1
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Tackey C, Slepian PM, Clarke H, Mittal N. Post-Viral Pain, Fatigue, and Sleep Disturbance Syndromes: Current Knowledge and Future Directions. Can J Pain 2024; 7:2272999. [PMID: 38239826 PMCID: PMC10795785 DOI: 10.1080/24740527.2023.2272999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Background Post-viral pain syndrome, also known as post-viral syndrome, is a complex condition characterized by persistent pain, fatigue, musculoskeletal pain, neuropathic pain, neurocognitive difficulties, and sleep disturbances that can occur after an individual has recovered from a viral infection. Aims This narrative review provides a summary of the sequelae of post-viral syndromes, viral agents that cause it, and the pathophysiology, treatment, and future considerations for research and targeted therapies. Methods Medline, PubMed, and Embase databases were used to search for studies on viruses associated with post-viral syndrome. Conclusion Much remains unknown regarding the pathophysiology of post-viral syndromes, and few studies have provided a comprehensive summary of the condition, agents that cause it, and successful treatment modalities. With the COVID-19 pandemic continuing to affect millions of people worldwide, the need for an understanding of the etiology of post-viral illness and how to help individuals cope with the sequalae is paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Tackey
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - P. Maxwell Slepian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hance Clarke
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nimish Mittal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Weber WC, Labriola CS, Kreklywich CN, Ray K, Haese NN, Andoh TF, Denton M, Medica S, Streblow MM, Smith PP, Mizuno N, Frias N, Fisher MB, Barber-Axthelm AM, Chun K, Uttke S, Whitcomb D, DeFilippis V, Rakshe S, Fei SS, Axthelm MK, Smedley JV, Streblow DN. Mayaro virus pathogenesis and immunity in rhesus macaques. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011742. [PMID: 37983245 PMCID: PMC10695392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mayaro virus (MAYV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes debilitating and persistent arthritogenic disease. While MAYV was previously reported to infect non-human primates (NHP), characterization of MAYV pathogenesis is currently lacking. Therefore, in this study we characterized MAYV infection and immunity in rhesus macaques. To inform the selection of a viral strain for NHP experiments, we evaluated five MAYV strains in C57BL/6 mice and showed that MAYV strain BeAr505411 induced robust tissue dissemination and disease. Three male rhesus macaques were subcutaneously challenged with 105 plaque-forming units of this strain into the arms. Peak plasma viremia occurred at 2 days post-infection (dpi). NHPs were taken to necropsy at 10 dpi to assess viral dissemination, which included the muscles and joints, lymphoid tissues, major organs, male reproductive tissues, as well as peripheral and central nervous system tissues. Histological examination demonstrated that MAYV infection was associated with appendicular joint and muscle inflammation as well as presence of perivascular inflammation in a wide variety of tissues. One animal developed a maculopapular rash and two NHP had viral RNA detected in upper torso skin samples, which was associated with the presence of perivascular and perifollicular lymphocytic aggregation. Analysis of longitudinal peripheral blood samples indicated a robust innate and adaptive immune activation, including the presence of anti-MAYV neutralizing antibodies with activity against related Una virus and chikungunya virus. Inflammatory cytokines and monocyte activation also peaked coincident with viremia, which was well supported by our transcriptomic analysis highlighting enrichment of interferon signaling and other antiviral processes at 2 days post MAYV infection. The rhesus macaque model of MAYV infection recapitulates many of the aspects of human infection and is poised to facilitate the evaluation of novel therapies and vaccines targeting this re-emerging virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney C. Weber
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Caralyn S. Labriola
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Craig N. Kreklywich
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Karina Ray
- Bioinformatics & Biostatistics Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Nicole N. Haese
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Takeshi F. Andoh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael Denton
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Samuel Medica
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Magdalene M. Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Patricia P. Smith
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Nobuyo Mizuno
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Nina Frias
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Miranda B. Fisher
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Aaron M. Barber-Axthelm
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Chun
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Samantha Uttke
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Danika Whitcomb
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Victor DeFilippis
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Shauna Rakshe
- Bioinformatics & Biostatistics Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Suzanne S. Fei
- Bioinformatics & Biostatistics Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael K. Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jeremy V. Smedley
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Daniel N. Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
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3
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Barker D, Han X, Wang E, Dagley A, Anderson DM, Jha A, Weaver SC, Julander J, Nykiforuk C, Kodihalli S. Equine Polyclonal Antibodies Prevent Acute Chikungunya Virus Infection in Mice. Viruses 2023; 15:1479. [PMID: 37515166 PMCID: PMC10384969 DOI: 10.3390/v15071479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted pathogen that causes chikungunya disease (CHIK); the disease is characterized by fever, muscle ache, rash, and arthralgia. This arthralgia can be debilitating and long-lasting, seriously impacting quality of life for years. Currently, there is no specific therapy available for CHIKV infection. We have developed a despeciated equine polyclonal antibody (CHIKV-EIG) treatment against CHIKV and evaluated its protective efficacy in mouse models of CHIKV infection. In immunocompromised (IFNAR-/-) mice infected with CHIKV, daily treatment for five consecutive days with CHIKV-EIG administered at 100 mg/kg starting on the day of infection prevented mortality, reduced viremia, and improved clinical condition as measured by body weight loss. These beneficial effects were seen even when treatment was delayed to 1 day after infection. In immunocompetent mice, CHIKV-EIG treatment reduced virus induced arthritis (including footpad swelling), arthralgia-associated cytokines, viremia, and tissue virus loads in a dose-dependent fashion. Collectively, these results suggest that CHIKV-EIG is effective at preventing CHIK and could be a viable candidate for further development as a treatment for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Barker
- Emergent BioSolutions Canada Inc., Winnipeg, MB R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Xiaobing Han
- Emergent BioSolutions Canada Inc., Winnipeg, MB R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Eryu Wang
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Ashley Dagley
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | | | - Aruni Jha
- Emergent BioSolutions Canada Inc., Winnipeg, MB R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Justin Julander
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Cory Nykiforuk
- Emergent BioSolutions Canada Inc., Winnipeg, MB R3T 5Y3, Canada
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4
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Julander JG, Anderson N, Haese N, Andoh T, Streblow DN, Cortez P, Carter K, Marniquet X, Watson H, Mandron M. Therapeutic and prophylactic treatment with a virus-specific antibody is highly effective in rodent models of Chikungunya infection and disease. Antiviral Res 2022; 202:105295. [PMID: 35339583 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has re-emerged as a significant human pathogen in the 21st century, causing periodic, and sometimes widespread, outbreaks over the past 15 years. Although mortality is very rare, a debilitating arthralgia is very common and may persist for months or years. There are no antivirals that are approved for the treatment of CHIKV infection, and current treatment options consist of supportive care only. Herein, we demonstrate the efficacy of a CHIKV-specific antibody in the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of CHIKV in mouse models of disease. The fully human anti-CHIKV monoclonal Ab SVIR023 demonstrated broad in vitro activity against representative strains from the three major CHIKV clades. Therapeutic treatment with SVIR023 administered 1- or 3-days post-infection resulted in reduced virus in various tissues in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Prophylactic treatment up to 4 weeks prior to virus challenge was also effective in preventing disease in mice. Mice treated with SVIR023 and infected with CHIKV were resistant to secondary challenge and no evidence of antibody enhancement of disease was observed. Treatment with SVIR023 was effective in mouse models of CHIKV infection and disease and further evaluation towards clinical development is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin G Julander
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.
| | - Nicole Anderson
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Nicole Haese
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Takeshi Andoh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Daniel N Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | | | | | | | - Hugh Watson
- Evotec ID (Lyon), Lyon, France; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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5
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Zhai H, Shi J, Sun R, Tan Z, Swaiba UE, Li W, Zhang L, Zhang L, Guo Y, Huang J. The superposition anti-viral activity of porcine tri-subtype interferon expressed by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Vet Microbiol 2021; 259:109150. [PMID: 34144506 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral responses are central to host defense against viral infection. Porcine viral infection has emerged as a serious hazard for the pig industry. The construction of an engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain that efficiently produces porcine IFN has demonstrated several advantages. It can be easily fed to pigs, which helps in reducing antibiotic residues in pork and improve meat quality. In this study, the stable expression of several porcine IFN molecules (pIFN-α1, pIFN-β, pIFN-λ1, pIFN-λ1-β, pIFN-λ1-β-α1) were determined using an engineered S. cerevisiae system. With the YeastFab assembly method, the complete transcriptional units containing promoter (GPD), secretory peptide (α-mating factor), target gene (IFN) and terminator (ADH1) were successfully constructed using the characteristics of type II restriction endonuclease, and then integrated into the chromosomes Ⅳ and XVI of ST1814 yeast host strain, respectively. The expression kinetics of recombinant pIFNs were further analyzed. Synergism in the expression level of IFN receptor, antiviral protein, and viral loading was observed in viral-cell infection model treated with different porcine IFN subtypes. The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viral load and antibody titer in serum decreased significantly after oral administration of IFN expression yeast fermentation broth. These findings indicate the potential efficacy of multi-valent pIFNs expressing S. cerevisiae as a potent feed material to prevent viral infections of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhai
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jingxuan Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ruiqi Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zheng Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Umm E Swaiba
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Wanqing Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lilin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yanyu Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Jinhai Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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6
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Powers JM, Haese NN, Denton M, Ando T, Kreklywich C, Bonin K, Streblow CE, Kreklywich N, Smith P, Broeckel R, DeFilippis V, Morrison TE, Heise MT, Streblow DN. Non-replicating adenovirus based Mayaro virus vaccine elicits protective immune responses and cross protects against other alphaviruses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009308. [PMID: 33793555 PMCID: PMC8051823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an alphavirus endemic to South and Central America associated with sporadic outbreaks in humans. MAYV infection causes severe joint and muscle pain that can persist for weeks to months. Currently, there are no approved vaccines or therapeutics to prevent MAYV infection or treat the debilitating musculoskeletal inflammatory disease. In the current study, a prophylactic MAYV vaccine expressing the complete viral structural polyprotein was developed based on a non-replicating human adenovirus V (AdV) platform. Vaccination with AdV-MAYV elicited potent neutralizing antibodies that protected WT mice against MAYV challenge by preventing viremia, reducing viral dissemination to tissues and mitigating viral disease. The vaccine also prevented viral-mediated demise in IFN⍺R1-/- mice. Passive transfer of immune serum from vaccinated animals similarly prevented infection and disease in WT mice as well as virus-induced demise of IFN⍺R1-/- mice, indicating that antiviral antibodies are protective. Immunization with AdV-MAYV also generated cross-neutralizing antibodies against two related arthritogenic alphaviruses-chikungunya and Una viruses. These cross-neutralizing antibodies were protective against lethal infection in IFN⍺R1-/- mice following challenge with these heterotypic alphaviruses. These results indicate AdV-MAYV elicits protective immune responses with substantial cross-reactivity and protective efficacy against other arthritogenic alphaviruses. Our findings also highlight the potential for development of a multi-virus targeting vaccine against alphaviruses with endemic and epidemic potential in the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Powers
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Nicole N. Haese
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael Denton
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Takeshi Ando
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Craig Kreklywich
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Kiley Bonin
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Cassilyn E. Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Kreklywich
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Patricia Smith
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Broeckel
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Victor DeFilippis
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Mark T. Heise
- Department of Genetics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniel N. Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
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7
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Adenovirus vectored IFN-α protects mice from lethal challenge of Chikungunya virus infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008910. [PMID: 33270642 PMCID: PMC7738163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen that is responsible for numerous large and geographical epidemics, causing millions of cases. However, there is no vaccine or therapeutics against CHIKV infection available. Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) has been shown to produce potent antiviral responses during viral infection. Herein we demonstrated the use of an adenovirus-vectored expressed mouse IFN-α (mDEF201) as a prophylactic and therapeutic treatment against CHIKV in vivo. 6-day-old BALB/c mice were pre- or post-treated intranasally with single dose of mDEF201 at 5 x 106 PFU per mouse and challenged with lethal dose of CHIKV. Complete survival protection was observed in mice upon a single dose of mDEF201 administration 1 days prior to virus challenge. Viral load in the serum and multiple organs were significantly reduced upon mDEF201 administration in a dose dependent manner as compare with adenovirus 5 vector placebo set. Histological analysis of the mice tissue revealed that mDEF201 could significantly reduce the tissue morphological abnormities, mainly infiltration of immune cells and muscle fibre necrosis caused by CHIKV infection. In addition, administration of mDEF201 at 6 hours post CHIKV challenge also showed promising inhibitory effect against viral replication and dissemination. In conclusion, single-dose of intranasal administration with mDEF201 as a prophylactic or therapeutic agent within 6 hours post CHIKV infection is highly protective against a lethal challenge of CHIKV in the murine model.
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8
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Infectious Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV) with a Complete Capsid Deletion: a New Approach for a CHIKV Vaccine. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00504-19. [PMID: 31092567 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00504-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that causes epidemics of debilitating disease worldwide. Currently, there are no licensed vaccines or antivirals available against CHIKV infection. In this study, we generated a novel live attenuated vaccine (LAV) candidate for CHIKV with a complete deficiency of capsid (ΔC-CHIKV). It could propagate in BHK-21 cells, and had antigenic properties similar to those of native CHIKV. Vaccination of either immunocompromised IFNAR-/- mice or immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice with a single dose of ΔC-CHIKV conferred complete protection upon challenge with wild-type (WT) CHIKV. Taken together, this vaccine candidate appeared to be safe and efficacious, representing a novel strategy for CHIKV vaccine design.IMPORTANCE Currently, there is no licensed vaccine against CHIKV infection. An ideal CHIKV vaccine should generate an optimal balance between efficacy and safety. Live attenuated vaccines that can elicit strong immune responses often involve a trade-off of reduced safety. Here, a novel live attenuated vaccine candidate for CHIKV lacking the entire capsid gene, ΔC-CHIKV, was developed. It was demonstrated to be genetically stable, highly attenuated, immunogenic, and able to confer complete protection against lethal CHIKV challenge after a single dose of immunization. Such an infectious vaccine candidate devoid of capsid provides a novel strategy for the development of a live attenuated CHIKV vaccine.
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9
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Abstract
Outbreaks of severe virus infections with the potential to cause global pandemics are increasing. In many instances these outbreaks have been newly emerging (SARS coronavirus), re-emerging (Ebola virus, Zika virus) or zoonotic (avian influenza H5N1) virus infections. In the absence of a targeted vaccine or a pathogen-specific antiviral, broad-spectrum antivirals would function to limit virus spread. Given the direct antiviral effects of type I interferons (IFNs) in inhibiting the replication of both DNA and RNA viruses at different stages of their replicative cycles, and the effects of type I IFNs on activating immune cell populations to clear virus infections, IFNs-α/β present as ideal candidate broad-spectrum antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben X Wang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Tumor Immunotherapy Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Eleanor N Fish
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, 67 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2M1, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Khanna Sharma
- Unit of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology; Department of Internal Medicine; Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research; Chandigarh India
| | - Sanjay Jain
- Unit of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology; Department of Internal Medicine; Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research; Chandigarh India
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11
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Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has been involved in epidemics in African and Asian subcontinents and, of late, has transcended to affect the Americas. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are the major vectors for CHIKV infection, which results in dissemination of virus to various vital organs. Entry of virus into these tissues causes infiltration of innate immune cells, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and adaptive immune cells. Macrophages bearing the replicating virus, in turn, secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-17. Together, this pro-inflammatory milieu induces osteoclastogenesis, bone loss, and erosion. CHIKV is characterized by fever, headache, myalgia, rash, and symmetric polyarthritis, which is generally self-limiting. In a subset of cases, however, musculoskeletal symptoms may persist for up to 3-5 years. Viral culture and isolation from blood cells of infected patients are the gold standards for diagnosis of CHIKV. In routine practice, however, assays for anti-CHIKV IgM antibodies are used for diagnosis, as elevated levels in blood of infected patients are noted from 10 days following infection for up to 3-6 months. Early diagnosis of CHIKV is possible by nucleic acid detection techniques. Treatment of acute CHIKV is mainly symptomatic, with analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs), and low-dose steroids. No vaccines or anti-viral medicines have been approved for clinical therapy in CHIKV as yet. Hydroxychloroquine and methotrexate have been used in chronic CHIKV infection with variable success.
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12
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Sun J, Ennis J, Turner JD, Chu JJH. Single dose of an adenovirus vectored mouse interferon-α protects mice from lethal EV71 challenge. Antiviral Res 2016; 134:207-215. [PMID: 27623347 PMCID: PMC7113890 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) causes hand-foot-and-mouth diseases as well as neurological complications in young children. Interferon (IFN) can inhibit the replication of many viruses with low cytotoxic effects. Previously, an adenovirus vectored mouse interferon-α (DEF201), subtype 5, was generated by Wu et al, 2007. In this study, the antiviral effects of DEF201 against EV71 were evaluated in a murine model. 6-day-old BALB/c mice were administered a single dose of DEF201 before or after infection with lethal dose of EV71. The survival rate, clinical symptoms, tissue viral loads and histology pathogenesis were evaluated. IFN gene expression following a single dose of DEF201 maintained high concentrations of 100-9000 pg/mL for more than 7 days in mice serum. Pre-infection administration of a single dose of 106 PFU of DEF201 offered full protection of the mice against EV71 infection compared with the empty Ad5 vector control. In addition, virus load in DEF201-treated mice muscle tissue was significantly decreased as compared with empty vector control. Histopathology analysis revealed that DEF201 significantly prevented the development of severe tissue damage with reduction of viral antigen in the murine muscle tissue. Post-infection treatment at 6 h offered full protection and partial protection at 12 h, indicating that DEF201 could be used as an anti-EV71 therapeutic agent in early stage of EV71 infection. In addition, our study showed that DEF201 enhanced the neutralization ability of serum in EV71-vaccinated mice, implying that DEF201 could promote the production of specific anti-EV71 antibodies. In conclusion, single dose of DEF201 is highly efficacious as a prophylactic agent against EV71 infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialei Sun
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, MD4 Level 5, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Jane Ennis
- Defyrus Inc., 2 Bloor Street West, Suite 2602, Toronto, ON, M4W 3E2, Canada
| | - Jeffrey D Turner
- Defyrus Inc., 2 Bloor Street West, Suite 2602, Toronto, ON, M4W 3E2, Canada
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, MD4 Level 5, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
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