Dermatose à IgA linéaire : revue de la littérature

Multidisciplinary Treatment in Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

Toxic epidermal necrolysis, Leyll's syndrome (TEN), is a rare mucocutaneous blistering disease burdened with high mortality rates. The diagnosis of TEN is based on clinical symptoms and histopathological findings. In approximately 90% of cases, it is a severe adverse reaction to drugs. In TEN, not only is the skin affected, but also mucosa and organs' epithelium. There are no unequivocal recommendations in regard to systemic and topical treatment of the patients. The aim of this paper is to review available literature and propose unified protocols to be discussed. Early management and multidisciplinary treatment are necessary to improve patients' outcome. Treatment of patients with TEN suspicions should be initiated with early drug withdrawal. TEN patients, like patients with burns, require intensive care and multidisciplinary management. Each patient with TEN should be provided with adequate fluid resuscitation, respiratory support, nutritional treatment, pain control, infection prophylaxis, anticoagulant therapy, and gastric ulcer prophylaxis. The key to local treatment of patients with TEN is the use of nonadherent dressings that do not damage the epidermis during the change. The aim of the systemic treatment is purification of the blood stream from the causative agent. The most efficient way to clarify serum of TEN patients' is the combination of plasmapheresis and IVIG. Immunomodulatory therapy can reduce the mortality five times in comparison with the patients with immunosuppression or lack of full protocol.

Primate liver tissue substrate in indirect immunofluorescence diagnostics for patients with dermatitis herpetiformis and celiac disease

Introduction

Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is a rare autoimmune, polymorphous blistering disorder, characterized by severe itch or burning sensation, which represents the cutaneous manifestation of celiac disease (CD). The current estimation of DH versus CD is around 1:8 and the affected individuals have a genetic predisposition. Pathogenetically, IgA autoantibodies against the epidermal transglutaminase, an essential constituent of the epidermis, cause DH and are reported to develop through cross-reaction with the tissue transglutaminase, with IgA auto-antibodies causing CD. Immunofluorescence techniques allow for a rapid diagnostics of the disease using patient sera. Evaluation of IgA endomysial deposition with indirect immunofluorescence on monkey oesophagus is highly specific, but moderately sensitive, with some operator-dependent variability. Recently, indirect immunofluorescence with monkey liver as a substrate has been proposed as an alternative, well-functioning diagnostic approach with higher sensitivity in CD.

Methods

The objective of our study was to evaluate whether monkey oesophagus or liver tissue shows advantage for diagnostics in patients with DH, compared to CD. To that end, sera of 103 patients with DH (n=16), CD (n=67) and 20 controls ere compared by 4 blinded experienced raters.

Results

For DH, we found a sensitivity of 94.2% for monkey liver (ML) compared to 96.2% in monkey oesophagus (ME), while specificity in ML was superior (91.6% versus 75%) to ME. In CD, ML had a sensitivity of 76.9% (ME 89.1%) and specificity of 98.3% (ME 94.1%).

Discussion

Our data show that ML substrate is well suitable for DH diagnostics.

Linear IgA bullous dermatosis in the setting of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma

We report an 80-year-old male developing linear IgA bullous dermatosis (LAD) in the setting of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL). This phenomenon is rare, as only three cases have been described in the literature. The pathophysiologic process can be attributed to dysregulation in somatic hypermutation and the expression of chemokine receptor 5 in AITL, contributing to increased IgA. Immunoglobulin production resulting from clonal plasma cell expansion may be because of the B-cell promotional effect by neoplastic follicular helper T-cells. Beyond providing a pathophysiologic platform for AITL-associated LAD, we also briefly summarized prior cases. This report demonstrates the importance of considering LAD in the differential diagnosis for patients with a bullous eruption in the setting of AITL.

Linear Immunoglobulin a Bullous Dermatosis in Children

Linear Immunoglobulin A Bullous Disease (LABD) is a rare dermatosis whose pathomechanisms are not yet completely understood. LABD has different features characterizing adults and children in terms of potential triggers, clinical manifestations, and prognosis. The aim of the present study is to review all neonatal and pediatric cases of LABD and summarize the major characteristics. Childhood LABD is mainly idiopathic with a benign prognosis. Neonatal cases are difficult to differentiate from infectious diseases and usually have a poor prognosis. Drugs are one of the possible triggers that can activate autoimmune responses through antigen mimicry and epitope spreading as well as different stimuli (e.g., infections, inflammatory diseases, trauma). The gold standard for the diagnosis is based on direct immunofluorescence. Prognosis is generally favorable but often depends on the prompt dermatological diagnosis, treatment and follow-up guaranteed by a multidisciplinary team, including pediatricians for this group of age.

[Cutaneous drug reactions]

Cutaneous drug reactions are a common reason for calls and visits. This term chiefly refers to hypersensitivity reactions ranging from benign rash without contraindication of treatment to severe life-threatening clinical pictures, such as anaphylactic shock and epidermal necrolysis. They should be carefully managed from the outset. Indeed, history taking and precise semiological description of the lesions are crucial to the formulation of recommendations for the patient. Allergological investigation of such reactions has developed greatly in recent decades and must now be carried out much more extensively. The arrival of new drug families such as biotherapies and the development of drug habituation protocols constitute the challenges of tomorrow for cutaneous drug reactions.

Vancomycin-induced linear IgA bullous dermatosis (LABD)-an atypical presentation

We report an uncommon presentation of bullous dermatosis by linear IgA. There are few cases reported in the literature with this form of presentation starting with mucosal lesions and then evolving into a similar bullous pemphigoid pattern. In addition, we emphasize the importance of direct immunofluorescence for the definitive diagnosis.

Drug-induced linear immunoglobulin A bullous dermatosis: A French retrospective pharmacovigilance study of 69 cases

AIMS

Linear immunoglobin A (IgA) bullous dermatosis is a rare autoimmune dermatosis considered spontaneous or drug-induced (DILAD). We assessed all DILAD cases, determined the imputability score of drugs and highlighted suspected drugs.

METHODS

Data for patients with DILAD were collected retrospectively from the French Pharmacovigilance network (from 1985 to 2017) and from physicians involved in the Bullous Diseases French Study Group and the French Investigators for Skin Adverse Reactions to Drugs. Drug causality was systematically determined by the French imputability method.

RESULTS

Of the 69 patients, 42% had mucous membrane involvement, 20% lesions mimicking toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), 21% eosinophil infiltrates and 10% keratinocytes necrosis. Direct immunofluorescence, in 80%, showed isolated linear IgA deposits. Vancomycin (VCM) was suspected in 39 cases (57%), 11 had TEN-like lesions, as compared with three without VCM suspected. Among the 33 patients with a single suspected drug, 85% had an intrinsic imputability score of I4. Among them, enoxaparin, minocycline and vibramycin were previously unpublished. For all patients, the suspect drug was withdrawn; 15 did not receive any treatment. First-line therapy for 31 patients was topical steroids. Among the 60 patients with available follow-up, 52 achieved remission, 10 without treatment. Four patients experienced relapse, four died and five had positive accidental rechallenges.

CONCLUSIONS

There is no major clinical difference between DILAD and idiopathic linear IgA bullous dermatosis, but the former features a higher prevalence of patients mimicking TEN. VCM, suspected in more than half of the cases, might be responsible for more severe clinical presentations. We report three new putative drugs.

Linear IgA bullous dermatosis mimicking oral lichen planus

Linear IgA bullous dermatosis (LABD) is an autoimmune disease characterized by blisters on the skin and mucous membranes. Polycyclic, grouped bullae on cutaneous skin are the most characteristic clinical feature of LABD. Lesions are often indistinguishable from bullous pemphigoid or may resemble dermatitis herpetiformis. Oral lesions may be seen in 5% to 70% of patients with LABD, and in some cases, the oral mucosa may be the only area of involvement. Herein, we report a patient with LABD involving only the oral mucosa clinically. The entity histologically mimicked oral lichen planus, which challenges accurate diagnosis and emphasizes the importance of direct immunofluorescence.

Blistering diseases in the mature patient

Autoimmune blistering diseases (AIBD) are a group of chronic diseases affecting the skin and mucous membranes, with different presentation, clinical course, histologic and immunopathologic findings, and different therapeutic approach. Blisters develop as a result of autoantibodies directed against distinct adhesion structures within desmosomes or within the basement membrane zone. The most common AIBD that develops in the elderly is bullous pemphigoid (previously also named "pemphigoid senilis"), but mature patients can also present with other AIBD as mucous membrane pemphigoid, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, paraneoplastic pemphigus, pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus foliaceus, linear IgA dermatosis, and dermatitis herpetiformis. There are no differences in treatment approach to mature patients with AIBD, but due to more common comorbidities, systemic therapy should be given with more caution and control, and due to distorted skin integrity in the aged skin, the safety concerns are increased with the long-term use of any topical medication.

Bullous, pseudobullous, & pustular dermatoses

Several dermatoses are typified by the formation of spaces (blisters; bullae) within or beneath the epidermis. These may be acellular or filled with particular species of inflammatory cells. Etiological categories include infectious, immune-mediated, genetic, drug-related, and idiopathic lesions. Examples of such disorders include impetigo, Herpes virus infections, pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid and pemphigoid gestationis, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, IgA-related dermatoses, inherited epidermolysis bullosa variants, Hailey-Hailey disease, and porphyria cutanea tarda. Other conditions manifest microscopic acantholysis within the surface epithelium but are not associated with clinical bullae, such as Darier disease and Grover disease. Finally, both infectious and non-infectious causes exist for the development of neutrophilic pustules in the epidermis, as seen in pustular psoriasis, Sneddon-Wilkinson disease (subcorneal pustular dermatosis), and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. This review considers the clinical and histological features of all of these diseases.

Linear IgA bullous dermatosis: an unusual cause of upper eyelid cicatricial entropion

Chronic cicatrizing conjunctivitis is a relatively uncommon condition resulting in significant ophthalmic morbidity, including keratoconjunctivitis sicca, cicatricial entropion, trichiasis, corneal scarring, significant discomfort, and visual loss. The potential causes of cicatrizing conjunctivitis are varied and include commonly encountered entities such as ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and trachoma and many more rare causes which are particularly difficult to diagnose and treat and may not be familiar to the ophthalmologist. The authors herein present a case of chronic cicatrizing conjunctivitis, cicatricial entropion, and trichiasis caused by a rare entity called linear IgA bullous dermatosis. The case presentation conforms to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and is Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act compliant. This chronic dermatosis has a varied presentation, and the ophthalmic manifestations in particular have been infrequently described. This case demonstrates the benefits of immunohistochemistry in diagnosis and the difficulties in medical and surgical management of linear IgA bullous dermatosis while underscoring the lifelong difficulties in managing chronic inflammatory conditions causing ocular cicatrization.