the importance of semen processing in semen cryopreservation. We conclude that breed and season had a relevant effect on ejaculate traits, but it was much less evident for the studied SPZ traits. These native goats can serve as semen donors throughout the year, under natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pedro Barbas
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Resources, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta da Fonte Boa, 2005-424 Vale de Santarém, Portugal; (J.P.B.); (M.C.B.); (N.C.); (J.P.); (F.C.F.); (R.M.L.N.P.)
- CIISA-AL4AnimalS-Faculty of Veterinary Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Conceição Baptista
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Resources, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta da Fonte Boa, 2005-424 Vale de Santarém, Portugal; (J.P.B.); (M.C.B.); (N.C.); (J.P.); (F.C.F.); (R.M.L.N.P.)
| | - Nuno Carolino
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Resources, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta da Fonte Boa, 2005-424 Vale de Santarém, Portugal; (J.P.B.); (M.C.B.); (N.C.); (J.P.); (F.C.F.); (R.M.L.N.P.)
- CIISA-AL4AnimalS-Faculty of Veterinary Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Simões
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), AL4AnimalS, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Gisele Margatho
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), AL4AnimalS, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Jorge Pimenta
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Resources, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta da Fonte Boa, 2005-424 Vale de Santarém, Portugal; (J.P.B.); (M.C.B.); (N.C.); (J.P.); (F.C.F.); (R.M.L.N.P.)
- CIISA-AL4AnimalS-Faculty of Veterinary Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisca Claudino
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Innovation and Experimentation Hub, Quinta da Fonte Boa, 2005-424 Vale de Santarém, Portugal; (F.C.); (F.G.)
| | - Filipa Costa Ferreira
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Resources, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta da Fonte Boa, 2005-424 Vale de Santarém, Portugal; (J.P.B.); (M.C.B.); (N.C.); (J.P.); (F.C.F.); (R.M.L.N.P.)
| | - Francisco Grilo
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Innovation and Experimentation Hub, Quinta da Fonte Boa, 2005-424 Vale de Santarém, Portugal; (F.C.); (F.G.)
| | - Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Resources, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta da Fonte Boa, 2005-424 Vale de Santarém, Portugal; (J.P.B.); (M.C.B.); (N.C.); (J.P.); (F.C.F.); (R.M.L.N.P.)
- CIISA-AL4AnimalS-Faculty of Veterinary Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
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Li L, Ma Y, Zhu C, Li Y, Cao H, Wu Z, Jin T, Wang Y, Chen S, Dong W. Paternal obesity induces subfertility in male offspring by modulating the oxidative stress-related transcriptional network. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024:10.1038/s41366-024-01562-y. [PMID: 38902387 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-024-01562-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE The effects of fathers' high-fat diet (HFD) on the reproductive health of their male offspring (HFD- F1) remain to be elucidated. Parental obesity is known to have a negative effect on offspring fertility, but there are few relevant studies on the effects of HFD-F1 on reproductive function. METHODS We first succeeded in establishing the HFD model, which provides a scientific basis in the analysis of HFD-F1 reproductive health. Next, we assessed biometric indices, intratesticular cellular status, seminiferous tubules and testicular transcriptomic homeostasis in HFD-F1. Finally, we examined epididymal (sperm-containing) apoptosis, as well as antioxidant properties, motility, plasma membrane oxidation, DNA damage, and sperm-egg binding in the epididymal sperm. RESULTS Our initial results showed that HFD-F1 mice had characteristics similar to individuals with obesity, including higher body weight and altered organ size. Despite no major changes in the types of testicular cells, we found decreased activity of important genes and noticed the presence of abnormally shaped sperm at seminiferous tubule lumen. Further analysis of HFD-F1 testes suggests that these changes might be caused by increased vulnerability to oxidative stress. Finally, we measured several sperm parameters, these results presented HFD-F1 offspring exhibited a deficiency in antioxidant properties, resulting in damaged sperm mitochondrial membrane potential, insufficient ATP content, increased DNA fragmentation, heightened plasma membrane oxidation, apoptosis-prone and decreased capacity for sperm-oocyte binding during fertilization. CONCLUSION HFD- F1 subfertility arises from the susceptibility of the transcriptional network to oxidative stress, resulting in reduced antioxidant properties, motility, sperm-egg binding, and elevated DNA damage. Schematic representation of the HFD-F1 oxidative stress susceptibility to subfertility. Notably, excessive accumulation of ROS surpasses the physiological threshold, thereby damaging PUFAs within the sperm plasma membrane. This oxidative assault affects crucial components such as mitochondria and DNA. Consequently, the sperm's antioxidant defense mechanisms become compromised, leading to a decline in vitality, motility, and fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Yuxuan Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
- Biology Research Centre of Qin Mountains Wildlife, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chao Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
- Ankang R&D Center of Se-enriched Products, Ankang, Shaanxi, 725000, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Heran Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Zifang Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Tianqi Jin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Shaoxian Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Wuzi Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China.
- Biology Research Centre of Qin Mountains Wildlife, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Wu Z, Ma Y, Chen S, Liu Y, Liu X, Cao H, Jin T, Li L, Huang M, Yang F, Dong W. Arginine Biosynthesis Mediates Wulingzhi Extract Resistance to Busulfan-Induced Male Reproductive Toxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6320. [PMID: 38928028 PMCID: PMC11203605 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Busulfan, an indispensable medicine in cancer treatment, can cause serious reproductive system damage to males as a side effect of its otherwise excellent therapeutic results. Its widespread use has also caused its accumulation in the environment and subsequent ecotoxicology effects. As a Chinese medicine, Wulingzhi (WLZ) has the effects of promoting blood circulation and improving female reproductive function. However, the potential effects of WLZ in male reproduction and in counteracting busulfan-induced testis damage, as well as its probable mechanisms, are still ambiguous. In this study, busulfan was introduced in a mouse model to evaluate its production of the testicular damage. The components of different WLZ extracts were compared using an untargeted metabolome to select extracts with greater efficacy, which were further confirmed in vivo. Here, we demonstrate abnormal spermatogenesis and low sperm quality in busulfan-injured testes. The WLZ extracts showed a strong potential to rehabilitate the male reproductive system; this effect was more prominent in room-temperature extracts. Additionally, both water and ethanol WLZ extracts at room temperature alleviated various busulfan-induced adverse effects. In particular, WLZ recovered spermatogenesis, re-activated arginine biosynthesis, and alleviated the increased oxidative stress and inflammation in the testis, ultimately reversing the busulfan-induced testicular injury. Collectively, these results suggest a promising approach to protecting the male reproductive system from busulfan-induced adverse side effects, as well as those of other similar anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifang Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (Z.W.); (Y.M.); (S.C.); (Y.L.); (H.C.); (T.J.); (L.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Yuxuan Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (Z.W.); (Y.M.); (S.C.); (Y.L.); (H.C.); (T.J.); (L.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Shaoxian Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (Z.W.); (Y.M.); (S.C.); (Y.L.); (H.C.); (T.J.); (L.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Yuyan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (Z.W.); (Y.M.); (S.C.); (Y.L.); (H.C.); (T.J.); (L.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Xianglin Liu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China;
| | - Heran Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (Z.W.); (Y.M.); (S.C.); (Y.L.); (H.C.); (T.J.); (L.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Tianqi Jin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (Z.W.); (Y.M.); (S.C.); (Y.L.); (H.C.); (T.J.); (L.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Long Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (Z.W.); (Y.M.); (S.C.); (Y.L.); (H.C.); (T.J.); (L.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Mengqi Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (Z.W.); (Y.M.); (S.C.); (Y.L.); (H.C.); (T.J.); (L.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Fangxia Yang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China;
| | - Wuzi Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (Z.W.); (Y.M.); (S.C.); (Y.L.); (H.C.); (T.J.); (L.L.); (M.H.)
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China;
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Mujitaba MA, Kútvölgyi G, Radnai Szentpáli J, Debnár VJ, Tokár A, Vass N, Bodó S. The Influence of Three Commercial Soy Lecithin-Based Semen Extenders and Two Spermatozoa Concentrations on the Quality of Pre-Freeze and Post-Thaw Ram Epididymal Spermatozoa. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1237. [PMID: 38672385 PMCID: PMC11047534 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
There are limited studies on the factors affecting the success of ram epididymal spermatozoa (REPS) cryopreservation. On this note, the current study assessed the influence of three commercial soy lecithin-based semen extenders, AndroMed® (AND), BioXcell® (BIO), and OviXcell® (OVI), and two concentrations (400 × 106 vs. 200 × 106 spermatozoa/mL) on the pre-freeze and post-thaw quality of REPS. The REPS were retrieved from nine adult rams' testes and diluted with each of the three extenders to both concentrations. Straws were frozen manually. Standard motility (SMP) and kinematic parameters (KPs) were assessed via a CASA, while spermatozoa viability, morphology, and acrosomal integrity were assessed via the Kovács-Foote staining technique. The concentration did not significantly affect the pre-freeze and post-thaw SMP and KPs of REPS. BIO and OVI had significantly higher pre-freeze and post-thaw BCFs, post-thaw VAP, and the percentage of all intact heads than AND. In contrast, AND had a significantly lower percentage of REPS with tail defects than BIO and OVI. The 400 × 106 spermatozoa/mL concentration resulted in a significantly higher percentage of all intact heads than the 200 × 106 spermatozoa/mL concentration. Freezing significantly increased tail defects and decreased the percentage of REPS with distal cytoplasmic droplets. The cryopreservation of REPS at the 400 × 106 spermatozoa/mL concentration is recommended. All three extenders must be optimized to preserve the viability, membrane integrity, and better normal morphology of REPS; the reason for increased tail abnormality after the freezing/thawing process needs to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malam Abulbashar Mujitaba
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi Street 138, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.A.M.); (N.V.)
- Doctoral School of Animal Science, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Kútvölgyi
- Department of Precision Livestock Farming and Animal Biotechnics, Institute of Animal Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár Campus, Guba Sándor Street 40, H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary; (V.J.D.); (S.B.)
| | - Judit Radnai Szentpáli
- Institute of Horticultural Science, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Buda Campus, Villányi Street 29-43, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Viktória Johanna Debnár
- Department of Precision Livestock Farming and Animal Biotechnics, Institute of Animal Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár Campus, Guba Sándor Street 40, H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary; (V.J.D.); (S.B.)
| | - Alexandra Tokár
- Festetics György Doctoral School, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Deák Ferenc Street 16, H-8360 Keszthely, Hungary;
| | - Nóra Vass
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi Street 138, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.A.M.); (N.V.)
| | - Szilárd Bodó
- Department of Precision Livestock Farming and Animal Biotechnics, Institute of Animal Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár Campus, Guba Sándor Street 40, H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary; (V.J.D.); (S.B.)
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Zhu Z, Li W, Yang Q, Zhao H, Zhang W, Adetunji AO, Hoque SAM, Kou X, Min L. Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Improves Ram Sperm Quality through Its Antioxidative Ability during Storage at 4 °C. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:104. [PMID: 38247528 PMCID: PMC10812569 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Sperm motility is an important factor in the migration of sperm from the uterus to the oviduct. During sperm preservation in vitro, sperm generates excessive ROS that damages its function. This study aims to investigate whether the addition of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) to the diluted medium could improve chilled ram sperm quality, and then elucidates the mechanism. Ram semen was diluted with Tris-citric acid-glucose (TCG) medium containing different doses of PQQ (0 nM, 10 nM, 100 nM, 1000 nM, 10,000 nM), and stored at 4 °C. Sperm motility patterns, plasma membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and ATP levels were measured after preservation. Furthermore, the expressions of NADH dehydrogenase 1 (MT-ND1) and NADH dehydrogenase 6 (MT-ND6) in sperm were also detected by western blotting. In addition, sperm capacitation and the ability of sperm to bind to the zona pellucina were also evaluated. It was observed that the addition of PQQ significantly (p < 0.05) improved ram sperm motility, membrane integrity, and acrosome integrity during preservation. The percentage of sperm with high mitochondrial membrane potential in the PQQ treatment group was much higher than that in the control. In addition, supplementation of PQQ also decreased the sperm MDA and ROS levels, while increasing ATP levels. Interestingly, the levels of MT-ND1 and MT-ND6 protein in sperm treated with PQQ were also higher than that of the control. Furthermore, the addition of 100 nM PQQ to the medium decreased ROS damage in MT-ND1 and MT-ND6 proteins. The addition of 100 nM PQQ significantly (p < 0.05) increased protein tyrosine phosphorylation in ram sperm after induced capacitation. Furthermore, the value of the sperm-zona pellucida binding capacity in the 100 nM PQQ treatment group was also much higher than that of the control. Overall, during chilled ram- sperm preservation, PQQ protected ram sperm quality by quenching the ROS levels to reduce ROS damage and maintain sperm mitochondrial function, and preserved the sperm's high ability of fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao 266109, China; (Z.Z.)
| | - Wenjia Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao 266109, China; (Z.Z.)
| | - Qitai Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao 266109, China; (Z.Z.)
| | - Haolong Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao 266109, China; (Z.Z.)
| | - Weijing Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao 266109, China; (Z.Z.)
| | - Adedeji O. Adetunji
- Department of Agriculture, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, AR 71601, USA
| | - S. A. Masudul Hoque
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Xin Kou
- Hongde Livestock Farm, Yingli Town, Weifang 261000, China
| | - Lingjiang Min
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao 266109, China; (Z.Z.)
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Araya-Zúñiga I, Sevilla F, Molina-Montero R, Roldan ERS, Barrientos-Morales M, Silvestre MA, Valverde A. Kinematic and Morphometric Assessment of Fresh Semen, before, during and after Mating Period in Brahman Bulls. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:132. [PMID: 38200863 PMCID: PMC10778289 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine the effects that the reproductive season has on the motility, kinematics, morphology, and sperm morphometry of Brahman bulls evaluated with a commercial CASA system. The experiment was carried out at the Costa Rica Institute of Technology from March to August 2021. A total of eight Brahman bulls were used. A total of 28 ejaculates were collected in the pre-mating period (PMP), during it (DMP), and after it (AMP) using an electroejaculator. The sperm concentration was measured with the Accuread photometer. The motility was measured using a Spermtrack® counting chamber. The analyses were performed with the CASA-Mot ISAS®v1 system. The morphology was analyzed using a microscope with a negative phase contrast objective. Morphometry was evaluated with the CASA-Morph. The sperm concentration did not present differences between the PMP and AMP; however, it was significantly higher than DMP (p > 0.05). Regarding the progressiveness variables, linearity on forward progression (LIN), straightness (STR), and wobble (WOB) were higher (p < 0.05) DMP. A kinematic principal component analysis grouped all the variables into three factors and an effect on the reproductive period was found (p < 0.05) in the parameters of the head and middle part of the sperm, such as width and perimeter, which were greater in the PMP. The length of the sperm head in the PMP and DMP did not show differences; however, both were larger (p < 0.05) than AMP. The insertion distance of the middle piece of the sperm was significantly greater than DMP. Finally, the PMP contained cells with a larger insertion angle (p < 0.05) than AMP. These findings are important to understand the implications of reproductive status on sperm quality and to consider them in andrological evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Araya-Zúñiga
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, School of Agronomy, Costa Rica Institute of Technology, San Carlos Campus, Alajuela 223-21002, Costa Rica; (I.A.-Z.); (F.S.); (R.M.-M.)
| | - Francisco Sevilla
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, School of Agronomy, Costa Rica Institute of Technology, San Carlos Campus, Alajuela 223-21002, Costa Rica; (I.A.-Z.); (F.S.); (R.M.-M.)
- Natural Sciences for Development (DOCINADE), Costa Rica Institute of Technology, San Carlos Campus, Alajuela 223-21002, Costa Rica
| | - Rafael Molina-Montero
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, School of Agronomy, Costa Rica Institute of Technology, San Carlos Campus, Alajuela 223-21002, Costa Rica; (I.A.-Z.); (F.S.); (R.M.-M.)
| | - Eduardo R. S. Roldan
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, National Museum of Natural Sciences, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Manuel Barrientos-Morales
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Veracruz, Veracruz CP 91710, Mexico;
| | - Miguel A. Silvestre
- Department of Cellular Biology, Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, Campus Burjassot, University of Valencia, C/Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Anthony Valverde
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, School of Agronomy, Costa Rica Institute of Technology, San Carlos Campus, Alajuela 223-21002, Costa Rica; (I.A.-Z.); (F.S.); (R.M.-M.)
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Huang C, Shen Z, Li L, Yue S, Jia L, Wang K, Zhou W, Qiao Y. Reproductive damage and compensation of wild earthworm Metaphire californica from contaminated fields with long-term heavy metal exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:137027. [PMID: 36419262 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Reproduction is a significant biological process for organisms responding to environmental stresses, however, little is known about the reproductive strategies of invertebrates under long-term exposure to contaminations. In this study, earthworm Metaphire californica (Kinberg, 1867) from contaminated fields with an increased metal gradient were collected to investigate their reproductive responses. The results showed heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb) induced histological damage to earthworms' seminal vesicles, including tissue disorders and cavities, and decreases in mature spermatozoa. Sperm morphology analysis indicated deformity rates were up to13.2% (e.g. head swollen or missing) for worms from the most contaminated site, which coincided with DNA damages. Furthermore, the computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) system was employed for the evaluation of sperm kinetic traits. Results suggested earthworms exposed to higher contamination showed a lower sperm viability rate but faster sperm velocity after re-exposure with Cd solution (like the curvilinear velocity and straight-line velocity paraments) compared with those from relatively clean sites. The activities of lactate dehydrogenase and sorbitol dehydrogenase showed the highest 32.5% and 12.5% up-regulation respectively with the increased metal gradient. In conclusion, this study elucidated the earthworm reproductive toxicity, underlying reproductive compensation, metal stress-induced damages, and adaptive responses caused by heavy metal exposure, while also providing the possibility of sperm trait analysis (CASA) for related earthworm toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caide Huang
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxon, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liang Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shizhong Yue
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Li Jia
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Sciences de la Terre D'Orleans, Université D'Orleans-Brgm, UMR, 7327, France
| | - Kun Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of North China Crop and Regulation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Wenhao Zhou
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuhui Qiao
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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8
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Assessment of sperm motility in livestock: Perspectives based on sperm swimming conditions in vivo. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 246:106849. [PMID: 34556397 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of sperm motility is well-established in farm animals for quickly selecting ejaculates for semen processing into insemination doses and for evaluating the quality of preserved semen. Likewise, sperm motility is a fundamental parameter used by spermatologists in basic and applied science. Motility is commonly assessed using computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA). Recent increases in computational power, as well as utilization of mobile CASA systems and open-source CASA programs, broaden the possibilities for motility evaluation. Despite this technological progress, the potential of computer-generated motility data to assess male fertility remains challenging and may be limited. Relevance for fertility assessment could be improved if measurement conditions would more closely mimic the in vivo situation. Hence, this review is focused on the current trends of automated semen assessment in livestock and explores perspectives for future use with respect to the physiological and physical conditions encountered by sperm in the female reproductive tract. Validation of current CASA systems with more complex, microfluidic-based devices mimicking the female reproductive tract environment could improve the value of sperm kinematic data for assessing the fertilizing capacity of semen samples, not only for application in livestock but also for use in conducting assisted reproduction techniques in other species.
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9
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Tourmente M, Sanchez-Rodriguez A, Roldan ERS. Effect of Motility Factors D-Penicillamine, Hypotaurine and Epinephrine on the Performance of Spermatozoa from Five Hamster Species. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040526. [PMID: 35453725 PMCID: PMC9032960 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Analysis of sperm performance under in vitro conditions provides a good indication of fertilizing potential. Parameters such as motility, swimming kinetics, acrosome integrity, or ATP content are thus examined in efforts to characterize such potential. Hamster species are a good model to study sperm parameters that are key determinants of fertilizing capacity because these species are at the higher end of the diversity of mammalian sperm morphology and performance. In vitro functional studies demand that sperm remain viable during a long period of time under conditions that resemble those in the female tract. Sperm from certain species require supplementation of the incubation medium with factors that stimulate viability and swimming, or that promote acquisition of fertilizing capacity. Molecules important for sperm performance in hamsters have been identified, namely D-penicillamine, hypotaurine and epinephrine (PHE). In the present study, we investigated the effect of PHE on spermatozoa from five hamster species incubated for up to 4 h. Our results revealed that PHE maintains sperm performance in the golden hamster, whereas it improves sperm quality in the Chinese hamster. In contrast, it does not seem to have any effect on sperm from the Siberian (Djungarian), Roborovski and Campbell’s dwarf hamsters. These results are valuable to understand the different regulatory mechanisms of sperm motility and survival in different species. Abstract Assessments of sperm performance are valuable tools for the analysis of sperm fertilizing potential and to understand determinants of male fertility. Hamster species constitute important animal models because they produce sperm cells in high quantities and of high quality. Sexual selection over evolutionary time in these species seems to have resulted in the largest mammalian spermatozoa, and high swimming and bioenergetic performances. Earlier studies showed that golden hamster sperm requires motility factors such as D-penicillamine, hypotaurine and epinephrine (PHE) to sustain survival over time, but it is unknown how they affect swimming kinetics or ATP levels and if other hamster species also require them. The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of PHE on spermatozoa of five hamster species (Mesocricetus auratus, Cricetulus griseus, Phodopus campbelli, P. sungorus, P. roborovskii). In sperm incubated for up to 4 h without or with PHE, we assessed motility, viability, acrosome integrity, sperm velocity and trajectory, and ATP content. The results showed differences in the effect of PHE among species. They had a significant positive effect on the maintenance of sperm quality in M. auratus and C. griseus, whereas there was no consistent effect on spermatozoa of the Phodopus species. Differences between species may be the result of varying underlying regulatory mechanisms of sperm performance and may be important to understand how they relate to successful fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano Tourmente
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Spanish Research Council (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cordoba X5016GCA, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científica y Técnicas (CONICET), Cordoba X5016GCA, Argentina
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (E.R.S.R.)
| | - Ana Sanchez-Rodriguez
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Spanish Research Council (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Eduardo R. S. Roldan
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Spanish Research Council (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (E.R.S.R.)
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10
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van der Horst G, Maree L. Origin, Migration, and Reproduction of Indigenous Domestic Animals with Special Reference to Their Sperm Quality. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12050657. [PMID: 35268225 PMCID: PMC8909367 DOI: 10.3390/ani12050657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Indigenous domestic animals are derived from “wild” ancestors that have been domesticated as far back as 11,000 BP. In this investigation, we concentrate on indigenous domestic animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and chickens and consider their fertility potential. In South Africa alone, more than 60 indigenous domestic breeds have been listed, and by and large, their sperm quality is similar to high fertility exotic breeds. Why are these indigenous breeds important? Particularly during the last 7000 years, different races migrated with their domestic animals, mainly from Northern to Southern Africa, and the animals were exposed to droughts, food scarcity, and many endo- and ecto-parasites. Accordingly, these animals are well-adapted to the harsh conditions of Southern Africa, and it is important to include them in breeding programs to exploit their favorable traits. Abstract Indigenous domestic animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and chickens have a natural resistance to endo- and ecto-parasites and are tolerant in terms of harsh environmental conditions. These species orginated from the Fertile Cresent between 12,000 and 10,000 BP before migrating into surrounding continents. In view of limited information on the reproductive status of indigenous breeds, it is important to examine their semen characteristics in order to select males to improve livestock production. We have largely relied on existing literature but also our published and ongoing research on sperm quality assessment of several indigenous breeds. The sperm quality of these breeds is similar to current commercial breeds and has been quantified using cutting-edge methods. In this context, we have presented sperm functional tests which provide a better estimate of semen quality than just a standard semen analysis. Initial results suggest that the indigenous breeds have a high sperm quality and sperm functionality similar to currently farmed exotic or crossbreeds. In the long-term, the importance of preserving the favorable traits of these breeds is a priority in view of crossbreeding with existing good meat and milk producers.
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11
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Sakase M, Harayama H. Involvement of Ca 2+-ATPase in suppressing the appearance of bovine helically motile spermatozoa with intense force prior to cryopreservation. J Reprod Dev 2022; 68:181-189. [PMID: 35236801 PMCID: PMC9184823 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2021-143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In cattle, cryopreserved spermatozoa are generally used for artificial insemination (AI). Many of these specimens exhibit helical movement, although the molecular mechanisms underlying this
phenomenon remain unclear. This study aimed to characterize helically motile spermatozoa, investigate the involvement of Ca2+-ATPase in suppressing the appearance of these
spermatozoa prior to cryopreservation, and examine the potential of helical movement as an index of sperm quality. In the cryopreserved semen, approximately 50% of spermatozoa were helically
motile, whereas approximately 25% were planarly motile. The helically motile samples swam significantly faster than those with planar movement, in both non-viscous medium and viscous medium
containing polyvinylpyrrolidone. In contrast, in non-cryopreserved semen, planarly motile spermatozoa outnumbered those that were helically motile. Fluorescence microscopy with Fluo-3/AM and
propidium iodide showed that flagellar [Ca2+]i was significantly higher in cryopreserved live spermatozoa than in non-cryopreserved live ones. The
percentage of non-cryopreserved helically motile spermatozoa was approximately 25% after washing, and this increased significantly to approximately 50% after treatment with an inhibitor of
sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPases (SERCAs), “thapsigargin.” Immunostaining showed the presence of SERCAs in sperm necks. Additionally, the percentages of cryopreserved helically
motile spermatozoa showed large inter-bull differences and a significantly positive correlation with post-AI conception rates, indicating that helical movement has the potential to serve as
a predictor of the fertilizing ability of these spermatozoa. These results suggest that SERCAs in the neck suppress the cytoplasmic Ca2+-dependent appearance of helically motile
spermatozoa with intense force in semen prior to cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
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- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Division of Animal Science, Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Sakase
- Hokubu Agricultural Technology Institute, Hyogo Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Hyogo 669-5254, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Harayama
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Division of Animal Science, Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.,Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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12
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Ribas-Maynou J, Delgado-Bermúdez A, Garcia-Bonavila E, Pinart E, Yeste M, Bonet S. Complete Chromatin Decondensation of Pig Sperm Is Required to Analyze Sperm DNA Breaks With the Comet Assay. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:675973. [PMID: 34195195 PMCID: PMC8236647 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.675973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sperm quality is usually evaluated prior to artificial insemination in farm animals. In addition to conventional semen analysis, other biomarkers, such as mitochondrial activity, integrity and lipid disorder of plasma membrane, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and sperm DNA integrity, have been found to be related to fertility rates in different species. While mounting evidence indicates that the Comet assay is a sensitive method for the detection of DNA breaks, complete sperm chromatin decondensation is required in order to properly analyze the presence of single- and double-strand DNA breaks. In this sense, a previous study showed that longer lysis treatment with proteinase K is needed to achieve complete chromatin decondensation. The current work sought to determine which specific lysis treatment leads to complete chromatin decondensation in pig sperm, as this is needed for the measurement of DNA damage in this species. With this purpose, incubation with a lysis solution containing proteinase K for 0, 30, and 180 min was added to the conventional protocol. The impact of the DNA damage induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; 0.01 and 0.1%) and DNAse I (1U and 4U) was also evaluated. Complete chromatin decondensation was only achieved when a long additional lysis treatment (180 min) was included. Furthermore, olive tail moment (OTM) and percentage of tail DNA (TD) indicated that a higher amount of DNA breaks was detected when hydrogen peroxide and DNAse I treatments were applied (P < 0.05). The comparison of treated and control sperm allowed defining the thresholds for OTM; these thresholds revealed that the percentage of sperm with fragmented DNA determined by the alkaline Comet does not depend on chromatin decondensation (P > 0.05). In conclusion, complete chromatin decondensation prior to alkaline and neutral Comet assays is needed to analyze DNA breaks in pig sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Ribas-Maynou
- Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.,Unit of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Ariadna Delgado-Bermúdez
- Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.,Unit of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Estela Garcia-Bonavila
- Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.,Unit of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Pinart
- Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.,Unit of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Marc Yeste
- Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.,Unit of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Sergi Bonet
- Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.,Unit of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
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13
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van der Horst G. Status of Sperm Functionality Assessment in Wildlife Species: From Fish to Primates. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1491. [PMID: 34064087 PMCID: PMC8224341 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: in order to propagate wildlife species (covering the whole spectrum from species suitable for aquaculture to endangered species), it is important to have a good understanding of the quality of their sperm, oocytes and embryos. While sperm quality analyses have mainly used manual assessment in the past, such manual estimations are subjective and largely unreliable. Accordingly, quantitative and cutting-edge approaches are required to assess the various aspects of sperm quality. The purpose of this investigation was to illustrate the latest technology used in quantitative evaluation of sperm quality and the required cut-off points to distinguish the differential grades of fertility potential in a wide range of vertebrate species. (2) Methods: computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA) with an emphasis on sperm motility, 3D tracking and flagellar and sperm tracking analysis (FAST), as well as quantitative assessment of sperm morphology, vitality, acrosome status, fragmentation and many other complimentary technologies. (3) Results: Assessing sperm quality revealed a great deal of species specificity. For example, in freshwater fish like trout, sperm swam in a typical tight helical pattern, but in seawater species sperm motility was more progressive. In amphibian species, sperm velocity was slow, in contrast with some bird species (e.g., ostrich). Meanwhile, in African elephant and some antelope species, fast progressive sperm was evident. In most species, there was a high percentage of morphologically normal sperm, but generally, low percentages were observed for motility, vitality and normal morphology evident in monogamous species. (4) Conclusions: Sperm quality assessment using quantitative methodologies such as CASA motility, FAST analysis, morphology and vitality, as well as more progressive methodologies, assisted in better defining sperm quality-specifically, sperm functionality of high-quality sperm. This approach will assist in the propagation of wildlife species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard van der Horst
- Comparative Spermatology Laboratory, Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
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14
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Tanga BM, Qamar AY, Raza S, Bang S, Fang X, Yoon K, Cho J. Semen evaluation: methodological advancements in sperm quality-specific fertility assessment - A review. Anim Biosci 2021; 34:1253-1270. [PMID: 33902175 PMCID: PMC8255896 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of male fertility is based on the evaluation of sperm. Semen evaluation measures various sperm quality parameters as fertility indicators. However, semen evaluation has limitations, and it requires the advancement and application of strict quality control methods to interpret the results. This article reviews the recent advances in evaluating various sperm-specific quality characteristics and methodologies, with the help of different assays to assess sperm-fertility status. Sperm evaluation methods that include conventional microscopic methods, computer-assisted sperm analyzers (CASA), and flow cytometric analysis, provide precise information related to sperm morphology and function. Moreover, profiling fertility-related biomarkers in sperm or seminal plasma can be helpful in predicting fertility. Identification of different sperm proteins and diagnosis of DNA damage has positively contributed to the existing pool of knowledge about sperm physiology and molecular anomalies associated with different infertility issues in males. Advances in methods and sperm-specific evaluation has subsequently resulted in a better understanding of sperm biology that has improved the diagnosis and clinical management of male factor infertility. Accurate sperm evaluation is of paramount importance in the application of artificial insemination and assisted reproductive technology. However, no single test can precisely determine fertility; the selection of an appropriate test or a set of tests and parameters is required to accurately determine the fertility of specific animal species. Therefore, a need to further calibrate the CASA and advance the gene expression tests is recommended for faster and field-level applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bereket Molla Tanga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Ahmad Yar Qamar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang 35200, Sub-campus University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Sanan Raza
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang 35200, Sub-campus University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang 35200, Sub-campus University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, PakistanDepartment of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin 09016, Turkey
| | - Seonggyu Bang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Xun Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Kiyoung Yoon
- Department of Companion Animal, Shingu College, Seongnam 13174, Korea
| | - Jongki Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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