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Nourian A, Abba MK, G Nasr G. Measurements and analysis of non-methane VOC (NMVOC) emissions from major domestic aerosol sprays at "source". ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106152. [PMID: 33246244 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOCs) from domestic aerosol sprays are emerging pollutants and have substantial negative effects on human health and the environment. This study, for the first time, carried out quantification of the NMVOC emissions from off-the-shelf domestic aerosol sprays, at "source" in the UK. These aerosol sprays contain harmful organic compounds as propellants and products. The results showed that the cosmetic category (i.e. body sprays) have higher concentrations of NMVOCs with 93.7 wt% per can compared to households (i.e. air fresheners) with 62 wt%. Also, water-based products showed less NMVOCs in all analyses compared to solvent-based formulations. Direct replacement of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) propellants from conventional products with 'clean air' (i.e. nitrogen) showed the potential emission reduction of 50%. Hair spray products, however, have the highest ozone forming potential with about 105.1 g of Ozone per litre of the product compared to other domestic aerosol sprays. The level of global warming contribution of the selected aerosol sprays in the UK was measured to be 129.8 ktCO2e in 2018 and globally, this can be projected to be 3154.6 ktCO2e in 2020. Furthermore, NMVOC emissions contribution from the domestic aerosol sprays in the UK was measured as 61.2 kt in 2018 based on annual consumption of 520 million cans. Globally this can equate to 1437.6 kt based on the projected usage of 17.5 billion cans. Therefore, it is vital to expedite replacing LPG propellant with nitrogen in a drive for a 'near-zero' emission in aerosol industry. The results presented in this study can also be used to steer policy makers to the potentially brewing danger from an otherwise passive emission source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Nourian
- Spray Research Group (SRG), School of Science, Engineering and Environment (SEE), University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WT, UK.
| | - Muhammad Kabir Abba
- Spray Research Group (SRG), School of Science, Engineering and Environment (SEE), University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WT, UK
| | - Ghasem G Nasr
- Spray Research Group (SRG), School of Science, Engineering and Environment (SEE), University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WT, UK
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2
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Steinemann A, Wheeler AJ, Larcombe A. Fragranced consumer products: effects on asthmatic Australians. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2018; 11:365-371. [PMID: 29780436 PMCID: PMC5954056 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-018-0560-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to fragranced consumer products, such as air fresheners and cleaning supplies, is associated with adverse health effects such as asthma attacks, breathing difficulties, and migraine headaches. This study investigated the prevalence and types of health problems associated with exposure to fragranced products among asthmatic Australians. Nationally representative cross-sectional data were obtained in June 2016 with an online survey of adult Australians (n = 1098), of which 28.5% were medically diagnosed with asthma or an asthma-like condition. Nationally, 55.6% of asthmatics, and 23.9% of non-asthmatics, report adverse health effects after exposure to fragranced products. Specifically, 24.0% of asthmatics report an asthma attack. Moreover, 18.2% of asthmatics lost workdays or a job in the past year due to fragranced products in the workplace. Over 20% of asthmatics are unable to access public places and restrooms that use air fresheners. Exposure to fragranced products is associated with health problems, some potentially serious, in an estimated 2.2 million asthmatic adult Australians. Asthmatics were proportionately more affected than non-asthmatics (prevalence odds ratio 3.98; 95% confidence interval 3.01-5.24). Most asthmatics would prefer workplaces, healthcare facilities, and environments that are fragrance-free, which could help reduce adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Steinemann
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811 Australia
- Climate, Atmospheric Sciences, and Physical Oceanography, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Amanda J. Wheeler
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000 Australia
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102 Australia
| | - Alexander Larcombe
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6008 Australia
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102 Australia
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Hoang T, Castorina R, Gaspar F, Maddalena R, Jenkins PL, Zhang Q, McKone TE, Benfenati E, Shi AY, Bradman A. VOC exposures in California early childhood education environments. INDOOR AIR 2017; 27:609-621. [PMID: 27659059 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Little information exists about exposures to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in early childhood education (ECE) environments. We measured 38 VOCs in single-day air samples collected in 2010-2011 from 34 ECE facilities serving California children and evaluated potential health risks. We also examined unknown peaks in the GC/MS chromatographs for indoor samples and identified 119 of these compounds using mass spectral libraries. VOCs found in cleaning and personal care products had the highest indoor concentrations (d-limonene and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane [D5] medians: 33.1 and 51.4 μg/m³, respectively). If reflective of long-term averages, child exposures to benzene, chloroform, ethylbenzene, and naphthalene exceeded age-adjusted "safe harbor levels" based on California's Proposition 65 guidelines (10-5 lifetime cancer risk) in 71%, 38%, 56%, and 97% of facilities, respectively. For VOCs without health benchmarks, we used information from toxicological databases and quantitative structure-activity relationship models to assess potential health concerns and identified 12 VOCs that warrant additional evaluation, including a number of terpenes and fragrance compounds. While VOC levels in ECE facilities resemble those in school and home environments, mitigation strategies are warranted to reduce exposures. More research is needed to identify sources and health risks of many VOCs and to support outreach to improve air quality in ECE facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hoang
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - R Castorina
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - F Gaspar
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - R Maddalena
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - P L Jenkins
- Research Division, California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Q Zhang
- Research Division, California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - T E McKone
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - E Benfenati
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - A Y Shi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - A Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Wolkoff P, Nielsen GD. Effects by inhalation of abundant fragrances in indoor air - An overview. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 101:96-107. [PMID: 28126407 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Odorous compounds (odors) like fragrances may cause adverse health effects. To assess their importance by inhalation, we have reviewed how the four major abundant and common airborne fragrances (α-pinene (APN), limonene (LIM), linalool (LIL), and eugenol (EUG)) impact the perceived indoor air quality as odor annoyance, sensory irritation and sensitization in the airways. Breathing and cardiovascular effects, and work performance, and the impact in the airways of ozone-initiated gas- and particle phase reactions products have also been assessed. Measured maximum indoor concentrations for APN, LIM and LIL are close to or above their odor thresholds, but far below their thresholds for sensory irritation in the eyes and upper airways; no information could be traced for EUG. Likewise, reported risk values for long-term effects are far above reported indoor concentrations. Human exposure studies with mixtures of APN and LIM and supported by animal inhalation models do not support sensitization of the airways at indoor levels by inhalation that include other selected fragrances. Human exposure studies, in general, indicate that reported lung function effects are likely due to the perception rather than toxic effects of the fragrances. In general, effects on the breathing rate and mood by exposure to the fragrances are inconclusive. The fragrances may increase the high-frequency heart rate variability, but aerosol exposure during cleaning activities may result in a reduction. Distractive effects influencing the work performance by fragrance/odor exposure are consistently reported, but their persistence over time is unknown. Mice inhalation studies indicate that LIM or its reaction mixture may possess anti-inflammatory properties. There is insufficient information that ozone-initiated reactions with APN or LIM at typical indoor levels cause airway effects in humans. Limited experimental information is available on long-term effects of ozone-initiated reaction products of APN and LIM at typical indoor levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peder Wolkoff
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Gunnar D Nielsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Claeson AS, Palmquist E, Lind N, Nordin S. Symptom-trigger factors other than allergens in asthma and allergy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2016; 26:448-457. [PMID: 26788835 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2015.1135314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Several environmental exposures of particular relevance for indoor air quality, such as exposure to odorants, may be associated with asthma and allergy. The aim of this study was to investigate attribution of symptoms and behavioral disruptions to various chemical and physical environmental sources in persons with self-reported asthma and allergy. Data from a population-based study, the Västerbotten Environmental Health Study, were used to compare persons with asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic dermatitis, multiple diagnoses of asthma/allergy and no asthma or allergy. Persons with asthma and multiple diagnoses reported odorous/pungent and building-related environmental factors to trigger symptoms to a larger extent than did the reference group, mainly due to perfume and odors from flowers. They also reported behavioral disruptions and affective reactions to odorous/pungent environments. These findings increase the understanding of the role of odorants in symptom development and thereby the prevention of health problems in asthma and allergy in indoor air.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Palmquist
- a Department of Psychology , Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden
| | - Nina Lind
- a Department of Psychology , Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden
| | - Steven Nordin
- a Department of Psychology , Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden
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Cakmak S, Dales RE, Liu L, Kauri LM, Lemieux CL, Hebbern C, Zhu J. Residential exposure to volatile organic compounds and lung function: results from a population-based cross-sectional survey. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 194:145-151. [PMID: 25108490 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to residential volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is ubiquitous in homes, and may influence respiratory health with important public health implications. To investigate the association between VOCs measured in residential indoor air and lung function in the Canadian population Cycle 2 of the Canadian Health Measures Survey - a population based cross-sectional survey designed to be representative of the Canadian population - was carried out between 2009 and 2011. Of the 84 VOCs measured, 47 were detectable in at least 50% of homes and ten were negatively associated with lung function: decanal, 2-furancarboxaldehyde, hexanal, nonanal, octanal, benzene, styrene, α-pinene, 2-methyl-1,2-butadiene and naphthalene. Differences were observed between males and females, as well as by age, and significant associations were most frequent in those under 17 years. These results provide evidence that some VOCs measured indoors are negatively associated with lung function in the Canadian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabit Cakmak
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Science & Research Bureau, Health Canada, 50 Columbine Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Robert E Dales
- University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Canada; Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Science & Research Bureau, Health Canada, 200 Eglantine Driveway, AL 1915B, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Ling Liu
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Science & Research Bureau, Health Canada, 200 Eglantine Driveway, AL 1915B, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Lisa Marie Kauri
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Science & Research Bureau, Health Canada, 200 Eglantine Driveway, AL 1915B, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Christine L Lemieux
- Air Health Science Division, Water and Air Quality Bureau, Health Canada, 269 Laurier Avenue W, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Christopher Hebbern
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Science & Research Bureau, Health Canada, 50 Columbine Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Jiping Zhu
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science & Research Bureau, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
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Fan VS, Meek PM. Anxiety, Depression, and Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Chronic Respiratory Disease. Clin Chest Med 2014; 35:399-409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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