1
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Liu N, Gu C, Yang Y, Gao Z, Kang N, Liu J, Xie Y. Establishment and characterization of a novel reverse genetic system of BK polyomavirus. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28995. [PMID: 37522259 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKV) is a small non-enveloped DNA virus. BKV infection or reactivation may cause BKV-associated nephropathy and hemorrhagic cystitis in immunosuppressed transplant recipients. No effective antivirals or prevention strategies are available against BKV infections. The current BKV reverse system employs the transfection of purified full-length linear viral genomes released by enzyme digestion from BKV genomic plasmids. The method is laborious and often results in variable DNA yield and quality, which can affect the efficiency of transfection and subsequent formation of circular viral genomes in cells. In this study, we report the generation of circular viral genomes by Cre-mediated DNA recombination in cells directly transfected with BKV precursor genomic plasmids. The novel system supported efficient viral expression and replication, and produced a higher level of infectious virions compared with the transfection with linear BKV genomes. Furthermore, we successfully constructed recombinant BKV capable of reporter gene expression. In conclusion, the novel BKV reverse genetic system allows for simpler manipulation of BKV genome with better virus yield, providing a tool for the study of BKV life cycle and antiviral screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenjian Gu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zixiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Kang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Youhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Abdulaziz L, Elhadi E, Abdallah EA, Alnoor FA, Yousef BA. Antiviral Activity of Approved Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiprotozoal and Anthelmintic Drugs: Chances for Drug Repurposing for Antiviral Drug Discovery. J Exp Pharmacol 2022; 14:97-115. [PMID: 35299994 PMCID: PMC8922315 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s346006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug repurposing process aims to identify new uses for the existing drugs to overcome traditional de novo drug discovery and development challenges. At the same time, as viral infections became a serious threat to humans and the viral organism itself has a high ability to mutate genetically, and due to serious adverse effects that result from antiviral drugs, there are crucial needs for the discovery of new antiviral drugs, and to identify new antiviral effects for the exciting approved drugs towards different types of viral infections depending on the observed antiviral activity in preclinical studies or clinical findings is one of the approaches to counter the viral infections problems. This narrative review article summarized mainly the published preclinical studies that evaluated the antiviral activity of drugs that are approved and used mainly as antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, and anthelmintic drugs, and the preclinical studies included the in silico, in vitro, and in vivo findings, additionally some clinical observations were also included while trying to relate them to the preclinical findings. Finally, the structure used for writing about the antiviral activity of the drugs was according to the families of the viruses used in the studies to form a better image for the target of antiviral activity of different drugs in the different kinds of viruses and to relate between the antiviral activity of the drugs against different strains of viruses within the same viral family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Abdulaziz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omdurman Islamic University, Khartoum, 14415, Sudan
| | - Esraa Elhadi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omdurman Islamic University, Khartoum, 14415, Sudan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ejlal A Abdallah
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan
| | - Fadlalbaseer A Alnoor
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National University, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan
| | - Bashir A Yousef
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan
- Correspondence: Bashir A Yousef, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Al-Qasr Ave, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan, Tel +249 912932418, Fax +249 183780696, Email
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3
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Palacio D, Prakash K, Riedel DJ. Review of Intravesicular Cidofovir for BK Virus Hemorrhagic Cystitis. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40506-021-00251-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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4
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Wu Z, Graf FE, Hirsch HH. Antivirals against human polyomaviruses: Leaving no stone unturned. Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:e2220. [PMID: 33729628 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) encompass more than 10 species infecting 30%-90% of the human population without significant illness. Proven HPyV diseases with documented histopathology affect primarily immunocompromised hosts with manifestations in brain, skin and renourinary tract such as polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PyVAN), polyomavirus-associated haemorrhagic cystitis (PyVHC), polyomavirus-associated urothelial cancer (PyVUC), progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), Trichodysplasia spinulosa (TS) and pruritic hyperproliferative keratinopathy. Although virus-specific immune control is the eventual goal of therapy and lasting cure, antiviral treatments are urgently needed in order to reduce or prevent HPyV diseases and thereby bridging the time needed to establish virus-specific immunity. However, the small dsDNA genome of only 5 kb of the non-enveloped HPyVs only encodes 5-7 viral proteins. Thus, HPyV replication relies heavily on host cell factors, thereby limiting both, number and type of specific virus-encoded antiviral targets. Lack of cost-effective high-throughput screening systems and relevant small animal models complicates the preclinical development. Current clinical studies are limited by small case numbers, poorly efficacious compounds and absence of proper randomized trial design. Here, we review preclinical and clinical studies that evaluated small molecules with presumed antiviral activity against HPyVs and provide an outlook regarding potential new antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongsong Wu
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabrice E Graf
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans H Hirsch
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Clinical Virology, Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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5
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Mohammadi Najafabadi M, Soleimani M, Ahmadvand M, Soufi Zomorrod M, Mousavi SA. Treatment protocols for BK virus associated hemorrhagic cystitis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BLOOD RESEARCH 2020; 10:217-230. [PMID: 33224566 PMCID: PMC7675133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) represents a vital curative choice for many disease. However its outcome can be hampered by a variety of transplant associated complications. Hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) considered as one of the major difficulties after HSCT. HC symptoms comprise hematuria, dysuria, burning during urination, urinary frequency, urgency and incontinency, abdominal or suprapubic pain, urinary obstruction, and renal or bladder damage. There are a lot of causes for HC development. BK virus reactivation is one of the major causes of HC after HSCT. There is still no standard and approved treatment protocol for BK virus associated HC (BKV-HC). Treatment of HC is according to the local standard operating procedures, depending on the cause and severity. In this study we will review the current treatments available for this disease. We have divided the therapeutic procedures into 5 categories including conservative therapy, complimentary options, surgical procedures, pharmacological treatments and adoptive cell therapy. We believe that comparing the advantages and disadvantages of different therapies make it easier to choose the best treatment protocol. In addition, we had a greater focus on adoptive cell therapy, because it is a relatively new introduced method and might be a logical alternative to conventional treatments for refractory patients. In total, no definitive recommendation is possible for current available treatments because these procedures have only been utilized sporadically in a limit number of patients. Furthermore, a number of treatment options are only experimental and definitely need more effort.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares UniversityTehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ahmadvand
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehran, Iran
| | - Mina Soufi Zomorrod
- Applied Cell Sciences Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares UniversityTehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Asadollah Mousavi
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehran, Iran
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Abuo-Rahma GEDA, Mohamed MFA, Ibrahim TS, Shoman ME, Samir E, Abd El-Baky RM. Potential repurposed SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection drugs. RSC Adv 2020; 10:26895-26916. [PMID: 35515773 PMCID: PMC9055522 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05821a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The global outbreak of COVID-19 viral infection is associated with the absence of specific drug(s) for fighting this viral infection. About 10 million people are already infected, about 500 000 deaths all over the world to date. Great efforts have been made to find solutions for this viral infection, either vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, or small molecule drugs; this can stop the spread of infection to avoid the expected human, economic and social catastrophe associated with this infection. In the literature and during clinical trials in hospitals, several FDA approved drugs for different diseases have the potential to treat or reduce the severity of COVID-19. Repurposing of these drugs as potential agents to treat COVID-19 reduces the time and cost to find effective COVID-19 agents. This review article summarizes the present situation of transmission, pathogenesis and statistics of COVID-19 in the world. Moreover, it includes chemistry, mechanism of action at the molecular level of the possible drug molecules which are liable for redirection as potential COVID-19 therapeutic agents. This includes polymerase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, malaria drugs, lipid lowering statins, rheumatoid arthritis drugs and some miscellaneous agents. We offer research data and knowledge about the chemistry and biology of potential COVID-19 drugs for the research community in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal El-Din A Abuo-Rahma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University 61519 Minia Egypt +20 1003069431
| | - Mamdouh F A Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sohag University 82524 Sohag Egypt
| | - Tarek S Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University Zagazig 44519 Egypt
| | - Mai E Shoman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University 61519 Minia Egypt +20 1003069431
| | - Ebtihal Samir
- Physical Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University Minia 11566 Egypt
| | - Rehab M Abd El-Baky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University 61519 Minia Egypt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University Minia 11566 Egypt
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7
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Ruan J, Sun S, Cheng X, Han P, Zhang Y, Sun D. Mitomycin, 5-fluorouracil, leflunomide, and mycophenolic acid directly promote hepatitis B virus replication and expression in vitro. Virol J 2020; 17:89. [PMID: 32611423 PMCID: PMC7331192 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01339-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reactivation of hepatitis B virus is a common complication that occurs in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection who have received cytotoxic chemotherapy or immunosuppressive therapy. This clinical phenomenon not only occurs in overt HBV infection patients but also occurs in patients with resolved HBV infection. Previous research has confirmed that epirubicin and dexamethasone can stimulate HBV replication and expression directly rather than indirectly through immunosuppression. Mitomycin and 5-fluorouracil are currently used as cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs for cancer patients. Leflunomide and mycophenolic acid are regarded as immunosuppressants for autoimmune diseases, and numerous clinical studies have reported that these drugs can reactivate HBV replication. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether mitomycin, 5-fluorouracil, leflunomide and mycophenolic acid induce HBV reactivation directly rather than indirectly through immunosuppression. Methods To observe the effect of mitomycin, 5-fluorouracil, leflunomide and mycophenolic acid on HBV replication and expression, we employed HepG2.2.15 and HBV-NLuc-35 cells as a cell model. Next, by native agarose gel electrophoresis (NAGE), quantitative PCR (qPCR), luciferase assay and HBV e antigen (HBeAg) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) we detected changes in HBV replication and expression induced by these drugs. We also investigated whether lamivudine could inhibit the observed phenotype. SPSS 18.0 software was employed for statistical analysis, One-way ANOVA was used to compare multiple groups. Results Expression of HBV capsids and HBeAg in HepG2.2.15 cells was increased by increasing concentration of mitomycin, 5-fluorouracil, leflunomide, and mycophenolic acid. This phenomenon was also demonstrated in HBV-NLuc-35 cells, and the expression of capsids and luciferase activity increased in the same concentration-dependent manner. Replication levels of intracellular capsid DNA and extracellular HBV DNA in HepG2.2.15 cells gradually increased in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, although epirubicin, mitomycin, 5-fluorouracil, dexamethasone, leflunomide and mycophenolic acid enhanced HBV replication, lamivudine inhibited this process. Conclusion Our study confirmed that mitomycin, 5-fluorouracil, leflunomide and mycophenolic acid directly upregulated HBV replication and expression in vitro. This effect was investigated not only in HepG2.2.15 cells but also in the HBV-NLuc-35 replication system. Moreover, this effect could be prevented by nucleoside analogs, such as lamivudine (LAM). Thus, for patients with HBV infection, prophylactic antiviral therapy is necessary before receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy or immunosuppressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ruan
- The Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of PLA, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Zhongshanxi street, Shijiazhuang, 050082, Hebei Province, China.,Department of Infection and Liver Disease, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Shuo Sun
- The Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of PLA, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Zhongshanxi street, Shijiazhuang, 050082, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- The Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of PLA, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Zhongshanxi street, Shijiazhuang, 050082, Hebei Province, China
| | - Pengyu Han
- The Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of PLA, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Zhongshanxi street, Shijiazhuang, 050082, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yinge Zhang
- The Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of PLA, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Zhongshanxi street, Shijiazhuang, 050082, Hebei Province, China
| | - Dianxing Sun
- The Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of PLA, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Zhongshanxi street, Shijiazhuang, 050082, Hebei Province, China.
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Abstract
While the description of resistance to quinolones is almost as old as these antimicrobial agents themselves, transferable mechanisms of quinolone resistance (TMQR) remained absent from the scenario for more than 36 years, appearing first as sporadic events and afterward as epidemics. In 1998, the first TMQR was soundly described, that is, QnrA. The presence of QnrA was almost anecdotal for years, but in the middle of the first decade of the 21st century, there was an explosion of TMQR descriptions, which definitively changed the epidemiology of quinolone resistance. Currently, 3 different clinically relevant mechanisms of quinolone resistance are encoded within mobile elements: (i) target protection, which is mediated by 7 different families of Qnr (QnrA, QnrB, QnrC, QnrD, QnrE, QnrS, and QnrVC), which overall account for more than 100 recognized alleles; (ii) antibiotic efflux, which is mediated by 2 main transferable efflux pumps (QepA and OqxAB), which together account for more than 30 alleles, and a series of other efflux pumps (e.g., QacBIII), which at present have been sporadically described; and (iii) antibiotic modification, which is mediated by the enzymes AAC(6')Ib-cr, from which different alleles have been claimed, as well as CrpP, a newly described phosphorylase.
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9
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Villani S, Gagliano N, Procacci P, Sartori P, Comar M, Provenzano M, Favi E, Ferraresso M, Ferrante P, Delbue S. Characterization of an in vitro model to study the possible role of polyomavirus BK in prostate cancer. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:11912-11922. [PMID: 30515818 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common male neoplasms in the Western world. Various risk factors may lead to carcinogenesis, including infectious agents such as polyomavirus BK (BKPyV), which infects the human renourinary tract, establishes latency, and encodes oncoproteins. Previous studies suggested that BKPyV plays a role in PCa pathogenesis. However, the unspecific tropism of BKPyV and the lack of in vitro models of BKPyV-infected prostate cells cast doubt on this hypothesis. The aim of the present study was to determine whether BKPyV could (a) infect normal and/or tumoral epithelial prostate cells and (b) affect their phenotype. Normal epithelial prostate RWPE-1 cells and PCa PC-3 cells were infected with BKPyV for 21 days. Cell proliferation, cytokine production, adhesion, invasion ability, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers were analyzed. Our results show that (a) RWPE-1 and PC-3 cells are both infectable with BKPyV, but the outcome of the infection varies, (b) cell proliferation and TNF-α production were increased in BKPyV-infected RWPE-1, but not in PC-3 cells, (c) adhesion to matrigel and invasion abilities were elevated in BKPyV-infected RWPE-1 cells, and (d) loss of E-cadherin and expression of vimentin occurred in both uninfected and infected RWPE-1 cells. In conclusion, BKPyV may change some features of the normal prostate cells but is not needed for maintaining the transformed phenotype in the PCa cells The fact that RWPE-1 cells exhibit some phenotype modifications related to EMT represents a limit of this in vitro model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Villani
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Gagliano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Procacci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Sartori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Manola Comar
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo,", Trieste, Italy.,Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Provenzano
- Oncology Research Unit, Department of Urology and Division of Surgical Research, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Evaldo Favi
- Division of Renal Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariano Ferraresso
- Division of Renal Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Pasquale Ferrante
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Serena Delbue
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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10
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Sepúlveda CS, García CC, Damonte EB. Antiviral activity of A771726, the active metabolite of leflunomide, against Junín virus. J Med Virol 2018; 90:819-827. [PMID: 29315647 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of A771726, the active metabolite of leflunomide, (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad against the infection with Junín virus (JUNV), agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF). The treatment with non-cytotoxic concentrations of A771726 of Vero and A549 cells infected with JUNV inhibited virus replication in a dose-dependent manner, as determined by virus yield reduction assay. The antiviral effectiveness of A771726 was not importantly affected by the multiplicity of infection and the virus strain. Moreover, the combination of A771726 and ribavirin had a significantly more potent antiviral activity than each single drug treatment. Mechanistic studies showed that the main action of A771726 is exerted before 6 h of JUNV infection. Accordingly, inhibition of viral RNA synthesis was detected in treated infected cells by real time RT-PCR. The exogenous addition of uridine or orotic acid produced a partial reversal of the inhibitory effect of A771726 on infective virus production whereas a total reversion was detected on JUNV RNA synthesis, probably by restoration of the enzymatic activity of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) and the intracellular pyrimidine pools. In conclusion, these results suggest that the antiviral target would be viral RNA synthesis through pyrimidine depletion, but any other effect of the compound on JUNV infection cannot be excluded. This study opens the possibility of the therapeutic application of a wide spectrum host-targeted compound alone or in combination with ribavirin to combat AHF as well as other human pathogenic arenaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia S Sepúlveda
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica-IQUIBICEN (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cybele C García
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica-IQUIBICEN (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elsa B Damonte
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica-IQUIBICEN (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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11
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Khalil MAM, Khalil MAU, Tan J, Khan TFT. Fluoroquinolones and BK Virus Nephropathy: A Myth or a Reality. Indian J Nephrol 2018; 28:257-264. [PMID: 30158742 PMCID: PMC6094829 DOI: 10.4103/ijn.ijn_251_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKV) is a challenging problem for the transplant nephrologist. Various strategies have been used to prevent or treat BK virus nephropathy (BKVN). These include reduction in immunosuppression, intravenous immune globulin, cidofovir, leflunomide, and the fluoroquinolone antibiotics. All these agents have their own toxicities. Great interest was shown to use fluoroquinolones to prevent BKVN after its useful experience was reported in bone marrow transplant. Fluoroquinolones being cheap and easily available, attracted nephrologists to use it, for prevention of BKVN. These agents have been shown in vitro studies to be effective. However, there are mixed results about their effectiveness in prevention of BKVN in clinical setting. This review will focus the evidence available for using fluoroquinolones in prevention of BKVN and its usefulness. Furthermore, a way forward to use these agents or not for prevention of BKVN will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A M Khalil
- Diaverum Prince Abdul Majeed Renal Centre, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A U Khalil
- Department of Urology, Institute of Kidney Disease, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
| | - J Tan
- Department Nephrology, RIPAS Hospital, Bander Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
| | - T F T Khan
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, King Salman Armed Forces Hospital, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Barth H, Solis M, Kack-Kack W, Soulier E, Velay A, Fafi-Kremer S. In Vitro and In Vivo Models for the Study of Human Polyomavirus Infection. Viruses 2016; 8:E292. [PMID: 27782080 PMCID: PMC5086624 DOI: 10.3390/v8100292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Developments of genome amplification techniques have rapidly expanded the family of human polyomaviruses (PyV). Following infection early in life, PyV persist in their hosts and are generally of no clinical consequence. High-level replication of PyV can occur in patients under immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory therapy and causes severe clinical entities, such as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, polyomavirus-associated nephropathy or Merkel cell carcinoma. The characterization of known and newly-discovered human PyV, their relationship to human health, and the mechanisms underlying pathogenesis remain to be elucidated. Here, we summarize the most widely-used in vitro and in vivo models to study the PyV-host interaction, pathogenesis and anti-viral drug screening. We discuss the strengths and limitations of the different models and the lessons learned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Barth
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR-S 1109, 4 rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Morgane Solis
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR-S 1109, 4 rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Wallys Kack-Kack
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR-S 1109, 4 rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Eric Soulier
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR-S 1109, 4 rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Aurélie Velay
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR-S 1109, 4 rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Samira Fafi-Kremer
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR-S 1109, 4 rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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Vigil D, Konstantinov NK, Barry M, Harford AM, Servilla KS, Kim YH, Sun Y, Ganta K, Tzamaloukas AH. BK nephropathy in the native kidneys of patients with organ transplants: Clinical spectrum of BK infection. World J Transplant 2016; 6:472-504. [PMID: 27683628 PMCID: PMC5036119 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v6.i3.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephropathy secondary to BK virus, a member of the Papoviridae family of viruses, has been recognized for some time as an important cause of allograft dysfunction in renal transplant recipients. In recent times, BK nephropathy (BKN) of the native kidneys has being increasingly recognized as a cause of chronic kidney disease in patients with solid organ transplants, bone marrow transplants and in patients with other clinical entities associated with immunosuppression. In such patients renal dysfunction is often attributed to other factors including nephrotoxicity of medications used to prevent rejection of the transplanted organs. Renal biopsy is required for the diagnosis of BKN. Quantitation of the BK viral load in blood and urine are surrogate diagnostic methods. The treatment of BKN is based on reduction of the immunosuppressive medications. Several compounds have shown antiviral activity, but have not consistently shown to have beneficial effects in BKN. In addition to BKN, BK viral infection can cause severe urinary bladder cystitis, ureteritis and urinary tract obstruction as well as manifestations in other organ systems including the central nervous system, the respiratory system, the gastrointestinal system and the hematopoietic system. BK viral infection has also been implicated in tumorigenesis. The spectrum of clinical manifestations from BK infection and infection from other members of the Papoviridae family is widening. Prevention and treatment of BK infection and infections from other Papovaviruses are subjects of intense research.
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Sahin U, Toprak SK, Atilla PA, Atilla E, Demirer T. An overview of infectious complications after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. J Infect Chemother 2016; 22:505-14. [PMID: 27344206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Infections are the most common and significant cause of mortality and morbidity after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). The presence of neutropenia and mucosal damage are the leading risk factors in the early pre-engraftment phase. In the early post-engraftment phase, graft versus host disease (GvHD) induced infection risk is increased in addition to catheter related infections. In the late phase, in which reconstitution of cellular and humoral immunity continues, as well as the pathogens seen during the early post-engraftment phase, varicella-zoster virus and encapsulated bacterial infections due to impaired opsonization are observed. An appropriate vaccination schedule following the cessation of immunosuppressive treatment after transplantation, intravenous immunoglobulin administration, and antimicrobial prophylaxis with penicillin or macrolide antibiotics during immunosuppressive treatment for GvHD might decrease the risk of bacterial infections. Older age, severe mucositis due to toxicity of chemotherapy, gastrointestinal tract colonization, prolonged neutropenia, unrelated donor and cord blood originated transplantations, acute and chronic GvHD are among the most indicative clinical risk factors for invasive fungal infections. Mold-active anti-fungal prophylaxis is suggested regardless of the period of transplantation among high risk patients. The novel serological methods, including Aspergillus galactomannan antigen and beta-D-glucan detection and computed tomography are useful in surveillance. Infections due to adenovirus, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus are encountered in all phases after allo-HSCT, including pre-engraftment, early post-engraftment and late phases. Infections due to herpes simplex virus-1 and -2 are mostly seen during the pre-engraftment phase, whereas, infections due to cytomegalovirus and human herpes virus-6 are seen in the early post-engraftment phase and Epstein-Barr virus and varicella-zoster virus infections often after +100th day. In order to prevent mortality and morbidity of infections after allo-HSCT, the recipients should be carefully followed-up with appropriate prophylactic measures in the post-transplant period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Sahin
- Ankara University Medical School, Department of Hematology, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Pinar Ataca Atilla
- Ankara University Medical School, Department of Hematology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erden Atilla
- Ankara University Medical School, Department of Hematology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Taner Demirer
- Ankara University Medical School, Department of Hematology, Ankara, Turkey.
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15
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Burger-Calderon R, Webster-Cyriaque J. Human BK Polyomavirus-The Potential for Head and Neck Malignancy and Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:1244-70. [PMID: 26184314 PMCID: PMC4586768 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7030835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the human Polyomaviridae family are ubiquitous and pathogenic among immune-compromised individuals. While only Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) has conclusively been linked to human cancer, all members of the polyomavirus (PyV) family encode the oncoprotein T antigen and may be potentially carcinogenic. Studies focusing on PyV pathogenesis in humans have become more abundant as the number of PyV family members and the list of associated diseases has expanded. BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) in particular has emerged as a new opportunistic pathogen among HIV positive individuals, carrying harmful implications. Increasing evidence links BKPyV to HIV-associated salivary gland disease (HIVSGD). HIVSGD is associated with elevated risk of lymphoma formation and its prevalence has increased among HIV/AIDS patients. Determining the relationship between BKPyV, disease and tumorigenesis among immunosuppressed individuals is necessary and will allow for expanding effective anti-viral treatment and prevention options in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Burger-Calderon
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Jennifer Webster-Cyriaque
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Department of Dental Ecology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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