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Molnar MZ, Potluri VS, Schaubel DE, Sise ME, Concepcion BP, Forbes RC, Blumberg E, Bloom RD, Shaffer D, Chung RT, Strohbehn IA, Elias N, Azhar A, Shah M, Sawinski D, Binari LA, Talwar M, Balaraman V, Bhalla A, Eason JD, Besharatian B, Trofe-Clark J, Goldberg DS, Reese PP. Association of donor hepatitis C virus infection status and risk of BK polyomavirus viremia after kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2022; 22:599-609. [PMID: 34613666 PMCID: PMC8968853 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Kidney transplantation (KT) from deceased donors with hepatitis C virus (HCV) into HCV-negative recipients has become more common. However, the risk of complications such as BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) remains unknown. We assembled a retrospective cohort at four centers. We matched recipients of HCV-viremic kidneys to highly similar recipients of HCV-aviremic kidneys on established risk factors for BKPyV. To limit bias, matches were within the same center. The primary outcome was BKPyV viremia ≥1000 copies/ml or biopsy-proven BKPyV nephropathy; a secondary outcome was BKPyV viremia ≥10 000 copies/ml or nephropathy. Outcomes were analyzed using weighted and stratified Cox regression. The median days to peak BKPyV viremia level was 119 (IQR 87-182). HCV-viremic KT was not associated with increased risk of the primary BKPyV outcome (HR 1.26, p = .22), but was significantly associated with the secondary outcome of BKPyV ≥10 000 copies/ml (HR 1.69, p = .03). One-year eGFR was similar between the matched groups. Only one HCV-viremic kidney recipient had primary graft loss. In summary, HCV-viremic KT was not significantly associated with the primary outcome of BKPyV viremia, but the data suggested that donor HCV might elevate the risk of more severe BKPyV viremia ≥10 000 copies/ml. Nonetheless, one-year graft function for HCV-viremic recipients was reassuring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklos Z. Molnar
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Vishnu S. Potluri
- Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Douglas E. Schaubel
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Meghan E. Sise
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Beatrice P. Concepcion
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Rachel C. Forbes
- Department of Surgery, Division of Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Emily Blumberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Roy D. Bloom
- Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - David Shaffer
- Department of Surgery, Division of Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Raymond T. Chung
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Ian A. Strohbehn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Nahel Elias
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA
| | - Ambreen Azhar
- James D. Eason Transplant Institute, Methodist University Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mital Shah
- Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Deirdre Sawinski
- Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Laura A. Binari
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Manish Talwar
- James D. Eason Transplant Institute, Methodist University Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Vasanthi Balaraman
- James D. Eason Transplant Institute, Methodist University Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Anshul Bhalla
- James D. Eason Transplant Institute, Methodist University Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - James D. Eason
- James D. Eason Transplant Institute, Methodist University Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Behdad Besharatian
- Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - David S. Goldberg
- Division of Digestive Health and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL
| | - Peter P. Reese
- Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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Abstract
Background Breast cancer (BC), one of the most frequent human tumors, is genetically and histologically heterogeneous. Treatment options can be adapted according to BC subtype. Still, research is necessary to characterize BC biology better and to study potential new treatment options. Murine BC-cell lines can be used as model systems in this respect. Results Here for the first time murine BC-cell line JC was cytogenomically characterized as being complex rearranged and near-tetraploid. Multicolor banding and array comparative genomic hybridization were applied and the result was in silico translated to the human genome. Conclusions Even though being commercially available, cell line JC was yet not much included in BC-research, most likely due to a lack of cytogenomic data. Thus, here comprehensive data is provided on chromosomal aberrations, genomic imbalances and involved breakpoints of JC cell line. Also JC could be characterized as a model for BC of luminal B type, basal-like tumor rather than for luminal A type. Supplementary information The online version of this article (10.1186/s13039-020-00524-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaymaa Azawi
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Martina Rincic
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Salata 12, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.
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Querido S, Fernandes I, Weigert A, Casimiro S, Albuquerque C, Ramos S, Adragão T, Luz I, Paixão P, Chasqueira M, Santos M, Machado D. High-grade urothelial carcinoma in a kidney transplant recipient after JC virus nephropathy: The first evidence of JC virus as a potential oncovirus in bladder cancer. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:1188-1191. [PMID: 31654479 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Kidney transplant (KT) recipients have an increased risk for urothelial carcinoma. A role for JC virus (JCV) in human cancers is not yet proved but there is an increasingly reported association between BK virus (BKV) nephropathy and renourinary neoplasms. We report a KT recipient who developed a high-grade urothelial carcinoma 5 years after a diagnosis of JCV nephropathy and 9 years after kidney transplantation. Neoplastic tissue was positive for JCV DNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Immunochemical staining showed strong positivity for cell cycle markers (p16, p53, and Ki67) and for early viral protein JCV large T antigen (JCV LTag; using a broad polyomavirus antibody); however, late viral protein (VP1) stained negative. In contrast, in non-neoplastic urothelium, JCV DNA and all immunochemical markers were negative. These facts suggest that malignancy was induced by JCV. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of urothelial high-grade carcinoma associated with JCV nephropathy in a KT recipient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Querido
- Department of Nephrology, Unit of Renal Transplantation, Santa Cruz Hospital, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Portugal
| | - Isabel Fernandes
- Department of Oncology, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal.,Luis Costa Lab, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - André Weigert
- Department of Nephrology, Unit of Renal Transplantation, Santa Cruz Hospital, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Portugal.,Department of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sandra Casimiro
- Luis Costa Lab, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina Albuquerque
- Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sância Ramos
- Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Teresa Adragão
- Department of Nephrology, Unit of Renal Transplantation, Santa Cruz Hospital, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Portugal
| | - Ivan Luz
- Department of Nephrology, Unit of Renal Transplantation, Santa Cruz Hospital, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Portugal
| | - Paulo Paixão
- Unit of Infection, Nova Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Madalena Santos
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Domingos Machado
- Department of Nephrology, Unit of Renal Transplantation, Santa Cruz Hospital, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Portugal
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Alvarez Orellana J, Kwun HJ, Artusi S, Chang Y, Moore PS. Sirolimus and other mTOR inhibitors directly activate latent pathogenic human polyomavirus replication. J Infect Dis 2020; 224:1160-1169. [PMID: 32060513 PMCID: PMC8514189 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human polyomaviruses can reactivate in transplant patients, causing nephropathy, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, Merkel cell carcinoma, pruritic, rash or trichodysplasia spinulosa. Sirolimus and related mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors are transplant immunosuppressants. It is unknown if they directly reactivate polyomavirus replication from latency beyond their general effects on immunosuppression. Methods In vitro expression and turnover of large T (LT) proteins from BK virus, JC virus (JCV), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV), human polyomavirus 7 (HPyV7), and trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus (TSV) after drug treatment were determined by immunoblotting, proximity ligation, replicon DNA replication, and whole virus immunofluorescence assays. Results mTOR inhibition increased LT protein expression for all 5 pathogenic polyomaviruses tested. This correlated with LT stabilization, decrease in the S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2) E3 ligase targeting these LT proteins for degradation, and increase in virus replication for JCV, MCV, TSV, and HPyV7. Treatment with sirolimus, but not the calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus, at levels routinely achieved in patients, resulted in a dose-dependent increase in viral DNA replication for BKV, MCV, and HPyV7. Conclusions mTOR inhibitors, at therapeutic levels, directly activate polyomavirus replication through a Skp2-dependent mechanism, revealing a proteostatic latency mechanism common to polyomaviruses. Modifying existing drug regimens for transplant patients with polyomavirus-associated diseases may reduce symptomatic polyomavirus replication while maintaining allograft-sparing immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Alvarez Orellana
- Cancer Virology Program, Hillman Cancer Centre.,Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Hyun Jin Kwun
- Cancer Virology Program, Hillman Cancer Centre.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State University, Hershey, PA
| | - Sara Artusi
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yuan Chang
- Cancer Virology Program, Hillman Cancer Centre.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Patrick S Moore
- Cancer Virology Program, Hillman Cancer Centre.,Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, PA
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Geoghegan EM, Pastrana DV, Schowalter RM, Ray U, Gao W, Ho M, Pauly GT, Sigano DM, Kaynor C, Cahir-McFarland E, Combaluzier B, Grimm J, Buck CB. Infectious Entry and Neutralization of Pathogenic JC Polyomaviruses. Cell Rep 2018; 21:1169-1179. [PMID: 29091757 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a lethal brain disease caused by uncontrolled replication of JC polyomavirus (JCV). JCV strains recovered from the brains of PML patients carry mutations that prevent the engagement of sialylated glycans, which are thought to serve as receptors for the infectious entry of wild-type JCV. In this report, we show that non-sialylated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) can serve as alternative attachment receptors for the infectious entry of both wild-type and PML mutant JCV strains. After GAG-mediated attachment, PML mutant strains engage non-sialylated non-GAG co-receptor glycans, such as asialo-GM1. JCV-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies isolated from patients who recovered from PML appear to block infection by preventing the docking of post-attachment co-receptor glycans in an apical pocket of the JCV major capsid protein. Identification of the GAG-dependent/sialylated glycan-independent alternative entry pathway should facilitate the development of infection inhibitors, including recombinant neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen M Geoghegan
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4263, USA
| | - Diana V Pastrana
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4263, USA
| | - Rachel M Schowalter
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4263, USA
| | - Upasana Ray
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4263, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Antibody Therapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mitchell Ho
- Antibody Therapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gary T Pauly
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Dina M Sigano
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jan Grimm
- Neurimmune Holding AG, Schlieren-Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher B Buck
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4263, USA.
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7
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Meyer MA. Amino Acid Sequences Mediating Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 Binding to Integrin Alpha 4: Homologous DSP Sequence Found for JC Polyoma VP1 Coat Protein. Neurol Int 2013; 5:e14. [PMID: 24147211 PMCID: PMC3794449 DOI: 10.4081/ni.2013.e14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The JC polyoma viral coat protein VP1 was analyzed for amino acid sequences homologies to the IDSP sequence which mediates binding of VLA-4 (integrin alpha 4) to vascular cell adhesion molecule 1. Although the full sequence was not found, a DSP sequence was located near the critical arginine residue linked to infectivity of the virus and binding to sialic acid containing molecules such as integrins (3). For the JC polyoma virus, a DSP sequence was found at residues 70, 71 and 72 with homology also noted for the mouse polyoma virus and SV40 virus. Three dimensional modeling of the VP1 molecule suggests that the DSP loop has an accessible site for interaction from the external side of the assembled viral capsid pentamer.
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