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Lauver MD, Lukacher AE. JCPyV VP1 Mutations in Progressive MultifocalLeukoencephalopathy: Altering Tropismor Mediating Immune Evasion? Viruses 2020; 12:v12101156. [PMID: 33053912 PMCID: PMC7600905 DOI: 10.3390/v12101156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyomaviruses are ubiquitous human pathogens that cause lifelong, asymptomatic infections in healthy individuals. Although these viruses are restrained by an intact immune system, immunocompromised individuals are at risk for developing severe diseases driven by resurgent viral replication. In particular, loss of immune control over JC polyomavirus can lead to the development of the demyelinating brain disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Viral isolates from PML patients frequently carry point mutations in the major capsid protein, VP1, which mediates virion binding to cellular glycan receptors. Because polyomaviruses are non-enveloped, VP1 is also the target of the host's neutralizing antibody response. Thus, VP1 mutations could affect tropism and/or recognition by polyomavirus-specific antibodies. How these mutations predispose susceptible individuals to PML and other JCPyV-associated CNS diseases remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we review the current understanding of polyomavirus capsid mutations and their effects on viral tropism, immune evasion, and virulence.
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Criscuolo E, Caputo V, Diotti RA, Sautto GA, Kirchenbaum GA, Clementi N. Alternative Methods of Vaccine Delivery: An Overview of Edible and Intradermal Vaccines. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:8303648. [PMID: 30949518 PMCID: PMC6425294 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8303648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are recognized worldwide as one of the most important tools for combating infectious diseases. Despite the tremendous value conferred by currently available vaccines toward public health, the implementation of additional vaccine platforms is also of key importance. In fact, currently available vaccines possess shortcomings, such as inefficient triggering of a cell-mediated immune response and the lack of protective mucosal immunity. In this regard, recent work has been focused on vaccine delivery systems, as an alternative to injectable vaccines, to increase antigen stability and improve overall immunogenicity. In particular, novel strategies based on edible or intradermal vaccine formulations have been demonstrated to trigger both a systemic and mucosal immune response. These novel vaccination delivery systems offer several advantages over the injectable preparations including self-administration, reduced cost, stability, and elimination of a cold chain. In this review, the latest findings and accomplishments regarding edible and intradermal vaccines are described in the context of the system used for immunogen expression, their molecular features and capacity to induce a protective systemic and mucosal response.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Criscuolo
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, “Vita-Salute San Raffaele” University, Milan, Italy
| | - V. Caputo
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, “Vita-Salute San Raffaele” University, Milan, Italy
- Pomona Ricerca S.r.l., Turin, Italy
| | - R. A. Diotti
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, “Vita-Salute San Raffaele” University, Milan, Italy
- Pomona Ricerca S.r.l., Turin, Italy
| | - G. A. Sautto
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - N. Clementi
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, “Vita-Salute San Raffaele” University, Milan, Italy
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Geoghegan EM, Pastrana DV, Schowalter RM, Ray U, Gao W, Ho M, Pauly GT, Sigano DM, Kaynor C, Cahir-McFarland E, Combaluzier B, Grimm J, Buck CB. Infectious Entry and Neutralization of Pathogenic JC Polyomaviruses. Cell Rep 2018; 21:1169-1179. [PMID: 29091757 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a lethal brain disease caused by uncontrolled replication of JC polyomavirus (JCV). JCV strains recovered from the brains of PML patients carry mutations that prevent the engagement of sialylated glycans, which are thought to serve as receptors for the infectious entry of wild-type JCV. In this report, we show that non-sialylated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) can serve as alternative attachment receptors for the infectious entry of both wild-type and PML mutant JCV strains. After GAG-mediated attachment, PML mutant strains engage non-sialylated non-GAG co-receptor glycans, such as asialo-GM1. JCV-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies isolated from patients who recovered from PML appear to block infection by preventing the docking of post-attachment co-receptor glycans in an apical pocket of the JCV major capsid protein. Identification of the GAG-dependent/sialylated glycan-independent alternative entry pathway should facilitate the development of infection inhibitors, including recombinant neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen M Geoghegan
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4263, USA
| | - Diana V Pastrana
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4263, USA
| | - Rachel M Schowalter
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4263, USA
| | - Upasana Ray
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4263, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Antibody Therapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mitchell Ho
- Antibody Therapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gary T Pauly
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Dina M Sigano
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jan Grimm
- Neurimmune Holding AG, Schlieren-Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher B Buck
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4263, USA.
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Biomarkers identification for PML monitoring, during Natalizumab (Tysabri®) treatment in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2018; 20:93-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Bacteriophages and Their Immunological Applications against Infectious Threats. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:3780697. [PMID: 28484722 PMCID: PMC5412166 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3780697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage therapy dates back almost a century, but the discovery of antibiotics led to a rapid decline in the interests and investments within this field of research. Recently, the novel threat of multidrug-resistant bacteria highlighted the alarming drop in research and development of new antibiotics: 16 molecules were discovered during 1983–87, 10 new therapeutics during the nineties, and only 5 between 2003 and 2007. Phages are therefore being reconsidered as alternative therapeutics. Phage display technique has proved to be extremely promising for the identification of effective antibodies directed against pathogens, as well as for vaccine development. At the same time, conventional phage therapy uses lytic bacteriophages for treatment of infections and recent clinical trials have shown great potential. Moreover, several other approaches have been developed in vitro and in vivo using phage-derived proteins as antibacterial agents. Finally, their use has also been widely considered for public health surveillance, as biosensor phages can be used to detect food and water contaminations and prevent bacterial epidemics. These novel approaches strongly promote the idea that phages and their proteins can be exploited as an effective weapon in the near future, especially in a world which is on the brink of a “postantibiotic era.”
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Barth H, Solis M, Lepiller Q, Sueur C, Soulier E, Caillard S, Stoll-Keller F, Fafi-Kremer S. 45 years after the discovery of human polyomaviruses BK and JC: Time to speed up the understanding of associated diseases and treatment approaches. Crit Rev Microbiol 2016; 43:178-195. [DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2016.1189873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Barth
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Morgane Solis
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Quentin Lepiller
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Charlotte Sueur
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eric Soulier
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sophie Caillard
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Département de Néphrologie et Transplantation, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Françoise Stoll-Keller
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Samira Fafi-Kremer
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Divergent Trends of Anti-JCPyV Serum Reactivity and Neutralizing Activity in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Patients during Treatment with Natalizumab. Viruses 2016; 8:v8050128. [PMID: 27164128 PMCID: PMC4885083 DOI: 10.3390/v8050128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between natalizumab and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is established, but a reliable clinical risk stratification flow-chart is lacking. New risk factors are needed, such as the possible role of the anti-JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) neutralizing antibody. In this pilot study, we analyzed this parameter during natalizumab treatment. Sequential sera of 38 multiple sclerosis patients during their first year of natalizumab treatment were collected, and grouped according to the number of infusions. For 11 patients, samples were also available after 24 infusions (T24), when progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) risk is higher. The reactivity against VP1, the main JCPyV surface protein, and the anti-JCPyV neutralizing activity were evaluated. During the first year, a lack of correlation between anti-JCPyV antibody response and its neutralizing activity was observed: a significant decrease in anti-JCPyV antibody response was observed (p = 0.0039), not paralleled by a similar trend in the total anti-JCPyV neutralizing activity (p = 0.2239). This lack of correlation was even more evident at T24 when, notwithstanding a significant increase in the anti-JCPyV response (p = 0.0097), a further decrease of the neutralizing activity was observed (p = 0.0062). This is the first study evidencing, prospectively, the lack of correlation between the anti-JCPyV antibody response and its neutralizing activity during natalizumab treatment.
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Ray U, Cinque P, Gerevini S, Longo V, Lazzarin A, Schippling S, Martin R, Buck CB, Pastrana DV. JC polyomavirus mutants escape antibody-mediated neutralization. Sci Transl Med 2015; 7:306ra151. [PMID: 26400912 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aab1720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCV) persistently infects the urinary tract of most adults. Under conditions of immune impairment, JCV causes an opportunistic brain disease, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). JCV strains found in the cerebrospinal fluid of PML patients contain distinctive mutations in surface loops of the major capsid protein, VP1. We hypothesized that VP1 mutations might allow the virus to evade antibody-mediated neutralization. Consistent with this hypothesis, neutralization serology revealed that plasma samples from PML patients neutralized wild-type JCV strains but failed to neutralize patient-cognate PML-mutant JCV strains. This contrasted with serological results for healthy individuals, most of whom robustly cross-neutralized all tested JCV variants. Mice administered a JCV virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine initially showed neutralizing "blind spots" (akin to those observed in PML patients) that closed after booster immunization. A PML patient administered an experimental JCV VLP vaccine likewise showed markedly increased neutralizing titer against her cognate PML-mutant JCV. The results indicate that deficient humoral immunity is a common aspect of PML pathogenesis and that vaccination may overcome this humoral deficiency. Thus, vaccination with JCV VLPs might prevent the development of PML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Ray
- Lab of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paola Cinque
- Department of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Simonetta Gerevini
- Neuroradiology Unit, Head and Neck Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Longo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Adriano Lazzarin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy. San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Sven Schippling
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roland Martin
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher B Buck
- Lab of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Diana V Pastrana
- Lab of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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9
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Jelcic I, Combaluzier B, Jelcic I, Faigle W, Senn L, Reinhart BJ, Ströh L, Nitsch RM, Stehle T, Sospedra M, Grimm J, Martin R. Broadly neutralizing human monoclonal JC polyomavirus VP1-specific antibodies as candidate therapeutics for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Sci Transl Med 2015; 7:306ra150. [PMID: 26400911 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac8691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In immunocompromised individuals, JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) may mutate and gain access to the central nervous system resulting in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), an often fatal opportunistic infection for which no treatments are currently available. Despite recent progress, the contribution of JCPyV-specific humoral immunity to controlling asymptomatic infection throughout life and to eliminating JCPyV from the brain is poorly understood. We examined antibody responses against JCPyV major capsid protein VP1 (viral protein 1) variants in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of healthy donors (HDs), JCPyV-positive multiple sclerosis patients treated with the anti-VLA-4 monoclonal antibody natalizumab (NAT), and patients with NAT-associated PML. Before and during PML, CSF antibody responses against JCPyV VP1 variants show "recognition holes"; however, upon immune reconstitution, CSF antibody titers rise, then recognize PML-associated JCPyV VP1 variants, and may be involved in elimination of the virus. We therefore reasoned that the memory B cell repertoire of individuals who recovered from PML could be a source for the molecular cloning of broadly neutralizing antibodies for passive immunization. We generated a series of memory B cell-derived JCPyV VP1-specific human monoclonal antibodies from HDs and a patient with NAT-associated PML-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). These antibodies exhibited diverse binding affinity, cross-reactivity with the closely related BK polyomavirus, recognition of PML-causing VP1 variants, and JCPyV neutralization. Almost all antibodies with exquisite specificity for JCPyV, neutralizing activity, recognition of all tested JCPyV PML variants, and high affinity were derived from one patient who had recovered from PML. These antibodies are promising drug candidates for the development of a treatment of PML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Jelcic
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section, Department of Neurology, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ilijas Jelcic
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section, Department of Neurology, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Faigle
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section, Department of Neurology, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luzia Senn
- Neurimmune Holding AG, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Brenda J Reinhart
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section, Department of Neurology, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luisa Ströh
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Roger M Nitsch
- Neurimmune Holding AG, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland. Division of Psychiatry Research, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Stehle
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Mireia Sospedra
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section, Department of Neurology, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Grimm
- Neurimmune Holding AG, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.
| | - Roland Martin
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section, Department of Neurology, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Jelcic I, Jelcic I, Faigle W, Sospedra M, Martin R. Immunology of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Neurovirol 2015; 21:614-22. [PMID: 25740538 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-014-0294-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The high prevalence of asymptomatic JC polyomavirus (JCV) infection in the general population indicates coexistence with the human host and efficient immune control in healthy individuals. For unknown reasons, kidney-resident archetypic JCV strains can turn into neurotropic JCV strains which in hereditary or acquired states of immunodeficiency cause opportunistic infection and cytolytic destruction of glial cells or granule cell neurons resulting in progressive multifocal demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS) or cerebellar atrophy, respectively. Immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive therapies with specific monoclonal antibodies including natalizumab, efalizumab, and rituximab have increased the risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) among treated patients, highlighting that symptomatic JCV infection of the CNS is associated with disturbances of adaptive immunity affecting B cells, antibodies, and CD4(+) and/or CD8(+) T cells. To date, no specific therapy to overcome PML is available and the only way to eliminate the virus from the CNS is to reconstitute global immune function. However, since the identification of JCV as the causative agent of PML 40 years ago, it is still not fully understood which components of the immune system prevent the development of PML and which immune mechanisms are involved in eliminating the virus from the CNS. This review gives an update about adaptive JCV-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Jelcic
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ilijas Jelcic
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Faigle
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mireia Sospedra
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roland Martin
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
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11
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Serana F, Chiarini M, Sottini A, Bertoli D, Giustini V, Tessitore MV, Caimi L, Capra R, Imberti L. Immunological biomarkers identifying natalizumab-treated multiple sclerosis patients at risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 277:6-12. [PMID: 25468273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Natalizumab-induced progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy appears to be unleashed by complex interactions between viral and immunological host factors leading the latent form of JC virus to become pathogenic. Positive anti-JC virus antibody status, prior use of immunosuppressants, and increasing duration of natalizumab treatment have been proposed as risk factors for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in multiple sclerosis patients, but while they may help to identify the most appropriate patients for natalizumab, their use have some limitations. Therefore, a large body of studies is ongoing to identify alternative, reliable immunological markers capable to improve the safety and efficacy of therapy, and to guide tailored clinical decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Serana
- Centro di Ricerca Emato-oncologica AIL (CREA), Diagnostics Department, Spedali Civili of Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Chiarini
- Centro di Ricerca Emato-oncologica AIL (CREA), Diagnostics Department, Spedali Civili of Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Sottini
- Centro di Ricerca Emato-oncologica AIL (CREA), Diagnostics Department, Spedali Civili of Brescia, Italy
| | - Diego Bertoli
- Centro di Ricerca Emato-oncologica AIL (CREA), Diagnostics Department, Spedali Civili of Brescia, Italy
| | - Viviana Giustini
- Centro di Ricerca Emato-oncologica AIL (CREA), Diagnostics Department, Spedali Civili of Brescia, Italy
| | - Marion Vaglio Tessitore
- Centro di Ricerca Emato-oncologica AIL (CREA), Diagnostics Department, Spedali Civili of Brescia, Italy
| | - Luigi Caimi
- Centro di Ricerca Emato-oncologica AIL (CREA), Diagnostics Department, Spedali Civili of Brescia, Italy
| | - Ruggero Capra
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Spedali Civili of Brescia, Italy
| | - Luisa Imberti
- Centro di Ricerca Emato-oncologica AIL (CREA), Diagnostics Department, Spedali Civili of Brescia, Italy.
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12
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Lagatie O, Van Loy T, Tritsmans L, Stuyver LJ. Antibodies reacting with JCPyV_VP2 _167-15mer as a novel serological marker for JC polyomavirus infection. Virol J 2014; 11:174. [PMID: 25273879 PMCID: PMC4194363 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a widespread human polyomavirus that usually resides latently in its host, but can be reactivated under immune-compromised conditions potentially causing Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML). Detection of antibodies against the major capsid protein VP1 currently is the main marker for assessment of infection with JCPyV. Methods Based on a peptide microarray, peptide JCPyV_VP2_167-15mer was selected and a peptide ELISA was developed for detection of antibodies directed against this peptide. Epitope mapping and computational modelling was performed to further characterize this peptide. In a cohort of 204 healthy subjects it was investigated whether antibodies against JCPyV_VP2_167-15mer were correlated with VP1 serology or urinary viral load. Results Epitope mapping of peptide JCPyV_VP2_167-15mer showed that the minimal epitope consisted of L173PALTSQEI181 with amino acids P174, L176 and E180 being essential for antibody recognition. Computational analysis was used to predict that this epitope is located at an exposed domain of the VP2 capsid protein, readily accessible for immune recognition upon infection. No correlation could be observed with JCPyV VP1 antibody levels, or urinary viral load. Conclusion This work indicates that specific antibodies against JCPyV_VP2_167-15mer might be considered as a novel serological marker for infection with JCPyV. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1743-422X-11-174) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Lagatie
- Janssen Diagnostics, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium.
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