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Shibuya N, Zimmer C, Jupiter DC. Venous Thromboembolism in Foot and Ankle Trauma. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 2024; 41:607-617. [PMID: 38789173 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpm.2024.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Every surgeon may have experienced a tragic event associated with death or debilitation secondary to deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE) after foot and ankle trauma and surgery. Nevertheless, the prevention of such a tragic event needs to be carefully evaluated rationally with currently available epidemiologic data. With great postoperative protocols and access to care, most PE events can be prevented. There are modifiable risk factors, such as length/type of immobilization and operative trauma/time that can lower the incidence of DVT/PE. In addition, chemical prophylaxis may be warranted in certain people within the foot and ankle trauma population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Shibuya
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, School of Podiatric Medicine.
| | - Christopher Zimmer
- Department of Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, Baylor Scott and White Memorial Hospital, Texas A&M Health Science Center
| | - Danial C Jupiter
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, The University of Texas Medical Branch
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Gutiérrez-Guisado J, Calvo-Sotelo AE, Hernández-Blasco L, Fidalgo Á, Gómez-Cuervo C, López-Ruiz A, Aibar J, Verhamme P, Meireles J, Monreal M. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) developing after ankle sprain. Comparison with VTE after knee arthroplasty. Thromb Res 2024; 237:94-99. [PMID: 38574519 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2024.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a critical complication after non-major trauma or surgery. While the risk and severity of VTE following major orthopedic surgery is well-documented, there is significant knowledge gap regarding, non-major trauma such as ankle sprains. METHODS We analyzed data from the RIETE registry to assess the clinical characteristics, VTE prophylaxis usage, and outcomes in patients with VTE following ankle sprain versus those post elective knee arthroplasty. We aimed to assess the risk and severity of VTE in a population traditionally considered at lower risk. Risk stratification was performed using the TRiP(cast) score. RESULTS Among 1,250 patients with VTE, those with ankle sprain (n = 459) were much younger than those post knee arthroplasty (n = 791), less often female, had fewer comorbidities, and received VTE prophylaxis less often (27% vs. 93 %). During anticoagulation, 26 patients developed recurrent VTE, 31 had major bleeding, and 12 died (fatal PE 3, fatal bleeding 2). There were no differences between the two groups in the rates of VTE recurrences (rate ratio (RR): 1.65; 95%CI: 0.69-3.88) or death (RR: 1.12; 95%CI: 0.33-3.46), but patients with VTE after ankle sprain had a lower rate of major bleeding (RR: 0.39; 95%CI: 0.13-0.99). CONCLUSIONS Ankle sprain patients are often undertreated for VTE prophylaxis and have similar severity of VTE than those undergoing elective knee surgery, indicating the need for a more customized approach to VTE management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Gutiérrez-Guisado
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital ASEPEYO Coslada, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alejo Erice Calvo-Sotelo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital ASEPEYO Coslada, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Hernández-Blasco
- Pneumology Department of Clinical Medicine, Miguel Hernandez University, ISABIAL, Dr. Balmis University General Hospital, Alicante. Spain
| | - Ángeles Fidalgo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Antonio López-Ruiz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Comarcal de Axarquía, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jesús Aibar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter Verhamme
- Vascular Medicine and Haemostasis, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - José Meireles
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centro Hospitalar de Entre o Douro e Vouga, Santa María da Feira, Portugal
| | - Manuel Monreal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM - Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Spain, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
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Horner D, Hutchinson K, Bretherton CP, Griffin XL. Thromboprophylaxis for the trauma and orthopaedic surgeon. Bone Joint J 2024; 106-B:307-311. [PMID: 38555953 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.106b4.bjj-2023-1170.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Horner
- Emergency Department, Salford Royal Hospitals NHS Trust, Salford, UK
| | | | - Christopher P Bretherton
- Bone and Joint Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Xavier L Griffin
- Bone and Joint Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
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Douillet D, Penaloza A, Viglino D, Banihachemi JJ, Abboodi A, Helderlé M, Montassier E, Balen F, Brice C, Laribi S, Duchenoy T, Vives P, Soulat L, Marjanovic N, Moumneh T, Savary D, Riou J, Roy PM. Targeted prophylactic anticoagulation based on the TRiP(cast) score in patients with lower limb immobilisation: a multicentre, stepped wedge, randomised implementation trial. Lancet 2024; 403:1051-1060. [PMID: 38368901 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)02369-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prophylactic anticoagulation in emergency department patients with lower limb trauma requiring immobilisation is controversial. The Thrombosis Risk Prediction for Patients with Cast Immobilisation-TRiP(cast)-score could identify a large subgroup of patients at low risk of venous thromboembolism for whom prophylactic anticoagulation can be safely withheld. We aimed to prospectively assess the safety of withholding anticoagulation for patients with lower limb trauma at low risk of venous thromboembolism, defined by a TRiP(cast) score of less than 7. METHODS CASTING was a stepped-wedge, multicentre, cluster-randomised trial with blinded outcome assessment. 15 emergency departments in France and Belgium were selected and randomly assigned staggered start dates for switching from the control phase (ie, anticoagulation prescription according to the physician's usual practice) to the intervention phase (ie, targeted anticoagulation according to TRiP(cast) score: no prescription if score <7 and anticoagulation if score was ≥7). Patients were included if they presented to a participating emergency department with lower limb trauma requiring immobilisation for at least 7 days and were aged 18 years or older. The primary outcome was the 3-month cumulative rate of symptomatic venous thromboembolism during the intervention phase in patients with a TRiP(cast) score of less than 7. The targeted strategy was considered safe if this rate was less than 1% with an upper 95% CI of less than 2%. The primary analysis was performed in the intention-to-treat population. This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04064489). FINDINGS Between June 16, 2020, and Sept 15, 2021, 15 clusters and 2120 patients were included. Of the 1505 patients analysed in the intervention phase, 1159 (77·0%) had a TRiP(cast) score of less than 7 and did not receive anticoagulant treatment. The symptomatic venous thromboembolism rate was 0·7% (95% CI 0·3-1·4, n=8/1159). There was no difference between the control and the intervention phases in the cumulative rate of symptomatic venous thromboembolism or in bleeding rates. INTERPRETATION Patients with a TRiP(cast) score of less than 7 who are not receiving anticoagulation have a very low risk of venous thromboembolism. A large proportion of patients with lower limb trauma and immobilisation could safely avoid thromboprophylaxis. FUNDING French Ministry of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Douillet
- Emergency Department, Health Faculty, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France; UMR MitoVasc CNRS 6015 - INSERM 1083, Equipe CARME, UNIV Angers, Angers, France; F-CRIN INNOVTE Network, Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Andrea Penaloza
- F-CRIN INNOVTE Network, Saint-Etienne, France; Emergency Department, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Damien Viglino
- Emergency Department, University Hospital of Grenoble Alpes, University Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France; HP2 Laboratory, Grenoble Alpes University, INSERM U1300, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Banihachemi
- Department of Trauma and Musculo-Skeletal Emergency, University Hospital and Medical Centre of Grenoble-Alpes Hospital South, Grenoble, France
| | - Anmar Abboodi
- Emergency Department, Cholet Hospital, Cholet, France
| | | | - Emmanuel Montassier
- Emergency Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France; MiHAR Laboratary, EE1701, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Fréderic Balen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Christian Brice
- Emergency Department, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Brieuc, Saint-Brieuc, France
| | - Saïd Laribi
- Emergency Department, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
| | | | | | - Louis Soulat
- Emergency Department, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | | | - Thomas Moumneh
- Emergency Department, Health Faculty, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France; F-CRIN INNOVTE Network, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Dominique Savary
- Emergency Department, Health Faculty, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Jérémie Riou
- Methodology and Biostatistics Department, Delegation to Clinical Research and Innovation, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Roy
- Emergency Department, Health Faculty, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France; UMR MitoVasc CNRS 6015 - INSERM 1083, Equipe CARME, UNIV Angers, Angers, France; F-CRIN INNOVTE Network, Saint-Etienne, France
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Hunt BJ, Griffin XL. Improved precision in defining the need for thromboprophylaxis during lower limb immobilisation. Lancet 2024; 403:999-1001. [PMID: 38368900 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)02613-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Beverley J Hunt
- Thrombosis & Haemophilia Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, Kings College London, London, UK.
| | - Xavier L Griffin
- Bone and Joint Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Department of Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
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Ramli NN, Iberahim S, Mohd Noor NH, Zulkafli Z, Tengku Shihabuddin TM, Din MH, Samsudin AHZ, Abdullah M. Haemostatic, Inflammatory, and Haematological Biomarkers Among Orthopaedic Patients With Prolonged Immobilization and the Risk of Hypercoagulable States. Cureus 2024; 16:e51552. [PMID: 38313946 PMCID: PMC10835084 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.51552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common and potentially life-threatening complication in patients with lower limb traumatic fractures. Orthopaedic patients who experience trauma in the lower limbs with prolonged immobilization may experience a hypercoagulable state, which could eventually lead to the development of VTE. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the changes in hypercoagulable markers, including haemostatic, inflammatory, and haematological biomarkers in orthopaedic trauma patients with prolonged immobilization. Materials/method This prospective cohort study was conducted at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia from August 2020 to March 2022. Every patient with fractures in the lower limbs was screened for eligibility, and patients who required immobilization for more than five days without receiving anticoagulant prophylaxis were recruited for this study. The laboratory tests, including D-dimer, fibrinogen, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and platelet count, were serially measured on day one and day five of hospitalization. The biomarkers were analyzed using a paired t-test, with a p-value <0.05 as a significant result. Results A total of 54 patients with fractures in the lower limbs, ages ranging from 12 to 50 years old, were involved in this study. The paired t-test analysis demonstrated that several biomarkers showed a significant increase in mean difference between day one and day five of immobilization, which included fibrinogen, ESR, and platelet count. The mean differences for each biomarker with fibrinogen were 0.66 g/L (p<0.001, 95% CI of mean difference: -1.04, -0.27), ESR increased by 17.98mm/hr (p<0.001, 95% CI of mean difference: -24.69, -11.27), and platelet count increased by 128.59×109/L (p<0.001, 95% CI of mean difference: -166.55, -90.64) on day five of immobilization. D-dimer was elevated in all patients on both post-trauma days; however, no significant difference was observed in this biomarker between day one and day five of immobilization. Conclusion In conclusion, our study found that fibrinogen, ESR, and platelet count levels were significantly increased in orthopaedic trauma patients with prolonged immobilization. The increase in these biomarkers indicates the body's reaction to tissue injury after trauma, which may contribute to the hypercoagulable states. Further research with a larger sample size is warranted to assess the viability of these biomarkers as potential diagnostic indicators for the development of VTE related to hypercoagulability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Nabila Ramli
- Department of Hematology, Universiti Sains Malaysia School of Medical Sciences, Kota Bharu, MYS
| | - Salfarina Iberahim
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, MYS
- Department of Hematology, Universiti Sains Malaysia School of Medical Sciences, Kota Bharu, MYS
| | - Noor Haslina Mohd Noor
- Department of Hematology, Universiti Sains Malaysia School of Medical Sciences, Kota Bharu, MYS
| | - Zefarina Zulkafli
- Department of Hematology, Universiti Sains Malaysia School of Medical Sciences, Kota Bharu, MYS
| | | | - Mohd Hadizie Din
- Department of Orthopedics, Universiti Sains Malaysia School of Medical Sciences, Kota Bharu, MYS
| | | | - Marne Abdullah
- Department of Hematology, Universiti Sains Malaysia School of Medical Sciences, Kota Bharu, MYS
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Becattini C. Provoked vs minimally provoked vs unprovoked VTE: does it matter? HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2023; 2023:600-605. [PMID: 38066936 PMCID: PMC10727063 DOI: 10.1182/hematology.2023000492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a multifactorial disease, and its risk depends on exposure to risk factors and predisposing conditions. Based on their strength of association with a VTE episode, risk factors are classified as major or minor and determined using a temporal pattern to be transient or persistent. All patients with VTE should receive anticoagulant treatment for at least 3 months in the absence of an absolute contraindication. Beyond this period, selected patients may be candidates for an extended phase of anticoagulation aimed at secondary VTE prevention. The risk of recurrent VTE if anticoagulation is discontinued is probably the main driver of decision-making regarding extended treatment. The risk of recurrence after VTE associated with major risk factors is low if the risk factor is no longer present. In this case, treatment can be discontinued. If the major risk factor is persistent, anticoagulation should be continued. After VTE occurring in the absence of risk factors, anticoagulation should probably be continued indefinitely if the risk for bleeding is low and preferably with minimal effective doses of anticoagulants. VTE occurring after exposure to minor risk factors is probably the most challenging situation, especially if the clinical manifestation was acute pulmonary embolism. Understanding the actual role of minor risk factors in the occurrence of VTE helps in estimating the risk of recurrence and avoiding the dangers associated with unnecessary anticoagulation. The availability of safer strategies for anticoagulation could allow personalized strategies for secondary prevention of VTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Becattini
- Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Kalkwarf KJ, Yang Y, Mora S, Wolf DA, Robertson RD, Holcomb JB, Drake SA. The silent killer: Previously undetected pulmonary emboli that result in death after discharge. Injury 2023; 54:111016. [PMID: 37717493 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2023.111016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a recognized cause of death in hospitalized trauma patients, yet less is known about PE after discharge. PATIENTS & METHODS All post-discharge, autopsy-demonstrated, fatal PE resulting from trauma within a large US county over six years were analyzed. Counts, percentages, mean values, SD, and IQR were calculated for all variables. RESULTS 1848 trauma deaths were reviewed, of which 85% had an autopsy. Eighty-five patients died from PE after discharge from their initial injury. 53% were initially treated at non-trauma centers, and 9% did not seek medical assistance. 75% were injured by falling, and most injuries occurred in the lower extremities. 86% had an ISS <16, but 87% needed assistance or were bed-bound after injury, despite 75% having no mobility limitations before the injury. 53% died within one month of injury, and 91% within the first year. Before death, only 11% were prescribed chemical thromboprophylaxis or an antiplatelet agent, and only 8% were diagnosed with venous thromboembolism before death. CONCLUSIONS Fatal PE after discharge typically occurred following activity-limiting lower extremity injuries with an ISS<16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Kalkwarf
- The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of General Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 4301W. Markham St. Slot 520-1, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States.
| | - Yijiong Yang
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 7000 Fannin St, Houston, Texas 77030, United States; Florida State University College of Nursing, Vivian M. Duxbury Hall, 98 Varsity Way, Office 412, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306-4310, United States
| | - Stephen Mora
- Harris Health System, 1504 Taub Loop, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Dwayne A Wolf
- Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences, 1861 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, Texas 77030, United States; Lucas County Coroner's Office, 2595 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States
| | - Ronald D Robertson
- The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of General Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 4301W. Markham St. Slot 520-1, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | - John B Holcomb
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Surgery, Center for Injury Science, 619 19th St S, Birmingham, Alabama 35249, United States
| | - Stacy A Drake
- Texas A&M College of Nursing, 2121W. Holcombe Blvd, Houston, Texas 77030, United States; Bowling Green State University, College of Health and Human Services, School of Nursing, 332 Central Hall, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
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Crainie CA, Cooper JG, Horner D. Thromboprophylaxis in ambulatory emergency department patients managed with lower limb immobilisation after injury: a national survey. J Accid Emerg Med 2023; 40:67-68. [PMID: 36424126 DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2022-212688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chloe A Crainie
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jamie G Cooper
- Emergency Department, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK .,Department of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Daniel Horner
- Emergency Department, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.,Division of Immunity, Infection and Respiratory Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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