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Caerts D, Garmyn M, Güvenç C. A Narrative Review of the Role of Estrogen (Receptors) in Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6251. [PMID: 38892441 PMCID: PMC11173079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In this narrative review, we attempt to provide an overview of the evidence regarding the role of estrogen (receptors) in cutaneous melanoma (CM). We reviewed 68 studies and 4 systematic reviews and meta-analyses published from 2002 up to and including 2022. The prevailing presence of estrogen receptor β (ERβ) instead of estrogen receptor α (ERα) in CM is notable, with ERβ potentially playing a protective role and being less frequently detected in progressive cases. While men with CM generally experience a less favorable prognosis, this distinction may become negligible with advancing age. The role of oral contraceptives (OC) and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in CM remains controversial. However, recent studies tend to associate the use of these exogenous hormones with a heightened risk of CM, mostly only when using estrogen therapy and not in combination with progesterone. On the contrary, the majority of studies find no substantial influence of in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment on CM risk. Reproductive factors, including younger age at first childbirth, higher parity, and shorter reproductive life, show conflicting evidence, with some studies suggesting a lower CM risk. We suggest an important role for estrogens in CM. More research is needed, but the integration of estrogens and targeting the estrogen receptors in melanoma therapy holds promise for future developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Canan Güvenç
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (D.C.); (M.G.)
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2
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Lallas K, Anagnostis P, Theocharis P, Boureka E, Kyrgidis A, Klonos E, Papazisis G, Apalla Z, Lallas A, Vakirlis E. The effect of menopausal hormone therapy on the risk of melanoma and keratinocyte skin cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Maturitas 2023; 168:20-28. [PMID: 36372010 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2022.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) increases the risk of skin cancer is controversial. AIM To systematically review and meta-analyze evidence regarding the association of MHT with the risk of melanoma and keratinocyte cancer (KC). MATERIAL AND METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted of the PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane databases, through to 30 October 2021. Skin neoplasms were divided into melanoma and KC. In the latter category, both basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were considered. The results are presented as hazard ratios (HR) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI). The I2 index was used to assess heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were also conducted in order to explore potential differences among studies. RESULTS Twenty-seven studies were included in the qualitative and 23 in the quantitative analysis, with a total of 2,612,712 menopausal women (25,126 with skin cancer; 20,150 with melanoma). MHT was associated with an increased risk of melanoma (HR 1.11; 95 % CI 1.05-1.19; I2 45%). With regard to MHT type, both estrogen monotherapy (HR 1.22, 95 % CI 1.16-1.29; I2 0%) and estrogen in combination with progestogen (HR 1.11, 95 % CI 1.05-1.18, I2 26%) significantly increased that risk. Regarding melanoma subtype, superficial spreading melanoma (SSM) and lentigo maligna melanoma (LMM) were the only histologic subtypes associated with MHT use. MHT was also associated with an increased risk of KC (HR 1.17, 95 % CI 1.04-1.31, I2 83%), specifically BCC (HR 1.22, 95 % CI 1.12-1.32; I2 29%). Longer duration (>5 years) of MHT, current use and estrogen monotherapy were associated with an increased KC risk compared with no use. CONCLUSION The use of MHT by postmenopausal women was associated with an increased risk of melanoma and KC. This risk was higher for current MHT users and those treated for over 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Lallas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Papageorgiou General Hospital, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis Anagnostis
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Eirini Boureka
- 3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Kyrgidis
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital of Thessaloniki "George Papanikolaou", Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Klonos
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Papazisis
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Zoe Apalla
- Second Dermatology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aimilios Lallas
- First Dermatology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Efstratios Vakirlis
- First Dermatology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Chiavarini M, Naldini G, Giacchetta I, Fabiani R. Exogenous Hormone Factors in Relation to the Risk of Malignant Melanoma in Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133192. [PMID: 35804961 PMCID: PMC9264834 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of exogenous female hormones on the risk of developing malignant melanoma in women remains controversial. The aim of our review and meta-analysis is to summarize the evidence and derive a more accurate estimation of the association between oral contraceptives (OCs) or menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) and the risk of developing malignant melanoma in women. PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus database were searched for studies published up until October 2021. The PRISMA statement and MOOSE guidelines were followed. Studies were pooled using a random effects model. Heterogeneity was explored with the chi-square-based Cochran’s Q statistic and the I2 statistic. Publication bias was assessed with Begg’s test and Egger’s test. Forty-six studies met the eligibility criteria. The pooled analysis (26 studies) on OC use and the risk of developing cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) showed no significant association, but demonstrated significant association for cohort studies (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.01–1.16; I2 = 0.00%, p = 0.544). The pooled analysis (16 studies) showed a significantly increased risk of CMM in association with MHT (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.08–1.23; I2 = 25.32%, p = 0.169). Stratifying the results by study design showed that a significant increased risk of CMM was associated with MHT in the cohort studies (OR 1.12; 95% CI 1.04–1.19; I2 = 0%, p = 0.467). No significant publication bias could be detected. Further studies are needed to investigate the potential association with formulation, duration of use, and dosage of use, and to better understand the role of possible confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Chiavarini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Public Heath, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Giulia Naldini
- School of Specialization in Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Irene Giacchetta
- School of Specialization in Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Roberto Fabiani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy;
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4
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Jacoub K, Al-Eisawi Z. ABO blood group and skin cancers. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2021; 81:359-371. [PMID: 34974432 DOI: 10.3233/ch-211290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Beside the role of ABO group in immunohaematology, there is accumulating evidence that the ABO blood group also plays a key role in various human disorders. The interest in blood groups and their association with disease stems from the awareness that blood group antigens are incredibly important components in the process of cell maturation and control. Studies have indicated a link between cancer and the ABO blood group. The appearance or disappearance of blood type antigens is now considered a hallmark of malignancy in many common cancers. Several tumour markers are in fact known blood group antigens. The aim of this review is to describe the history and possible functions of the ABO group and then summarize the association between blood groups and skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaldun Jacoub
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, The Hashemite University, Jordan
| | - Zaynab Al-Eisawi
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, The Hashemite University, Jordan
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5
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Sun Q, Sun H, Cong L, Zheng Y, Wu N, Cong X. Effects of Exogenous Hormones and Reproductive Factors on Female Melanoma: A Meta-Analysis. Clin Epidemiol 2020; 12:1183-1203. [PMID: 33149695 PMCID: PMC7605627 DOI: 10.2147/clep.s273566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological findings on the effects of hormones on melanoma risk have been inconsistent. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis to examine the relationship between exogenous hormonal and reproductive factors and the risk of melanoma in women. We performed a search of PubMed, Web of Science, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database through April 2020 for relevant studies. Based on heterogeneity, we performed the meta-analysis of the risk estimates using either fixed effect or random effect models. We identified 38 studies that met the analytical criteria, involving 3,571,910 participants. The results showed that long-term use of oral contraceptives (OC) may increase the risk of melanoma in women (≥5 years [pooled RR=1.18; 95% CI: 1.07-1.31; I2=0%] and ≥10 years [pooled RR=1.25; 95% CI: 1.06-1.48; I2=0%]). Women who first used OC 15-19 years previously were more likely to develop melanoma (pooled RR=1.52; 95% CI: 1.03-2.24; I2=0%), while the years since the last use and the age at first use were not associated with the development of melanoma in women. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) increased the incidence of melanoma in women (pooled RR=1.12, 95% CI: 1.02-1.24; I2=50%) and was especially associated with an increased risk of superficial spreading melanoma (SSM) (pooled RR=1.26; 95% CI: 1.17-1.37; I2=0%), and estrogen and estradiol may be the main active agents that contribute to the increased risk of melanoma, but these results may be due to a combination of sun exposure factors. With regard to reproductive factors, decreased parity and being aged ≥20 years at first birth may be associated with an increased risk of melanoma in females, while menopausal status and age at menarche are not associated with the incidence of melanoma in females. Further large-scale prospective studies are necessary to reveal new pathophysiological mechanisms and new therapeutic targets for cutaneous melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Sun
- Tissue Bank, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lele Cong
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianling Cong
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
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6
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Tang X, Zhang H, Cui Y, Wang L, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Huo J, Cai J, Rinaldi G, Bhagavathula AS, Xiaopeng Y. Postmenopausal exogenous hormone therapy and Melanoma risk in women: A systematic review and time-response meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105182. [PMID: 32890740 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A favourable option to management symptoms during menopausal transition is menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) but relation among MHT and risk of melanoma is controversial. This study aims to identify, analyse and present the evidence surrounding post-menopausal exogenous hormone therapy and the risk for melanoma in women. A systematic searches of database was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Cochrane without time, region, and language restrictions from inception to April 2020. The DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model was used to estimate combined risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Subgroup analysis and time-response analysis was conducted based on the formulation of used hormone and length of hormone therapy. Combined results from fourteen studies that containing 19 arms with 1,164,077 participants which 4273 of them had melanoma cancer showed increase risk of melanoma in the hormone-treated versus control group 1.14 (95% CI 1.05-1.24, I2: 21%). The stronger and significant relationship between MHT and risk of melanoma was in participants who used oestrogen formulation (RR 1.32, 95% CI 1.17-1.49, I2 = 0%). Moreover, a significant non-linear time-response relation between MHT and melanoma was also in initial three years of MHT (Coef1 = 0.2423, p1 < 0.01). This study reveals a significant direct relationship between the MHT and risk of melanoma in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Tang
- Malignant Tumor TCM "Yi Qi Qing Du" Key Research Office, Jiangxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nangchang, Jiangxi 330046, China
| | - Hongcan Zhang
- Outpatient Clinic of Ethnomedicine, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 533000, China
| | - Ying Cui
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Liqin Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nangchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Zhu Wang
- Malignant Tumor TCM "Yi Qi Qing Du" Key Research Office, Jiangxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nangchang, Jiangxi 330046, China
| | - Yajing Zhang
- Institute of Literature and Information, Jiangxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nangchang, Jiangxi 330046, China
| | - Jinzhi Huo
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic, No. 963 Hospital, Jiamusi City, Heilongjiang Province 154000, China
| | - Jinfeng Cai
- Department of Reproductive Center, Kunming City Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650031, China
| | - Giulia Rinaldi
- Guys and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ying Xiaopeng
- Department of Reproductive Center, Kunming City Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650031, China.
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7
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Berk-Krauss J, Bieber AK, Criscito MC, Grant-Kels JM, Driscoll MS, Keltz M, Pomeranz MK, Martires KJ, Liebman TN, Stein JA. Melanoma risk after in vitro fertilization: A review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 2018; 79:1133-1140.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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8
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Ganzetti G, Sartini D, Campanati A, Rubini C, Molinelli E, Brisigotti V, Cecati M, Pozzi V, Campagna R, Offidani A, Emanuelli M. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase: potential involvement in cutaneous malignant melanoma. Melanoma Res 2018; 28:82-88. [PMID: 29420365 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) is an enzyme that catalyzes the N-methylation of nicotinamide and pyridine compounds, participating in xenobiotic and drug metabolism. Data on literature have evidenced a possible role of NNMT in many solid cancers, but no data are currently available in cutaneous melanoma. Recent important advances have been achieved in the treatment of advanced melanoma with targeted therapy and immunotherapy. However, the identification of biomarkers that can be used for the detection of early stage disease as well as for monitoring the therapeutic response during treatment is of utmost importance. The aim of this study was to study the possible role of NNMT in melanoma. In the present study, we carried out immunohistochemical analyses to evaluate the expression of the enzyme NNMT in 34 melanomas and 34 nevi. Moreover, we explored the relationship between NNMT levels and the prognostic parameters of patients with melanoma. The results obtained showed significantly (P<0.0001) higher NNMT expression in melanoma compared with that detected in nevi. In addition, a significant (P<0.05) inverse relationship was found between enzyme levels and Breslow thickness, Clark level, the presence/number of mitoses, and ulceration. Taken together, these data seem to suggest that NNMT could represent a molecular biomarker for melanoma, thus highlighting its potential for both diagnosis and prognosis of this neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Corrado Rubini
- Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Valentina Pozzi
- Clinical and Stomatological Sciences
- New York-Marche Structural Biology Centre (NY-MaSBiC), New York City, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Monica Emanuelli
- Clinical and Stomatological Sciences
- New York-Marche Structural Biology Centre (NY-MaSBiC), New York City, New York, USA
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9
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Meyle KD, Gamborg M, Sørensen TIA, Baker JL. Childhood Body Size and the Risk of Malignant Melanoma in Adulthood. Am J Epidemiol 2017; 185:673-680. [PMID: 28369155 PMCID: PMC5394246 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kww128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma (MM) is the most aggressive form of skin cancer. Adult anthropometry influences MM development; however, associations between childhood body size and future melanomagenesis are largely unknown. We investigated whether height, body mass index (BMI; weight (kg)/height (m)2), and body surface area (BSA) at ages 7–13 years and birth weight are associated with adult MM. Data from the Copenhagen School Health Records Register, containing annual height and weight measurements of 372,636 Danish children born in 1930–1989, were linked with the Danish Cancer Registry. Cox regression analyses were performed. During follow-up, 2,329 MM cases occurred. Height at ages 7–13 years was significantly associated with MM, even after BMI and BSA adjustments. No significant BMI-MM or BSA-MM associations were detected when adjusting for height. Children who were persistently tall at both age 7 years and age 13 years had a significantly increased MM risk compared with children who grew taller between those ages. Birth weight was positively associated with MM. We conclude that associations between body size and MM originate early in life and are driven largely by height and birth weight, without any comparable influence of BMI or BSA. Melanoma transformation is unlikely to be due to height per se; however, height-regulating processes in childhood present new areas for mechanistic explorations of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jennifer L. Baker
- Correspondence to Dr. Jennifer L. Baker, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Nordre Fasanvej 57, Frederiksberg, Denmark (e-mail: )
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11
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Zhang XY, Zhang PY. Genetics and epigenetics of melanoma. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:3041-3044. [PMID: 27899960 PMCID: PMC5103895 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer affects multiple organs in the body Malignant melanoma involves the invasion of skin and occasionally mucosal membrane or eye choroidal tissues. The incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma is on the increase worldwide and is a major concern in current research. The increase is associated with UV irradiation-induced genetic aberrations that stimulate skin melanocytes to develop unlimited growth. This eventually leads to cell immortality, which in turn causes metastases. The present review examines the genetics and epigenetics of this pathological state together with recent perspectives of the therapeutic management of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ying Zhang
- Information Technology Institute, Nanjing, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Pei-Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, The Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
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12
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Kuhle CL, Kapoor E, Sood R, Thielen JM, Jatoi A, Faubion SS. Menopausal hormone therapy in cancer survivors: A narrative review of the literature. Maturitas 2016; 92:86-96. [PMID: 27621244 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Decision making regarding the use of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) for the treatment of bothersome menopausal symptoms in a cancer survivor can be complex, and includes assessment of its impact on disease-free or overall survival. Estrogen receptors are present in several cancer types, but this does not always result in estrogen-mediated tumor proliferation and adverse cancer-related outcomes. Estrogen may even be protective against certain cancers. Menopausal hormone therapy is associated with an increased risk of recurrence and mortality after diagnosis of some cancer types, but not others. We provide a narrative review of the medical literature regarding the risk of cancer recurrence and associated mortality with initiation of MHT after the diagnosis of breast, gynecologic, lung, colorectal, hematologic cancers, and melanoma. Menopausal hormone therapy may be considered for management of bothersome menopausal symptoms in women with some cancer types (e.g., colorectal and hematologic cancer, localized melanoma, and most cervical, vulvar and vaginal cancers), while nonhormonal treatment options may be preferred for others (e.g., breast cancer). In women with other cancer types, recommendations are less straightforward, and the use of MHT must be individualized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol L Kuhle
- Women's Health Clinic, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
| | - Ekta Kapoor
- Women's Health Clinic, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Richa Sood
- Women's Health Clinic, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jacqueline M Thielen
- Women's Health Clinic, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Aminah Jatoi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Stephanie S Faubion
- Women's Health Clinic, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Kamath S, Miller KA, Cockburn MG. Current Data on Risk Factor Estimates Does Not Explain the Difference in Rates of Melanoma between Hispanics and Non-Hispanic Whites. J Skin Cancer 2016; 2016:2105250. [PMID: 27092276 PMCID: PMC4820624 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2105250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
United States Hispanics have seven times lower melanoma incidence rates than non-Hispanic whites (NHW). It is unclear whether this difference can be explained solely by phenotypic risk factors, like darker skin, or whether modifiable risk factors, like sun exposure, also play a role. The purpose of this paper is to summarize what is currently known about melanoma risk factors among Hispanics and NHWs, and whether or not those differences could explain the difference in melanoma incidence. Through literature review, relative risks and prevalence of melanoma risk factors in Hispanics and NHWs were identified and used to calculate the expected rate in Hispanics and rate ratio compared to NHWs. We found that melanoma risk factors either have similar frequency in Hispanics and NHWs (e.g., many large nevi) or are less frequent in Hispanics but do not explain a high proportion of disease variation (e.g., red hair). Considering current knowledge of risk factor prevalence, we found that melanoma incidence rates in the two groups should actually be similar. Sun exposure behavior among Hispanics may contribute to the explanation for the 7-fold difference in melanoma rates. Currently, limited data exist on sun exposure behavior among Hispanics, but possibilities for improving primary prevention by further studying these practices are substantial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Kamath
- Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California (USC), 1200 N State Street, Room 3250, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Kimberly A. Miller
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, 2001 N. Soto Street, Suite 318-A, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Myles G. Cockburn
- Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California (USC), 1200 N State Street, Room 3250, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, 2001 N. Soto Street, Suite 318-A, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
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14
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Law MH, Bishop DT, Lee JE, Brossard M, Martin NG, Moses EK, Song F, Barrett JH, Kumar R, Easton DF, Pharoah PDP, Swerdlow AJ, Kypreou KP, Taylor JC, Harland M, Randerson-Moor J, Akslen LA, Andresen PA, Avril MF, Azizi E, Scarrà GB, Brown KM, Dȩbniak T, Duffy DL, Elder DE, Fang S, Friedman E, Galan P, Ghiorzo P, Gillanders EM, Goldstein AM, Gruis NA, Hansson J, Helsing P, Hočevar M, Höiom V, Ingvar C, Kanetsky PA, Chen WV, Landi MT, Lang J, Lathrop GM, Lubiński J, Mackie RM, Mann GJ, Molven A, Montgomery GW, Novaković S, Olsson H, Puig S, Puig-Butille JA, Qureshi AA, Radford-Smith GL, van der Stoep N, van Doorn R, Whiteman DC, Craig JE, Schadendorf D, Simms LA, Burdon KP, Nyholt DR, Pooley KA, Orr N, Stratigos AJ, Cust AE, Ward SV, Hayward NK, Han J, Schulze HJ, Dunning AM, Bishop JAN, Demenais F, Amos CI, MacGregor S, Iles MM. Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies five new susceptibility loci for cutaneous malignant melanoma. Nat Genet 2015; 47:987-995. [PMID: 26237428 PMCID: PMC4557485 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thirteen common susceptibility loci have been reproducibly associated with cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM). We report the results of an international 2-stage meta-analysis of CMM genome-wide association studies (GWAS). This meta-analysis combines 11 GWAS (5 previously unpublished) and a further three stage 2 data sets, totaling 15,990 CMM cases and 26,409 controls. Five loci not previously associated with CMM risk reached genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10(-8)), as did 2 previously reported but unreplicated loci and all 13 established loci. Newly associated SNPs fall within putative melanocyte regulatory elements, and bioinformatic and expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) data highlight candidate genes in the associated regions, including one involved in telomere biology.
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Brinton LA, Moghissi KS, Scoccia B, Lamb EJ, Trabert B, Niwa S, Ruggieri D, Westhoff CL. Effects of fertility drugs on cancers other than breast and gynecologic malignancies. Fertil Steril 2015; 104:980-988. [PMID: 26232746 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship of ovulation-stimulating drugs to risk of cancers other than breast and gynecologic malignancies. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study, with additional follow-up since initial report. SETTING Reproductive endocrinology practices. PATIENT(S) Among a cohort of 12,193 women evaluated for infertility between 1965 and 1988, a total of 9,892 women (81.1% of the eligible population) were followed through 2010, via passive and active (questionnaire) approaches. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for various fertility treatment parameters for select cancers. RESULT(S) During 30.0 median years of follow-up (285,332 person-years), 91 colorectal cancers, 84 lung cancers, 55 thyroid cancers, and 70 melanomas were diagnosed among study subjects. Clomiphene citrate (CC), used by 38.1% of patients, was not associated with colorectal or lung cancer risks, but was related significantly to melanoma (HR = 1.95; 95% CI: 1.18-3.22), and non-significantly to thyroid cancer risks (HR = 1.57; 95% CI: 0.89-2.75). The highest melanoma risks were seen among those with the lowest drug exposure levels, but thyroid cancer risk was greatest among the heavily exposed patients (HR = 1.96; 95% CI: 0.92-4.17 for those receiving >2,250 mg). Clomiphene citrate-associated risks for thyroid cancer were somewhat higher among nulligravid, compared with gravid, women, but did not differ according to distinct causes of infertility. Gonadotropins, used by only 9.7% of subjects, were not related to risk of any of the assessed cancers. CONCLUSION(S) Our results provide support for continued monitoring of both melanoma and thyroid cancer risk among patients receiving fertility drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Brinton
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Kamran S Moghissi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Bert Scoccia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Britton Trabert
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Carolyn L Westhoff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Jiang A, Rambhatla P, Eide M. Socioeconomic and lifestyle factors and melanoma: a systematic review. Br J Dermatol 2015; 172:885-915. [PMID: 25354495 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.J. Jiang
- Stritch School of Medicine; Loyola University Chicago; Maywood IL U.S.A
| | - P.V. Rambhatla
- Department of Dermatology; Henry Ford Hospital; New Center One; 3031 West Grand Blvd, Suite 800 Detroit MI 48202 U.S.A
| | - M.J. Eide
- Department of Dermatology; Henry Ford Hospital; New Center One; 3031 West Grand Blvd, Suite 800 Detroit MI 48202 U.S.A
- Department of Public Health Sciences; Henry Ford Hospital; New Center One; 3031 West Grand Blvd, Suite 800 Detroit MI 48202 U.S.A
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Kontautiene S, Stang A, Gollnick H, Valiukeviciene S. The role of phenotype, body mass index, parental and sun exposure factors in the prevalence of melanocytic nevi among schoolchildren in Lithuania. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2014; 29:1506-16. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Kontautiene
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases; Lithuanian University of Health Sciences; Kaunas Lithuania
| | - A. Stang
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology; University Hospital of Essen; University Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | - H. Gollnick
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology; Otto-von-Guericke-University; Magdeburg Germany
| | - S. Valiukeviciene
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases; Lithuanian University of Health Sciences; Kaunas Lithuania
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18
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Sex disparities in melanoma outcomes: The role of biology. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 563:42-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Nikolaou V, Stratigos AJ. Emerging trends in the epidemiology of melanoma. Br J Dermatol 2014; 170:11-9. [PMID: 23815297 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is one of the most rapidly growing cancers worldwide, with a consistent increase in incidence among white populations over the past four decades. Despite the early detection of primarily thin melanomas and the improved survival rates observed in several countries, the rate of thick melanomas has remained constant or continues to increase, especially in the older age group. Current considerations in the epidemiology of melanoma focus on the observed survival benefit of females vs. males, the contributing role of indoor tanning in melanoma risk and the diverse effect of sun exposure in the development of different types of melanoma with respect to their clinical and mutational profile. Certain well-known risk factors, such as skin, hair and eye pigmentation and melanocytic naevi have been validated in large-scale association studies, while additional lifestyle factors and iatrogenic exposures, such as immunosuppressive agents and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are being investigated. In addition, genome-wide association studies have revealed genetic loci that underlie the genetic susceptibility of melanoma, some of which are related to known risk factors. Recently, an interesting association of melanoma with Parkinson disease has been noted, with a higher than expected frequency of melanoma in patients with Parkinson disease and vice versa. This review article provides an update in the epidemiology of cutaneous melanoma and discusses recent developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Nikolaou
- Department of Dermatology, Andreas Sygros Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, 5 Dragoumi Street, Athens, 16121, Greece
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20
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A variant in FTO shows association with melanoma risk not due to BMI. Nat Genet 2013; 45:428-32, 432e1. [PMID: 23455637 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the results of an association study of melanoma that is based on the genome-wide imputation of the genotypes of 1,353 cases and 3,566 controls of European origin conducted by the GenoMEL consortium. This revealed an association between several SNPs in intron 8 of the FTO gene, including rs16953002, which replicated using 12,313 cases and 55,667 controls of European ancestry from Europe, the USA and Australia (combined P = 3.6 × 10(-12), per-allele odds ratio for allele A = 1.16). In addition to identifying a new melanoma-susceptibility locus, this is to our knowledge the first study to identify and replicate an association with SNPs in FTO not related to body mass index (BMI). These SNPs are not in intron 1 (the BMI-related region) and exhibit no association with BMI. This suggests FTO's function may be broader than the existing paradigm that FTO variants influence multiple traits only through their associations with BMI and obesity.
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21
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Park SL, Le Marchand L, Wilkens LR, Kolonel LN, Henderson BE, Zhang ZF, Setiawan VW. Risk factors for malignant melanoma in white and non-white/non-African American populations: the multiethnic cohort. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2012; 5:423-34. [PMID: 22246617 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is unknown whether the established risk factors for malignant melanoma in whites influence malignant melanoma risk in non-whites. We examined the risk factors for melanoma among 39,325 whites and 101,229 non-whites/multiracials [Japanese American (47.5%), Latino American (34.8%), Native Hawaiian (2.1%), and multiracial (15.6%), excluding African Americans] in the Multiethnic Cohort study. With an average follow-up of 12.7 years, 581 invasive malignant melanoma (IMM) and 412 melanoma in situ (MIS) cases were identified, of which 107 IMM and 74 MIS were among non-whites/multiracials. The relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by Cox proportional hazards models using days from cohort entry as the underlying time variable. Among non-white/multiracial males, location of IMM tumors differed from those of white males (P < 0.001); and non-white/multiracial females were more likely to be diagnosed with later stage of disease (P < 0.001). After adjusting for potential confounders, age at cohort entry, male sex, higher education, and sunburn susceptibility phenotypes were associated with an increased risk of IMM in non-whites/multiracials (P < 0.05). The risk estimates for age at cohort entry and lighter hair and eye color were greater in non-whites/multiracials than in whites (P(heterogeneity) = 0.062, 0.016, and 0.005, respectively). For MIS risk, RRs between whites and non-whites/multiracials also differed for study location and education (P(heterogeneity) ≤ 0.015). In conclusion, similar to whites, age at cohort entry, male sex, and susceptibility to sunburn phenotypes may be predictive of malignant melanoma risk in non-white populations excluding African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungshim Lani Park
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 1236 Lauhala Street, Suite 407, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
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22
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A novel recurrent mutation in MITF predisposes to familial and sporadic melanoma. Nature 2011; 480:99-103. [PMID: 22080950 PMCID: PMC3266855 DOI: 10.1038/nature10630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Whole-genome sequencing identifies a novel germline variant in the oncogene MITF, which is associated with the development of melanoma. Two papers in this issue of Nature demonstrate that missense substitutions in the gene encoding for microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) are associated with susceptibility to melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. Functional analysis shows that the variant has impaired sumoylation that leads to differential regulation of several MITF targets, and promotes tumour cell clonogenicity, migration and invasion. So far, two genes associated with familial melanoma have been identified, accounting for a minority of genetic risk in families. Mutations in CDKN2A account for approximately 40% of familial cases1, and predisposing mutations in CDK4 have been reported in a very small number of melanoma kindreds2. Here we report the whole-genome sequencing of probands from several melanoma families, which we performed in order to identify other genes associated with familial melanoma. We identify one individual carrying a novel germline variant (coding DNA sequence c.G1075A; protein sequence p.E318K; rs149617956) in the melanoma-lineage-specific oncogene microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). Although the variant co-segregated with melanoma in some but not all cases in the family, linkage analysis of 31 families subsequently identified to carry the variant generated a log of odds (lod) score of 2.7 under a dominant model, indicating E318K as a possible intermediate risk variant. Consistent with this, the E318K variant was significantly associated with melanoma in a large Australian case–control sample. Likewise, it was similarly associated in an independent case–control sample from the United Kingdom. In the Australian sample, the variant allele was significantly over-represented in cases with a family history of melanoma, multiple primary melanomas, or both. The variant allele was also associated with increased naevus count and non-blue eye colour. Functional analysis of E318K showed that MITF encoded by the variant allele had impaired sumoylation and differentially regulated several MITF targets. These data indicate that MITF is a melanoma-predisposition gene and highlight the utility of whole-genome sequencing to identify novel rare variants associated with disease susceptibility.
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24
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Barrett JH, Iles MM, Harland M, Taylor JC, Aitken JF, Andresen PA, Akslen LA, Armstrong BK, Avril MF, Azizi E, Bakker B, Bergman W, Bianchi-Scarrà G, Paillerets BBD, Calista D, Cannon-Albright LA, Corda E, Cust AE, Dębniak T, Duffy D, Dunning A, Easton DF, Friedman E, Galan P, Ghiorzo P, Giles GG, Hansson J, Hocevar M, Höiom V, Hopper JL, Ingvar C, Janssen B, Jenkins MA, Jönsson G, Kefford RF, Landi G, Landi MT, Lang J, Lubiński J, Mackie R, Malvehy J, Martin NG, Molven A, Montgomery GW, van Nieuwpoort FA, Novakovic S, Olsson H, Pastorino L, Puig S, Puig-Butille JA, Randerson-Moor J, Snowden H, Tuominen R, Van Belle P, van der Stoep N, Whiteman DC, Zelenika D, Han J, Fang S, Lee JE, Wei Q, Lathrop GM, Gillanders EM, Brown KM, Goldstein AM, Kanetsky PA, Mann GJ, MacGregor S, Elder DE, Amos CI, Hayward NK, Gruis NA, Demenais F, Newton Bishop JA, Bishop DT. Genome-wide association study identifies three new melanoma susceptibility loci. Nat Genet 2011; 43:1108-13. [PMID: 21983787 PMCID: PMC3251256 DOI: 10.1038/ng.959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report a genome-wide association study for melanoma that was conducted by the GenoMEL Consortium. Our discovery phase included 2,981 individuals with melanoma and 1,982 study-specific control individuals of European ancestry, as well as an additional 6,426 control subjects from French or British populations, all of whom were genotyped for 317,000 or 610,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Our analysis replicated previously known melanoma susceptibility loci. Seven new regions with at least one SNP with P < 10(-5) and further local imputed or genotyped support were selected for replication using two other genome-wide studies (from Australia and Texas, USA). Additional replication came from case-control series from the UK and The Netherlands. Variants at three of the seven loci replicated at P < 10(-3): an SNP in ATM (rs1801516, overall P = 3.4 × 10(-9)), an SNP in MX2 (rs45430, P = 2.9 × 10(-9)) and an SNP adjacent to CASP8 (rs13016963, P = 8.6 × 10(-10)). A fourth locus near CCND1 remains of potential interest, showing suggestive but inconclusive evidence of replication (rs1485993, overall P = 4.6 × 10(-7) under a fixed-effects model and P = 1.2 × 10(-3) under a random-effects model). These newly associated variants showed no association with nevus or pigmentation phenotypes in a large British case-control series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Barrett
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Cancer Research UK Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Mark M Iles
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Cancer Research UK Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Mark Harland
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Cancer Research UK Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - John C Taylor
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Cancer Research UK Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Joanne F Aitken
- Viertel Centre for Research in Cancer Control, The Cancer Council, Queensland, Spring Hill, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Per Arne Andresen
- Pathology Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, N-0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars A Akslen
- The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
- Dept. of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Bruce K Armstrong
- Westmead Millennium Institute, PO Box 412, Darcy Rd, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | | | - Esther Azizi
- Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Bert Bakker
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Center of Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wilma Bergman
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanna Bianchi-Scarrà
- Department of Internal Medicine (DIMI), University of Genoa, V. le Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Brigitte Bressac-de Paillerets
- INSERM, U946, Fondation Jean-Dausset–CEPH, 75010 Paris, France
- Département de Biopathologie, Service de Génétique, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Donato Calista
- Dermatology Unit, Maurizio Bufalini Hospital, 47023 Cesena, Italy
| | - Lisa A Cannon-Albright
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Eve Corda
- INSERM, U946, Fondation Jean-Dausset–CEPH, 75010 Paris, France
- Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Anne E Cust
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic (MEGA) Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology and Services Research, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tadeusz Dębniak
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - David Duffy
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Alison Dunning
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eitan Friedman
- Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Pilar Galan
- UMR U557 Inserm; U1125 Inra; Cnam; Paris 13, CRNH Idf, 74 rue Marcel Cachin F-93017 Bobigny
| | - Paola Ghiorzo
- Department of Internal Medicine (DIMI), University of Genoa, V. le Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Graham G Giles
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic (MEGA) Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Johan Hansson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marko Hocevar
- Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Veronica Höiom
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John L Hopper
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic (MEGA) Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christian Ingvar
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Lund, Barngatan 2B, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Bart Janssen
- ServiceXS, Plesmanlaan 1d, 2333 BZ Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A Jenkins
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic (MEGA) Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Göran Jönsson
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Lund, Barngatan 2B, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Richard F Kefford
- Westmead Millennium Institute, PO Box 412, Darcy Rd, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Giorgio Landi
- Dermatology Unit, Maurizio Bufalini Hospital, 47023 Cesena, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Landi
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute. NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-7236, USA
| | - Julie Lang
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Jan Lubiński
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Rona Mackie
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Glasgow, UK
- Public Health and Health Policy, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Josep Malvehy
- Melanoma Unit, Dermatology Department, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Anders Molven
- The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
- Dept. of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | | | - Srdjan Novakovic
- Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Håkan Olsson
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Lund, Barngatan 2B, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lorenza Pastorino
- Department of Internal Medicine (DIMI), University of Genoa, V. le Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Susana Puig
- Melanoma Unit, Dermatology Department, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Anton Puig-Butille
- Melanoma Unit, Dermatology Department, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juliette Randerson-Moor
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Cancer Research UK Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Helen Snowden
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Cancer Research UK Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Rainer Tuominen
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patricia Van Belle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nienke van der Stoep
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Center of Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David C Whiteman
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Diana Zelenika
- Commissariat à l'énergie Atomique, Institut de Génomique, Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France
| | - Jiali Han
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shenying Fang
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeffrey E Lee
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Qingyi Wei
- Department of Epidemiology Unit 1365, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - G Mark Lathrop
- Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH, 75010, Paris, France
- Commissariat à l'énergie Atomique, Institut de Génomique, Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France
| | - Elizabeth M Gillanders
- Inherited Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Kevin M Brown
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alisa M Goldstein
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute. NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-7236, USA
| | - Peter A Kanetsky
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics and Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, 219 Blockley Hall, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Graham J Mann
- Westmead Millennium Institute, PO Box 412, Darcy Rd, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - David E Elder
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christopher I Amos
- Section of Computational and Genetic Epidemiology, Epidemiology, UT M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Pressler St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nicholas K Hayward
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Nelleke A Gruis
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Florence Demenais
- INSERM, U946, Fondation Jean-Dausset–CEPH, 75010 Paris, France
- Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH, 75010, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot Paris 7, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologied'Hémtologie, Paris, France
| | - Julia A Newton Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Cancer Research UK Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - D Timothy Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Cancer Research UK Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
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de Giorgi V, Gori A, Grazzini M, Rossari S, Scarfì F, Corciova S, Verdelli A, Lotti T, Massi D. Estrogens, estrogen receptors and melanoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2011; 11:739-47. [PMID: 21554049 DOI: 10.1586/era.11.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The skin is the largest nonreproductive target tissue on which estrogen plays many beneficial and protective roles. Although neither exogenous hormones nor pregnancy represent significant risk factors for melanoma, epidemiological data suggest a higher survival rate in women with metastatic disease versus men and in premenopausal versus postmenopausal patients. Despite the fact that hyperestrogenic signaling has long been implicated in the initiation and progression of several tumors, the role of estrogens in malignant melanoma is still unclear. The cellular effects of estrogens are mediated by two subtypes of estrogen receptors (ERs). Estrogen receptor β (ERβ), the predominant ER in the skin, antagonizes the proliferative action mediated by estrogen receptor α. According to recent immunohistochemical studies, ERβ protein expression decreases progressively with increased Breslow thickness and results in more invasive melanomas; thus, ERβ immunophenotype may distinguish melanomas linked to poor prognosis from those with a favorable course and lead to melanoma unresponsiveness to both estrogen and anti-estrogen treatment. Therefore, if future large-scale immunohistochemical and molecular studies point towards ERβ as an important factor in malignant melanoma progression, they will open up novel and targeted prognostic and therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo de Giorgi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Florence, Piazza Indipendenza 11, Firenze 50100, Italy.
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Tang JY, Spaunhurst KM, Chlebowski RT, Wactawski-Wende J, Keiser E, Thomas F, Anderson ML, Zeitouni NC, Larson JC, Stefanick ML. Menopausal hormone therapy and risks of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers: women's health initiative randomized trials. J Natl Cancer Inst 2011; 103:1469-75. [PMID: 21878677 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djr333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Case-control studies have reported that exogenous estrogen use is associated with increased risk of skin cancer. The effects of menopausal hormone therapy on incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer and melanoma were evaluated in post hoc analyses of the Women's Health Initiative randomized placebo-controlled hormone therapy trials of combined estrogen plus progestin (E + P) and estrogen only (E-alone). METHODS Postmenopausal women aged 50-79 years were randomly assigned to conjugated equine estrogen (0.625 mg/d) plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (2.5 mg/d) or placebo in the E + P trial if they had an intact uterus (N = 16,608) or to conjugated equine estrogen alone or placebo in the E-alone trial if they had a hysterectomy (N = 10,739); the mean follow-up was 5.6 and 7.1 years, respectively. Incident nonmelanoma skin cancers (n = 980 [E + P trial]; n = 820 [E-alone trial]) and melanomas (n = 57 [E + P trial]; n =38 [E-alone trial]) were ascertained by self-report. Incident cases of cutaneous malignant melanoma were confirmed by physician review of medical records. Incidences of nonmelanoma skin cancer and melanoma were compared between the two randomization groups within each trial using hazard ratios (HRs), with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and Wald statistic P values from Cox proportional hazards models. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Rates of incident nonmelanoma skin cancer and melanoma were similar between the active hormone (combined analysis of E + P and E-alone) and placebo groups (nonmelanoma skin cancer: HR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.89 to 1.07; melanoma: HR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.61 to 1.37). Results were similar for the E + P and E-alone trials when analyzed individually. CONCLUSIONS Menopausal hormone therapy did not affect overall incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer or melanoma. These findings do not support a role of menopausal estrogen, with or without progestin, in the development of skin cancer in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Y Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 450 Broadway, Pavilion C, MC 5334, Redwood City, CA 94305, USA.
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Franco-Lie I, Iversen T, Robsahm T, Abdelnoor M. Incidence trends of melanoma of the skin compared with other localisations, in the Norwegian population, 1956–2005. Ann Oncol 2011; 22:1443-1450. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdq598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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Gandini S, Iodice S, Koomen E, Di Pietro A, Sera F, Caini S. Hormonal and reproductive factors in relation to melanoma in women: current review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47:2607-17. [PMID: 21620689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies have focused on possible relationships between characteristics of female endocrine status and melanoma (CM) risk; however, the link between melanoma, oral contraceptive (OC) and hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) use, and reproductive factors remains controversial. A comprehensive, systematic bibliographic search of the medical literature was conducted to identify relevant studies. Random effects models were used to summarise results. Subgroup, meta-regression and sensitivity analyses have been carried out to explore sources of between-study variation and bias. We included thirty-six observational studies published in the last 30 years. Summarising a total of 5626 melanoma cases, we did not find any significant melanoma risk associated with OC and HRT use. Several reproductive factors were also investigated, summarising data on 16787 melanoma cases. We found a significantly increased melanoma risk for late age at first birth, and women with more than one child may be at a lower risk for melanoma; however, socio-economic confounders were found to play a significant role in explaining this association. This study confirmed no increased risk of CM with the use of oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy: exogenous female hormones do not contribute to an increased risk of CM. In contrast, significant associations of CM with parity and age at first pregnancy were observed in this meta-analysis finds and warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gandini
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, Milan, Italy.
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Kvaskoff M, Bijon A, Mesrine S, Boutron-Ruault MC, Clavel-Chapelon F. Cutaneous melanoma and endogenous hormonal factors: a large French prospective study. Am J Epidemiol 2011; 173:1192-202. [PMID: 21415032 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwq503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the role of endogenous hormonal factors on melanoma, the authors conducted a prospective analysis of 91,972 French women, aged 40-65 years at inclusion into the Etude Epidémiologique auprès de femmes de l'Education Nationale (E3N) cohort. Between 1990 and 2005, 460 melanoma cases were ascertained. Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals were computed by using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Risks of melanoma were reduced in women with ≥ 15 years at menarche (relative risk (RR) = 0.67, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.46, 0.97, compared with 13-14 years), irregular menstrual cycles (RR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.31, 0.89, compared with regular cycles of 25-31 days), <48 years at natural menopause (RR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.48, 1.02, compared with 48-51 years), and shorter ovulatory life (RR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.28, 0.91, for <33 years compared with ≥ 39 years). Modest inverse associations were observed with parity, as well as number of pregnancies and miscarriages. There was no evidence of an association between melanoma risk and age at first birth or pregnancy, age at last birth, time since last birth, breastfeeding duration, age at menstruation regularity, or menopausal status. Results did not significantly differ according to ambient ultraviolet radiation dose and melanoma site or subtype. These findings from a large prospective cohort may suggest a reduced melanoma risk associated with decreased exposure to ovarian hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Kvaskoff
- Inserm U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Nutrition, Hormones, and Women’s Health Team, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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[Melanocytic nevi, melanoma, and pregnancy]. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2011; 102:650-7. [PMID: 21530926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is among the malignant tumors whose incidence has risen markedly in recent decades. For many years the medical community debated the potential adverse effects of female hormones (whether of exogenous or pregnancy-related endogenous origin), on melanocytic nevi and malignant melanoma. Given that women have been delaying pregnancy until their thirties or forties and that the incidence of malignant melanoma increases in those decades, the likelihood of this tumor developing during pregnancy has increased. Recent clinical and experimental evidence has suggested that pregnancy does not affect prognosis in malignant melanoma and that it does not seem to lead to significant changes in nevi. This review examines the relationship between malignant melanoma and hormonal and reproductive factors. Evidence was located by MEDLINE search (in PubMed and Ovid) for articles in English and Spanish for the period from 1966 to March 2010; additional sources were found through the reference lists of the identified articles.
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Kvaskoff M, Weinstein P. Are some melanomas caused by artificial light? Med Hypotheses 2010; 75:305-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Revised UK guidelines for the management of cutaneous melanoma 2010. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2010; 63:1401-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Xie J, Qureshi AA, Li Y, Han J. ABO blood group and incidence of skin cancer. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11972. [PMID: 20694147 PMCID: PMC2915921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have examined the association between ABO blood group and the risk of some malignancies. However, no prospective cohort study to date has examined the association between ABO blood group and the risk of skin cancer. Methodology/Principal Findings Using two large cohorts in the US, we examined ABO blood type and incidence of skin cancer, including melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and basal cell carcinoma (BCC). We followed up study participants (70,650 female nurses and 24,820 male health professionals) on their diagnosis of incident skin cancer from cohort baseline (1976 in women and 1986 in men) until 2006. Study participants reported their blood type in 1996 in both cohorts. During the follow-up, 685 participants developed melanoma, 1,533 developed SCC and 19,860 developed BCC. We used Cox proportional hazards models to calculate the hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of each type of skin cancer. We observed that non-O blood group (A, AB, and B combined) was significantly associated with a decreased risk of non-melanoma skin cancer overall. Compared to participants with blood group O, participants with non-O blood group had a 14% decreased risk of developing SCC (multivariable HR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.78, 0.95) and a 4% decreased risk of developing BCC (multivariable HR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.93, 0.99). The decreased risk of melanoma for non-O blood group was not statistically significant (multivariable HR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.78, 1.05). Conclusion/Significance In two large independent populations, non-O blood group was associated with a decreased risk of skin cancer. The association was statistically significant for non-melanoma skin cancer. Additional studies are needed to confirm these associations and to define the mechanisms by which ABO blood type or closely linked genetic variants may influence skin cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xie
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Clinical Research Program, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Abrar A. Qureshi
- Clinical Research Program, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yunhui Li
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jiali Han
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Clinical Research Program, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Marsden J, Newton-Bishop J, Burrows L, Cook M, Corrie P, Cox N, Gore M, Lorigan P, MacKie R, Nathan P, Peach H, Powell B, Walker C. Revised U.K. guidelines for the management of cutaneous melanoma 2010. Br J Dermatol 2010; 163:238-56. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Occupational physical activity and risk of malignant melanoma: the Western Canada Melanoma Study. Melanoma Res 2009; 19:260-6. [PMID: 19531966 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e32832e0bae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between physical activity and cutaneous malignant melanoma has not been fully investigated; in particular, many previous studies have not controlled for sunlight exposure, which is an important environmental risk factor for melanoma. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between occupational physical activity and melanoma risk. The data were collected for a population-based case-control study that consisted of 595 melanoma patients diagnosed between 1979 and 1981. Five hundred and ninety-five controls matched on sex, age and area of residence were selected from provincial government health insurance rolls. Lifetime job histories, sun exposure and other host factors were obtained from personal interviews with each individual. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between melanoma risk and occupational activity levels, measured as total metabolic equivalent hours, with adjustment for occupational sun exposure, recreational sun exposure and host factors. Risk estimates were elevated above one for each occupational activity quintile compared with those with sedentary jobs. However, the pattern of risk ratios was irregular and statistical significance was reached only by the highest quintile (odds ratio: 1.59, 95% confidence interval: 1.02-2.47) and the second lowest quintile (odds ratio: 1.62, 95% confidence interval: 1.10-2.39). Our data showed an elevated risk for cutaneous malignant melanoma among those with higher levels of physical activity, although no clear dose-response relationship was observed. Further studies examining lifetime physical activity histories and sunlight exposure are required to explicate these findings.
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Bishop DT, Demenais F, Iles MM, Harland M, Taylor JC, Corda E, Randerson-Moor J, Aitken JF, Avril MF, Azizi E, Bakker B, Bianchi-Scarrà G, Bressac-de Paillerets B, Calista D, Cannon-Albright LA, Chin-A-Woeng T, Debniak T, Galore-Haskel G, Ghiorzo P, Gut I, Hansson J, Hocevar M, Höiom V, Hopper JL, Ingvar C, Kanetsky PA, Kefford RF, Landi MT, Lang J, Lubiński J, Mackie R, Malvehy J, Mann GJ, Martin NG, Montgomery GW, van Nieuwpoort FA, Novakovic S, Olsson H, Puig S, Weiss M, van Workum W, Zelenika D, Brown KM, Goldstein AM, Gillanders EM, Boland A, Galan P, Elder DE, Gruis NA, Hayward NK, Lathrop GM, Barrett JH, Bishop JAN. Genome-wide association study identifies three loci associated with melanoma risk. Nat Genet 2009; 41:920-5. [PMID: 19578364 PMCID: PMC2741419 DOI: 10.1038/ng.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We report a genome-wide association study of melanoma conducted by the GenoMEL consortium based on 317K tagging SNPs for 1,650 selected cases and 4,336 controls, with replication in an additional two cohorts (1,149 selected cases and 964 controls from GenoMEL, and a population-based case-control study in Leeds of 1,163 cases and 903 controls). The genome-wide screen identified five loci with genotyped or imputed SNPs reaching P < 5 x 10(-7). Three of these loci were replicated: 16q24 encompassing MC1R (combined P = 2.54 x 10(-27) for rs258322), 11q14-q21 encompassing TYR (P = 2.41 x 10(-14) for rs1393350) and 9p21 adjacent to MTAP and flanking CDKN2A (P = 4.03 x 10(-7) for rs7023329). MC1R and TYR are associated with pigmentation, freckling and cutaneous sun sensitivity, well-recognized melanoma risk factors. Common variants within the 9p21 locus have not previously been associated with melanoma. Despite wide variation in allele frequency, these genetic variants show notable homogeneity of effect across populations of European ancestry living at different latitudes and show independent association to disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Timothy Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre at Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK.
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Cook MB, Dawsey SM, Freedman ND, Inskip PD, Wichner SM, Quraishi SM, Devesa SS, McGlynn KA. Sex disparities in cancer incidence by period and age. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:1174-82. [PMID: 19293308 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-1118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer epidemiology articles often point out that cancer rates tend to be higher among males than females yet rarely is this theme the subject of investigation. METHODS We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results program data to compute age-adjusted (2000 U.S. standard population) sex-specific incidence rates and male-to-female incidence rate ratios (IRR) for specific cancer sites and histologies for the period 1975 to 2004. RESULTS The 10 cancers with the largest male-to-female IRR were Kaposi sarcoma (28.73), lip (7.16), larynx (5.17), mesothelioma (4.88), hypopharynx (4.13), urinary bladder (3.92), esophagus (3.49), tonsil (3.07), oropharynx (3.06), and other urinary organs (2.92). Only 5 cancers had a higher incidence in females compared with males: breast (0.01), peritoneum, omentum, and mesentery (0.18), thyroid (0.39), gallbladder (0.57), and anus, anal canal, and anorectum (0.81). Between 1975 and 2004, the largest consistent increases in male-to-female IRR were for cancers of the tonsil, oropharynx, skin excluding basal and squamous, and esophagus, whereas the largest consistent decreases in IRR were for cancers of the lip and lung and bronchus. Male-to-female IRRs varied considerably by age, the largest increases of which were for ages 40 to 59 years for tonsil cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. The largest decreases in male-to-female IRR by age, meanwhile, were for ages 30 to 49 years for thyroid cancer, ages >70 years for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and ages >30 years for lung and bronchus cancer. CONCLUSION These observations emphasize the importance of sex in cancer etiopathogenesis and may suggest novel avenues of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Cook
- National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20852-7234, USA.
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Calderon-Margalit R, Friedlander Y, Yanetz R, Kleinhaus K, Perrin MC, Manor O, Harlap S, Paltiel O. Cancer risk after exposure to treatments for ovulation induction. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 169:365-75. [PMID: 19037008 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwn318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncertainty continues as to whether treatments for ovulation induction are associated with increased risk of cancer. The authors conducted a long-term population-based historical cohort study of parous women. A total of 15,030 women in the Jerusalem Perinatal Study who gave birth in 1974-1976 participated in a postpartum survey. Cancer incidence through 2004 was analyzed using Cox's proportional hazards models, controlling for age and other covariates. Women who used drugs to induce ovulation (n = 567) had increased risks of cancer at any site (multivariate hazard ratio (HR) = 1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06, 1.74). An increased risk of uterine cancer was found among women treated with ovulation-inducing agents (HR = 3.39, 95% CI: 1.28, 8.97), specifically clomiphene (HR = 4.56, 95% CI: 1.56, 13.34). No association was noted between use of ovulation-inducing agents and ovarian cancer (age-adjusted HR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.08, 4.42). Ovulation induction was associated with a borderline-significant increased risk of breast cancer (multivariate HR = 1.42, 95% CI: 0.99, 2.05). Increased risks were also observed for malignant melanoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. These associations appeared stronger among women who waited more than 1 year to conceive. Additional follow-up studies assessing these associations by drug type, dosage, and duration are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Calderon-Margalit
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Cutaneous melanoma and obesity in the Agricultural Health Study. Ann Epidemiol 2008; 18:214-21. [PMID: 18280921 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Revised: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the risk of cutaneous melanoma in the Agricultural Health Study (AHS), a cohort of pesticide applicators and their spouses, according to baseline characteristics related to obesity along with sun exposure and sun sensitivity. METHODS The AHS cohort was enrolled in Iowa and North Carolina during 1993-1997 and followed up through 2003 for cancer incidence. We identified 315 cases of cutaneous melanoma, which reduced to 168 incident cases among subjects reporting height, weight, sun sensitivity, and sun exposure information (on the spouse questionnaire or take-home applicator questionnaire; N = 44,086). Unconditional multiple logistic regression models were used to obtain adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). RESULTS The results were consistent with those of prior studies of melanoma that indicate an association with measures of sun sensitivity. The highest category of body surface area (BSA; OR = 2.6; 95% CI, 1.5-4.4) and body mass index (BMI; OR = 2.5; 95% CI, 1.5-4.3) at age 20 were significantly associated with melanoma. There was some evidence for an association with BSA, but not BMI, at enrollment. CONCLUSIONS Obesity was associated with an increased risk of melanoma, indicating strategies to control obesity may result in risk reduction for melanoma.
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Olsen CM, Green AC, Zens MS, Stukel TA, Bataille V, Berwick M, Elwood JM, Gallagher R, Holly EA, Kirkpatrick C, Mack T, Østerlind A, Rosso S, Swerdlow AJ, Karagas MR. Anthropometric factors and risk of melanoma in women: a pooled analysis. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:1100-8. [PMID: 17990316 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Anthropometric factors such as height, weight and body mass index are related to the occurrence of certain malignancies in women including cancers of the breast, ovary and endometrium. Several studies have investigated the relation between height and weight or body mass and the risk of cutaneous melanoma in women, but results have been inconsistent. We conducted a collaborative analysis of these factors using the original data from 8 case-control studies of melanoma in women (2,083 cases and 2,782 controls), with assessment of the potential confounding effects of socioeconomic, pigmentary and sun exposure-related factors. Women in the highest quartile of height had an increased risk of melanoma [pooled odds ratio (pOR) 1.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-1.6]. We also found an elevated risk associated with weight gain in adult life of 2 kg or more (pOR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1-2.0). Stratifying by age at melanoma diagnosis (<50, >or=50 yr), we found this risk greater among women <50 yr of age. Associations were unaffected by adjustment for other known risk factors for melanoma. There was no evidence that the effects varied for different histologic subtypes of cutaneous melanoma. There was no association with body weight per se, body mass index, or body surface area, either recent or in young adulthood. In aggregate, data from these studies suggest that greater height and weight gain may be risk factors for cutaneous melanoma in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Olsen
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, PO Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Hormones, nevi, and melanoma: An approach to the patient. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 57:919-31; quiz 932-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2007.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 08/05/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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de Vries E, Nijsten TEC, Visser O, Bastiaannet E, van Hattem S, Janssen-Heijnen ML, Coebergh JWW. Superior survival of females among 10,538 Dutch melanoma patients is independent of Breslow thickness, histologic type and tumor site. Ann Oncol 2007; 19:583-9. [PMID: 17974555 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdm498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, female melanoma patients have superior survival compared with males, which is usually ascribed to earlier detection among women and/or a more favorable site distribution. We studied gender difference in melanoma survival in a large population-based setting after adjusting for tumor-related variables and offer clues for further research. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 10,538 patients diagnosed with melanoma from 1993 to 2004 in The Netherlands were included. Multivariate analyses were carried out to estimate adjusted relative excess risk (RER) of dying for men compared with women, adjusted for the patient and tumor characteristics. RESULTS Univariate relative survival analyses showed a RER of dying of 2.70 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.38-3.06] for men compared with women. After adjusting for time period of diagnosis, region, age, Breslow thickness, histologic subtype, body site, nodal and metastatic status, a significant excess mortality risk was still present for males (RER 1.87, 95% CI 1.65-2.10). Among patients with advanced disease and in those < 45 or > or = 60, the adjusted risk estimates were similar. CONCLUSIONS The superior survival of women compared with men persisted after adjusting for multiple confounding variables indicating that factors other than stage at diagnosis and body site reduce mortality risk in female melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E de Vries
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Corrao G, Zambon A, Conti V, Nicotra F, La Vecchia C, Fornari C, Cesana G, Contiero P, Tagliabue G, Nappi RE, Merlino L. Menopause hormone replacement therapy and cancer risk: an Italian record linkage investigation. Ann Oncol 2007; 19:150-5. [PMID: 17785762 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdm404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of persistence with hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on the risk of hospitalization for cancer and of the route of HRT administration on the risk of breast and colorectal cancer were explored in a large cohort study. PATIENTS AND METHODS The 73 505 women residing in Lombardia (Italy), aged 45-75 years, who received at least one HRT prescription during 1998-2000 were followed until 2005. Among these, 3687 experienced cancer hospitalization. Proportional hazards model was fitted to estimate the association between cumulative HRT persistence and cancer risk. RESULTS Compared with women who took HRT for <6 months, those exposed for >2 years showed hazard ratios (HR) of 0.78 (95% confidence interval 0.68-0.92) for colorectal cancer and 1.34 (1.13-1.58) for breast cancer. HR for breast cancer associated with long-term use of transdermal and oral HRT were, respectively, 1.27 (1.07-1.51) and 2.14 (1.43-3.21). CONCLUSIONS Evidence that long-term use of HRT is associated with increased risk of breast cancer and decreased risk of colorectal cancer is supplied from this study from a southern European population. Our findings indicate that transdermal therapy might have lower effect than oral therapy in increasing breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Corrao
- Department of Statistics; Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Milan-Bicocca, Italy.
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Malignant Melanoma in the 21st Century, Part 1: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Screening, Prevention, and Diagnosis. Mayo Clin Proc 2007. [PMID: 17352373 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-6196(11)61033-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Markovic SN, Erickson LA, Rao RD, Weenig RH, Pockaj BA, Bardia A, Vachon CM, Schild SE, McWilliams RR, Hand JL, Laman SD, Kottschade LA, Maples WJ, Pittelkow MR, Pulido JS, Cameron JD, Creagan ET. Malignant melanoma in the 21st century, part 1: epidemiology, risk factors, screening, prevention, and diagnosis. Mayo Clin Proc 2007; 82:364-80. [PMID: 17352373 DOI: 10.4065/82.3.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is an aggressive, therapy-resistant malignancy of melanocytes. The incidence of melanoma has been steadily increasing worldwide, resulting in an increasing public health problem. Exposure to solar UV radiation, fair skin, dysplastic nevi syndrome, and a family history of melanoma are major risk factors for melanoma development. The interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors that promote melanomagenesis are currently the subject of ongoing research. Avoidance of UV radiation and surveillance of high-risk patients have the potential to reduce the population burden of melanoma. Biopsies of the primary tumor and sampling of draining lymph nodes are required for optimal diagnosis and staging. Several clinically relevant pathologic subtypes have been identified and need to be recognized. Therapy for early disease is predominantly surgical, with a minor benefit noted with the use of adjuvant therapy. Management of systemic melanoma is a challenge because of a paucity of active treatment modalities. In the first part of this 2-part review, we discuss epidemiology, risk factors, screening, prevention, and diagnosis of malignant melanoma. Part 2 (which will appear in the April 2007 issue) will review melanoma staging, prognosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetomir N Markovic
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Han J, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ. Risk factors for skin cancers: a nested case–control study within the Nurses’ Health Study. Int J Epidemiol 2006; 35:1514-21. [PMID: 16943234 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyl197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Constitutional factors and sun exposure are associated with skin cancer risk. However, these relations are complex and differ according to skin cancer type. METHODS We examined the associations of constitutional risk factors and sun exposure with the risks of three types of skin cancer simultaneously and evaluated the interaction between constitutional susceptibility and sun exposure in a nested case-control study within the Nurses' Health Study [200 melanoma, 275 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and 283 basal cell carcinoma (BCC) cases, and 804 controls]. Information regarding skin cancer risk factors was obtained from the retrospective supplementary questionnaire. RESULTS Constitutional susceptibility was an independent risk factor for all three types of skin cancer. Sunlamp usage or tanning salon attendance was a risk factor for melanoma after adjusting for potential confounding variables (OR for ever vs never usage, 2.06, 95% CI 1.30-3.26). Higher sun exposure while wearing a bathing suit was an independent risk factor for all three types of skin cancer. We observed a significant interaction between constitutional susceptibility and sun exposure while wearing a bathing suit on melanoma risk (P, interaction, 0.03); women with the highest susceptibility and highest exposure had an OR of 8.37 (95% CI 3.07-22.84). This interaction was weaker and non-significant for SCC and BCC. CONCLUSIONS These data largely confirm past studies on risk factors for skin cancer but provide evidence of difference on the strength of these risk factors for melanoma compared with SCC and BCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Han
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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A review of recent journal highlights. Clin Exp Dermatol 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2006.02152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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