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Wei L, Wang Y, Peng Y, Zhang G, Tan Q, Gu Y, Zhang M. Suitable Heel Height, a Potential Method for Musculoskeletal Problems during the Third Trimester: A Pilot Study. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:667. [PMID: 39061749 PMCID: PMC11274345 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11070667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment options for third-trimester musculoskeletal issues are limited. This study aims to examine how heel height affects gait biomechanics and provides heel height recommendations for various musculoskeletal problems. METHODS Five third-trimester gravidas were recruited wearing uniform footwear with four heel heights (0 mm, 15 mm, 30 mm, and 45 mm). Lower-limb muscle forces, joint angles, joint torques, joint contact forces, and ground reaction forces (GRF) at specific moments (the first peak, valley, and second peak of GRF) were collected for one-way analysis of variance with repeated measures. RESULTS The soleus, gastrocnemius, tibialis posterior, plantaris, obturator externus, gluteus maximus, gemellus superior, and obturator internus were the smallest at heel heights of 45 mm and 15 mm at the valley of GRF. Hip extension and knee flexion displayed the smallest joint angle and joint torques at a height of 15 mm. Ankle joint contact force decreased with increased heel height. CONCLUSIONS The height of the heel significantly impacts muscle force, joint angles, joint torques, and joint contact force. A heel of 15 mm might be the most suitable heel height to potentially avoid or alleviate musculoskeletal problems during the third trimester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjuan Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China; (L.W.); (G.Z.); (Q.T.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China; (L.W.); (G.Z.); (Q.T.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Research Institute for Sports Science and Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yinghu Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Guoxin Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China; (L.W.); (G.Z.); (Q.T.)
| | - Qitao Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China; (L.W.); (G.Z.); (Q.T.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Research Institute for Sports Science and Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China; (L.W.); (G.Z.); (Q.T.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Research Institute for Sports Science and Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
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Zangão MOB, Poeira AF, Branco M, Santos-Rocha R. Changes in Foot Biomechanics during Pregnancy and Postpartum: Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:638. [PMID: 38791852 PMCID: PMC11121192 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21050638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
(1) Background: During pregnancy, changes in foot biomechanics affect structural stability and gait. (2) Objective: To map the available evidence for changes in foot biomechanics during pregnancy and the postpartum period. (3) Methods: Scoping review according to the methodology of the Joanna Briggs Institute through the relevant databases via EBSCO, MEDLINE with full text, BioOne Complete, CINAHL Plus with full text, Academic Search Complete, and SPORT Discus with full text. The search was conducted in SCOPUS and PubMed. (4) Results: Eight studies were included in the scoping review. Two independent reviewers performed data extraction and synthesized data in narrative form. We found that changes in the length and volume of the foot occur during pregnancy and remain in the postpartum period. (5) Conclusions: During pregnancy, anatomical and biomechanical changes occur in the pregnant woman's foot, potentially contributing to the risk of musculoskeletal disorders. However, more research is needed to determine whether these biomechanical changes can lead to the risk of musculoskeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Otília Brites Zangão
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre, Department of Nursing, Higher School of Nursing, University of Évora, 7000-811 Évora, Portugal;
| | - Ana Filipa Poeira
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre, Department of Nursing, Higher School of Nursing, University of Évora, 7000-811 Évora, Portugal;
- Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Escola Superior de Saúde, Campus do IPS–Estefanilha, 2910-761 Setúbal, Portugal
| | - Marco Branco
- Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Department of Physical Activity and Health, Santarem Polytechnic University, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (M.B.); (R.S.-R.)
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, Santarem Polytechnic University, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Human Performance, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1499-002 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita Santos-Rocha
- Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Department of Physical Activity and Health, Santarem Polytechnic University, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (M.B.); (R.S.-R.)
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, Santarem Polytechnic University, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Human Performance, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1499-002 Lisboa, Portugal
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Allan JJ, Munteanu SE, Bonanno DR, Buldt AK, Choppin S, Bullas A, Pearce N, Menz HB. Methodological and statistical approaches for the assessment of foot shape using three-dimensional foot scanning: a scoping review. J Foot Ankle Res 2023; 16:24. [PMID: 37106385 PMCID: PMC10134589 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-023-00617-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to: (i) review and provide a narrative synthesis of three-dimensional (3D) foot surface scanning methodological and statistical analysis protocols, and (ii) develop a set of recommendations for standardising the reporting of 3D foot scanning approaches. METHODS A systematic search of the SCOPUS, ProQuest, and Web of Science databases were conducted to identify papers reporting 3D foot scanning protocols and analysis techniques. To be included, studies were required to be published in English, have more than ten participants, and involve the use of static 3D surface scans of the foot. Papers were excluded if they reported two-dimensional footprints only, 3D scans that did not include the medial arch, dynamic scans, or derived foot data from a full body scan. RESULTS The search yielded 78 relevant studies from 17 different countries. The available evidence showed a large variation in scanning protocols. The subcategories displaying the most variation included scanner specifications (model, type, accuracy, resolution, capture duration), scanning conditions (markers, weightbearing, number of scans), foot measurements and definitions used, and statistical analysis approaches. A 16-item checklist was developed to improve the consistency of reporting of future 3D scanning studies. CONCLUSION 3D foot scanning methodological and statistical analysis protocol consistency and reporting has been lacking in the literature to date. Improved reporting of the included subcategories could assist in data pooling and facilitate collaboration between researchers. As a result, larger sample sizes and diversification of population groups could be obtained to vastly improve the quantification of foot shape and inform the development of orthotic and footwear interventions and products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie J Allan
- Discipline of Podiatry, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
| | - Shannon E Munteanu
- Discipline of Podiatry, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Daniel R Bonanno
- Discipline of Podiatry, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Andrew K Buldt
- Discipline of Podiatry, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Simon Choppin
- Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S9 3TU, UK
| | - Alice Bullas
- Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S9 3TU, UK
| | - Natalie Pearce
- La Trobe Library, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Hylton B Menz
- Discipline of Podiatry, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
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KEPENEK VAROL B, ODABAŞI D, DOĞAN BE, GÜLENER G, SELÇUK A, YAZICI-GÜLAY M, AKSOY H. ÜÇÜNCÜ TRİMESTERDA AYAKKABI UYGUNLUĞU, DÜŞME KORKUSU VE FİZİKSEL AKTİVİTE ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ. TÜRK FIZYOTERAPI VE REHABILITASYON DERGISI 2023. [DOI: 10.21653/tjpr.1119262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Pregnancy is a time of intense physiologic and physical changes, especially in third trimester. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the footwear suitability, fear of falling and physical activity in third trimester of pregnancy.
Methods: One hundred twenty-three pregnant women aged between 18-40 years and a gestational age of 28 weeks and above were included the study. The Footwear Assessment Score was used to assess the suitability of the footwear. The fear of falling of the participants was measured using the Falls Efficacy Scale-International, and the physical activity level was measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire - short form.
Results: A low negative correlation (r = -0.215; p < 0.05) was found between physical activity and fear of falling, and a low positive correlation (r = 0.256; p < 0.01) was found between footwear suitability and physical activity in pregnant women. There was no statistically significant relationship (r = -0.120; p = 0.185) between footwear suitability and fear of falling.
Conclusion: According to the findings of the current study, it can be concluded that a more appropriate choice of shoes as the level of physical activity increases among pregnant women, and physical activity may reduce the fear of falling during pregnancy. Future studies are needed to investigate footwear suitability during pregnancy in more detail.
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Gianakos AL, Abdelmoneim A, Kerkhoffs GM, DiGiovanni CW. The Pregnant Patient - Why Do My Feet Hurt? J Foot Ankle Surg 2022; 61:1357-1361. [PMID: 35637071 DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Although hormonal and anatomical changes that occur during pregnancy have been well documented, how these changes affect foot and ankle function are less understood. Changes during pregnancy in body mass, body-mass distribution, joint laxity, and muscle strength can all contribute to alterations in gait pattern that can lead to pain or injury to the foot and ankle. This review provides an overview of the various foot and ankle anatomic, biomechanic, and kinematic changes that occur during pregnancy. In addition, this article presents the most common causes of foot and ankle symptoms expressed by the pregnant patient population and discuss the management and treatment of each condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna L Gianakos
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston, MA; Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Gino M Kerkhoffs
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Academic Center of Evidence based Sports medicine (ACES), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports (ACHSS), IOC Research Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Kablan N, Can M, Ayvacı H, Gerçek N, Eroğlu ZA, Özgit B, Tatar Y. Biomechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of the Achilles Tendon and Plantar Fascia in Pregnant Women with Pelvic Girdle Pain: A Case–Control Study. Women Health 2022; 62:476-487. [DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2022.2085843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nilüfer Kablan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, İstanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Can
- Plato Vocational School, Department of Therapy and Rehabilitation, Istanbul Topkapı University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Habibe Ayvacı
- Ministry of Health, Zeynep Kamil Women and Children Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nejla Gerçek
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Ayyıldız Eroğlu
- Ministry of Health, Istanbul Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berk Özgit
- Ministry of Health, Zeynep Kamil Women and Children Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yaşar Tatar
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Yu HB, Li J, Zhang R, Hao WY, Lin JZ, Tai WH. Effects of Jump-Rope-Specific Footwear Selection on Lower Extremity Biomechanics. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9040135. [PMID: 35447695 PMCID: PMC9029270 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9040135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Footwear is among the most important equipment in sports to decrease injuries and enhance performance during exercise. In this study, we investigated differences in lower extremity plantar pressure and muscle activations during jump rope activities. Ten participants performed jump rope under two landing conditions with different footwear. A force platform (AMTI, 1000 Hz), a Novel Pedar-X system (Nove, 100 Hz), and a wireless electromyography (EMG) system (Noraxon, 1500 Hz) were used to measure biomechanical parameters during the jump rope exercise. Vertical ground reaction forces (vGRF), plantar pressure, and lower extremity muscle activations were analyzed. One-leg landing resulted in a significantly greater vGRF and shorter fly time than two-leg landing (p < 0.05). A significantly higher peak pressure and lesser toe (LT) area pressure was shown with the jumping shoe (all p < 0.05), but lower plantar pressure resulted in the middle foot area (p < 0.05). The EMG results of tibialis anterior (TA) were significantly greater with one-leg landing (all p < 0.05) during the pre- and background activity (BGA) phases. The results suggest that plantar pressure distribution should be considered when deciding on footwear during jump rope exercises, but care should be taken with regards to recovery after repeated collisions and fatigue. The jumping shoe provides benefits in terms of decreased plantar pressure sustained during jump rope exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bin Yu
- School of Physical Education, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China; (H.-B.Y.); (R.Z.); (W.-Y.H.)
| | - Jing Li
- College of Textiles and Apparel, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China;
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Physical Education, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China; (H.-B.Y.); (R.Z.); (W.-Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Wei-Ya Hao
- School of Physical Education, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China; (H.-B.Y.); (R.Z.); (W.-Y.H.)
- China Institute of Sport Science, General Administration of Sport of China, Beijing 100061, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Lin
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung 40404, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Hsun Tai
- School of Physical Education, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China; (H.-B.Y.); (R.Z.); (W.-Y.H.)
- Correspondence:
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Influence of pregnancy related anthropometric changes on plantar pressure distribution during gait—A follow-up study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264939. [PMID: 35275934 PMCID: PMC8916641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As foot constitutes the base of support for the whole body, the pregnancy-related anthropometric changes can result in adaptive plantar pressure alterations. The present study aimed to investigate how pregnancy affects foot loading pattern in gait, and if it is related to body adjustments to growing foetus that occur in the course of pregnancy. Methods A prospective longitudinal study included 30 women. Three experimental sessions in accordance with the same procedure were carried out in the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy. First, the anthropometric measures of the body mass and waist circumference were taken. Then walking trials at a self-selected speed along a ~6-m walkway were registered with the FreeMED force platform (Sensor Medica, Italy). Vertical foot pressure was recorded by the force plate located in the middle of the walkway. Findings The correlation of individual foot loading parameters across different trimesters was relatively high. Nevertheless, our results revealed a longitudinal foot arch flattening with the strongest effect in late pregnancy (P = 0.01). The anthropometric characteristics also influenced the foot loading pattern depending on the phase of pregnancy. In particular, arch flattening correlated with the body mass in all trimesters (r≥0.44, P≤0.006) while the medial-lateral loading index correlated only in the first (r = 0.45, P = 0.005) and second (r = 0.36, P = 0.03) trimesters. Waist circumference changes significantly influenced dynamic arch flattening but only in the late pregnancy (r≥0.46, P≤0.004). In the third trimester, a small though significant increase in the right foot angle was observed (P = 0.01). Interpretation The findings provided the characteristics of the relative foot areas loading throughout pregnancy. Growing abdominal size increases the risk of medial arch flattening, which can result in less stable gait. The observed increase in foot angle in late pregnancy may constitute a strategy to enhance gait stability.
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Alcahuz-Griñan M, Nieto-Gil P, Perez-Soriano P, Gijon-Nogueron G. Morphological and Postural Changes in the Foot during Pregnancy and Puerperium: A Longitudinal Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18052423. [PMID: 33801299 PMCID: PMC7967558 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to observe the morphological and postural changes to the foot that take place during pregnancy and the puerperium. Method: In this descriptive, observational, longitudinal study, we analysed 23 pregnant women, with particular attention to morphological and postural aspects of the foot, at three time points during and after pregnancy: in weeks 9-13 of gestation, weeks 32-35 of gestation and weeks 4-6 after delivery. The parameters considered were changes in foot length, the Foot Posture Index (FPI) and the Hernández Corvo Index, which were analysed using a pedigraph and taking into account the Body Mass Index (BMI). The same procedure was conducted in each review. Results: The statistical analyses obtained for each foot did not differ significantly between the three measurement times. A pronator-type footprint was most frequently observed during the third trimester of pregnancy; it was predominantly neutral during the postpartum period. Statistically significant differences between the measurement times were obtained in the right foot for cavus vs. neutral foot type (between the first and third trimesters and also between the first trimester and the puerperium) (in both cases, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Foot length increases in the third trimester and returns to normal in the puerperium. According to FPI findings, the third trimester of pregnancy is characterised by pronation, while the posture returns to neutrality during the postpartum period. During pregnancy, the plantar arch flattens, and this persists during the puerperium. The incidence of cavus foot increases significantly in the third trimester and in the puerperium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monserrat Alcahuz-Griñan
- Department of Nursing and Podiatry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.A.-G.); (P.N.-G.)
| | - Pilar Nieto-Gil
- Department of Nursing and Podiatry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.A.-G.); (P.N.-G.)
| | - Pedro Perez-Soriano
- Research Group in Sport Biomechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Gabriel Gijon-Nogueron
- Department of Nursing and Podiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute (IBIMA), 29010 Malaga, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Special footwear designed for pregnant women and its effect on kinematic gait parameters during pregnancy and postpartum period. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232901. [PMID: 32396578 PMCID: PMC7217473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, an array of changes occurs in women body to enable the growth and development of the future baby and the consequent delivery. These changes are reflected in the range of motion of trunk, pelvis, lower limbs and other body segments, affect the locomotion and some of these changes may persist to the postpartum period. The aim of this study was to describe the changes affecting the gait during pregnancy and to determine the effect of tested footwear on kinematic gait characteristics during pregnancy as previous studies indicate that special orthopaedic insoles and footwear might be useful in prevention of the common musculoskeletal pain and discomfort related to pregnancy. Participants from the control group (n = 18), without any intervention, and the experimental group (n = 23), which was wearing the tested shoes, were measured at their 14, 28 and 37 gestational weeks and 28 weeks postpartum to capture the complete pregnancy-related changes in gait. The gait 3D kinematic data were obtained using Simi Motion System. The differences between the control and experimental group at the first data collection session in most of the analysed variables, as well as relatively high standard deviations of analysed variables indicate large individual differences in the gait pattern. The effect of tested footwear on kinematic gait pattern changes may be explained by its preventive effect against the foot arches falling. In the control group, changes associated previously with the foot arches falling and hindfoot hyperpronation were observed during advanced phases of pregnancy and postpartum, e.g. increase in knee flexion or increase in spinal curvature. For the comprehensive evaluation of the tested footwear on pregnancy gait pattern, future studies combining the kinematic and dynamic plantographic methods are needed.
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Restriction in Pelvis and Trunk Motion in Postpartum Runners Compared With Pre-pregnancy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1097/jwh.0000000000000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gimunová M, Zvonař M, Kolářová K, Janík Z, Mikeska O, Musil R, Ventruba P, Šagat P. Changes in lower extremity blood flow during advancing phases of pregnancy and the effects of special footwear. J Vasc Bras 2018; 16:214-219. [PMID: 29930649 PMCID: PMC5868937 DOI: 10.1590/1677-5449.002617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During pregnancy, a number of changes affecting venous blood flow occur in the circulatory system, such as reduced vein wall tension or increased exposure to collagen fibers. These factors may cause blood stagnation, swelling of the legs, or endothelial damage and consequently lead to development of venous disease. Objectives The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of special footwear designed to improve blood circulation in the feet on venous blood flow changes observed during advancing phases of pregnancy. Methods Thirty healthy pregnant women participated in this study at 25, 30, and 35 weeks of gestation. Participants were allocated at random to an experimental group (n = 15) which was provided with the special footwear, or a control group (n = 15). At each data collection session, Doppler measurements of peak systolic blood flow velocity and cross-sectional area of the right popliteal vein were performed using a MySonoU6 ultrasound machine with a linear transducer (Samsung Medison). The differences were compared using Cohen's d test to calculate effect size. Results With advancing phases of pregnancy, peak systolic velocity in the popliteal vein decreased significantly in the control group, whereas it increased significantly in the experimental group. No significant change in cross-sectional area was observed in any of the groups. Conclusions Findings in the experimental group demonstrated that wearing the footwear tested may prevent venous blood velocity from reducing during advanced phases of pregnancy. Nevertheless, there is a need for further investigation of the beneficial effect on venous flow of the footwear tested and its application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gimunová
- Masaryk University - FSpS MU, Faculty of Sports Studies, Department of Kinesiology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Zvonař
- Masaryk University - FSpS MU, Faculty of Sports Studies, Department of Kinesiology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Kolářová
- Masaryk University - FSpS MU, Faculty of Sports Studies, Department of Kinesiology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Janík
- Masaryk University - FSpS MU, Faculty of Sports Studies, Department of Kinesiology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Mikeska
- Masaryk University - FSpS MU, Faculty of Sports Studies, Department of Kinesiology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Musil
- Masaryk University - FSpS MU, Faculty of Sports Studies, Department of Kinesiology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Ventruba
- Masaryk University - LF MU, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Brno, Czech Republic.,Masaryk University - FN Brno, Faculty Hospital Brno, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Šagat
- Prince Sultan University - PSU, Department of Physical Education, Health and Recreation, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Vico Pardo FJ, López del Amo A, Pardo Rios M, Gijon-Nogueron G, Yuste CC. Changes in foot posture during pregnancy and their relation with musculoskeletal pain: A longitudinal cohort study. Women Birth 2018; 31:e84-e88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wombi.2017.08.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ramachandra P, Kumar P, Kamath A, Maiya AG. Do Structural Changes of the Foot Influence Plantar Pressure Patterns During Various Stages of Pregnancy and Postpartum? Foot Ankle Spec 2017; 10:513-519. [PMID: 28027667 DOI: 10.1177/1938640016685150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The foot of a pregnant woman undergoes morphological changes with the advancement of pregnancy. It is important to understand the structural changes of the foot during pregnancy and postpartum because any such change may alter the plantar pressure pattern and the entire foot biomechanics. METHOD Primigravidae with a gestational age of 12 weeks or less, aged between 18 and 35 years were included in the study. They were prospectively studied across 5 time periods during pregnancy and postpartum. The measures recorded were length, width, navicular height, truncated foot length and normalized navicular height, truncated ratio of the foot, and the static plantar pressure pattern. Repeated-measures ANOVA was done to analyze the changes across various time periods. RESULTS All the foot parameters, except foot length and truncated foot length, showed significant differences across various time periods of pregnancy and postpartum (P < .001). It was found that the static plantar pressures also varied significantly (P ≤ .001).The maximum pressure was recorded at the hindfoot of the dominant leg. CONCLUSION The feet of pregnant women tend to get pronated as pregnancy advances but do not reach baseline values even at 6 weeks postpartum. Pregnant women tend to bear more weight on the dominant foot with an increased static hindfoot pressure as pregnancy progresses. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE Prognostic study, Level I: Prospective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetha Ramachandra
- Department of Physiotherapy, SOAHS Manipal University (PR), Manipal, Karnataka, India.,KMC, Manipal University (PK, AK), Manipal, Karnataka, India.,Manipal College of Allied Health Sciences (AGM), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Pratap Kumar
- Department of Physiotherapy, SOAHS Manipal University (PR), Manipal, Karnataka, India.,KMC, Manipal University (PK, AK), Manipal, Karnataka, India.,Manipal College of Allied Health Sciences (AGM), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Asha Kamath
- Department of Physiotherapy, SOAHS Manipal University (PR), Manipal, Karnataka, India.,KMC, Manipal University (PK, AK), Manipal, Karnataka, India.,Manipal College of Allied Health Sciences (AGM), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Arun G Maiya
- Department of Physiotherapy, SOAHS Manipal University (PR), Manipal, Karnataka, India.,KMC, Manipal University (PK, AK), Manipal, Karnataka, India.,Manipal College of Allied Health Sciences (AGM), Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Varol T, Göker A, Cezayirli E, Özgür S, Tuç Yücel A. Relation between foot pain and plantar pressure in pregnancy. Turk J Med Sci 2017; 47:1104-1108. [PMID: 29154449 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1601-185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim: Hormonal and structural changes that occur during pregnancy cause alterations in body biomechanics. These alterations reach their peak in the last trimester. Adaptive changes that appear in the foot result in pain in the foot and ankle. Pedobarography is a noninvasive measurement method that can be used to understand the origin of such pain. Materials and methods: One hundred and thirty-one pregnant women who did not have a foot or ankle problem prior to pregnancy volunteered to take part in the study. Pain was quantified by a visual analog scale (VAS). A cut-off value of 2.95 was taken to divide the subjects into two groups: Group 1 (n = 70) with VAS scores of <2.95 and Group 2 (n = 61) with VAS scores of ?2.95. Plantar pressure measurements were taken by Tekscan HR Mat using midgait protocol. Results: Forces experienced by the total right foot area, right forefoot, and the midfoot for both feet were significantly higher in Group 2 (P < 0.05). Contact area was significantly larger in Group 2 (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Results indicate that presence and severity of foot pain during pregnancy are related to the force distribution along the foot, especially at midfoot and the contact area.
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