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Krajnak K, Warren C, Xu X, Chapman P, Waugh S, Boots T, Welcome D, Dong R. Applied Force Alters Sensorineural and Peripheral Vascular Function in a Rat Model of Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome. J Occup Environ Med 2024; 66:93-104. [PMID: 37903602 PMCID: PMC10921367 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study described the effects of applied force (grip) on vascular and sensorineural function in an animal model of hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS). METHODS Rat tails were exposed to 0, 2, or 4 N of applied force 4 hr/d for 10 days. Blood flow and sensitivity to transcutaneous electrical stimulation and pressure were measured. RESULTS Applied force increased blood flow but reduced measures of arterial plasticity. Animals exposed to force tended to be more sensitive to 250-Hz electrical stimulation and pressure applied to the tail. CONCLUSIONS Effects of applied force on blood flow and sensation are different than those of vibration. Studies examining co-exposures to force and vibration will provide data that can be used to determine how these factors affect risk of workers developing vascular and sensorineural dysfunction (ie, HAVS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Krajnak
- From the Physical Effects Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
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Khanlari P, Ghasemi F, Heidarimoghdam R. Protective gloves, hand grip strength, and dexterity tests: A comprehensive study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13592. [PMID: 36846696 PMCID: PMC9947274 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Protective gloves can affect hand performance indicators (HPIs) like manual dexterity and hand grip. The present study was conducted to comprehensively and comparatively investigate several types of protective gloves and HPI assessment tools. Seventeen healthy men participated in this study. Four types of protective gloves, two structural firefighting and two general protective gloves, were investigated using four different dexterity tests and the bulb dynamometer. Structural firefighting gloves were significantly different in terms of dexterity, while there was no significant difference between general protective gloves. In contrast, firefighting gloves were not significantly different in terms of hand grip strength, while general protective gloves were significantly different in this regard. Among the four investigated tests, the hand tool dexterity test had the highest discrimination power. The negative effects of structural firefighting gloves on HPIs were higher than those of general protective gloves. A trade-off between safety requirements and hand performance is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Khanlari
- Ergonomics Department and Occupational Health and Safety Research Center, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fakhradin Ghasemi
- Occupational Health and Safety Engineering Department, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran,Corresponding author.
| | - Rashid Heidarimoghdam
- Ergonomics Department and Occupational Health and Safety Research Center, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Yao Y, Rakheja S, Larivière C, Marcotte P. Assessing Increased Activities of the Forearm Muscles Due to Anti-Vibration Gloves: Construct Validity of a Refined Methodology. HUMAN FACTORS 2022; 64:466-481. [PMID: 32885999 DOI: 10.1177/0018720820948303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary aim was to test the construct validity of a surface electromyography (EMG) measurement protocol, indirectly assessing the effects of anti-vibration (AV) gloves on activities of the forearm muscles. BACKGROUND AV gloves impose a relatively higher grip demand and thus a higher risk for musculoskeletal disorders. Consequently, activities of the forearm muscles should be considered when assessing AV glove performance. METHOD Effects of AV gloves on activities of the forearm muscles (ECR: extensor carpi radialis longus; ED: extensor digitorum; FCR: flexor carpi radialis; FDS: flexor digitorum superficialis) were measured via EMG, while gripping a handle with two grip force levels. Fifteen subjects participated with 11 glove conditions, including one with bare hand. RESULTS Activities of ECR, FCR, mean of ECR and FCR (ECR_FCR), and mean of all four muscles were sensitive to wearing gloves. Compared with bare hand, combined ECR_FCR activities increased by 22%-78% (mean = 48%, SD = 28%) with gloves. The correlation coefficient (r) of ECR_FCR activities with glove thickness and manual dexterity scores were 0.74 (p < .05) and 0.90 (p < .001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS A refined EMG methodology was the most sensitive to AV gloves with specific forearm muscles (ECR and FCR) and the 50-N handgrip force. Its construct validity was further substantiated by correlations with glove thickness and manual dexterity. APPLICATION Assessment of the effect of AV gloves on activities of the forearm muscles can yield design guidance for AV gloves to reduce grip exertion by the gloved hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Yao
- 5618 University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- 5618 Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Christian Larivière
- 97890 Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Marcotte
- 97890 Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), Montreal, QC, Canada
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Degan GA, Antonucci A, Coltrinari G, Lippiello D. Problems related to measuring the transmissibility of anti-vibration gloves. Possible efficacy for impact tools used in mining and quarrying activities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2022; 29:704-716. [PMID: 35475952 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2022.2070334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis commentary takes into account some of the most relevant studies investigating the transmissibility of anti-vibration (AV) gloves. AV gloves are almost useless at the palm level in the low frequencies (less than 31.5 Hz), while they generally start to have an appreciable reduction of the vibration over 400 Hz. In their use with impact tools, having a low dominant vibration frequency usually between 25-60 Hz for chipping hammers and drills, and less than 30 Hz for pneumatic breakers, the average transmissibility reduction at the palm level is 13% (min 2% - max 26%) when used with hammers, and 1% (increment of 4% and reduction of 6%) when used with breakers. The transmissibility at the finger level, especially in the low frequencies, is almost nothing or produces an increase of the vibration. Other problems related to the increase of the applied force and the reduction of dexterity are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dario Lippiello
- Department of Engineering, University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
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Xu XS, Welcome DE, McDowell TW, Warren C, Service S, Lin H, Chen Q, Dong RG. An investigation of the effectiveness of vibration-reducing gloves for controlling vibration exposures during grinding handheld workpieces. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2021; 95:103454. [PMID: 33989950 PMCID: PMC8262383 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged and intensive vibration exposures during the grinding of handheld workpieces may cause hand-arm vibration syndrome. The objectives of this study are to develop an on-the-hand method for evaluating vibration-reducing (VR) gloves, and to determine whether VR gloves can significantly reduce the vibration exposures. A worker holding and pressing a typical workpiece (golf club head) against a grinding wheel or belt in order to shape the workpiece was simulated, and the input vibration and those on the workpiece and hand-arm system were measured. Ten human subjects participated in the experiment. The results demonstrate that VR gloves significantly reduced the vibrations at the palm, hand dorsum, and wrist. The grinding interface condition and hand feed force did not substantially affect glove effectiveness. The use of gloves slightly increased the workpiece resonant response, but the resonant response did not significantly affect glove effectiveness. This study concluded that the use of VR gloves can help control vibration exposures of workers performing grinding of handheld workpieces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan S Xu
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Daniel E Welcome
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Thomas W McDowell
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Christopher Warren
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Samantha Service
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Hansheng Lin
- Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingsong Chen
- Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ren G Dong
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
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Alabi O, Gupta SK, Barry O. Theoretical Analysis and Optimization of a Gloved Hand-Arm System. J Biomech Eng 2021; 143:091009. [PMID: 34227655 DOI: 10.1115/1.4051662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that isolators in the form of antivibration (AV) gloves effectively reduce the transmission of unwanted vibration from vibrating equipment to the human hand. However, as most of these studies are based on experimental or modeling techniques, the level of effectiveness and optimum glove properties for better performance remains unclear. To fill this gap, hand-arm system dynamics with and without gloves are studied analytically in this work. In this work, we use a lumped parameter model of the hand-arm system, with hand-tool interaction modeled as a linear spring-damper system. The resulting governing equations of motion are solved analytically using the method of harmonic balance. Parametric analysis is performed on the biomechanical model of the hand-arm system with and without a glove to identify key design parameters. It is observed that the effect of glove parameters on its performance is not repetitive and changes in the studied different frequency ranges. This observation further motivates us to optimize the glove parameters to minimize the overall transmissibility in different frequency ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oreoluwa Alabi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Sunit K Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Oumar Barry
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
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A Method for Analyzing the Effectiveness of Vibration-Reducing Gloves Based on Vibration Power Absorption. VIBRATION 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/vibration4010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of vibration-reducing (VR) gloves is conventionally assessed based on the vibration transmissibility of the gloves. This study proposed a method for analyzing and assessing the effectiveness of VR gloves based on how gloves affect the vibration power absorption (VPA) of the hand–arm system and its distribution. A model of the entire tool–handle–glove–hand–arm system was used to predict the VPA distributed in the glove and across the substructures of the hand–arm system. The ratio of the gloved-VPA and ungloved-VPA in each group of system substructures was calculated and used to quantify VR glove effectiveness, which was termed the VPA-based glove vibration transmissibility in this study. The VPA-based transmissibility values were compared with those determined using to-the-hand and on-the-hand methods. Three types of gloves (ordinary work glove, gel VR glove, and air bubble VR glove) were considered in the modeling analyses. This study made the following findings: the total VPA-based transmissibility spectrum exhibits some similarities with those determined using the other two methods; the VPA-based transmissibility for the wrist–forearm–elbow substructures is identical to that for the upper–arm–shoulder substructures in the model used in this study; each of them is equal to the square of the glove vibration transmissibility determined using the on-the-wrist method or on-the-upper-arm method; the other substructure-specific VPA-based transmissibility spectra exhibit some unique features; the effectiveness of a glove for reducing the overall VPA in the hand–arm system depends on the glove effectiveness for absorbing the vibration energy, which seems to be associated primarily with the glove cushioning materials; the glove may also help protect the fingers or hand by redistributing the VPA across the hand substructures; this redistribution seems to be primarily associated with the glove structural properties, especially the tightness of fit for the glove.
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Yao Y, Rakheja S, Marcotte P. Distributed vibration isolation and manual dexterity of anti-vibration gloves: is there a correlation? ERGONOMICS 2020; 63:735-755. [PMID: 32250726 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2020.1752819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the integrated performance of anti-vibration (AV) gloves in terms of manual dexterity and distributed palm and fingers' vibration transmissibility. Experiments were designed to measure vibration transmission and manual dexterity performance of 10 different gloves using 15 subjects. The results showed all gloves impeded manual dexterity, while five gloves satisfied the AV glove screening criteria. Glove type yielded a significant effect on manual dexterity (p < 0.001) and vibration transmissibility (p ≤ 0.001). Manual dexterity decreased nearly linearly with an increase in glove thickness (p < 0.05), while palm and fingers' vibration transmissibility in high-frequency range was negatively correlated with glove thickness (R2 > 0.70). A strong correlation was evident between glove material stiffness and the H-frequency range palm vibration transmissibility (R2 ≥ 0.8). While the vibration isolation of a glove is strongly related to material properties at the palm, the dexterity performance is dependent on design factors such as thickness and bulkiness. Practitioner summaryAnti-vibration gloves are used to isolate hand from power tools vibration, while these may adversely affect manual dexterity. Vibration isolation was correlated with material properties and thickness, while dexterity was correlated with thickness alone. Glove thickness is a vital parameter for realising a compromise between vibration isolation and manual dexterity. Abbreviations: HTV: hand-transmitted vibration; AV: anti-vibration; MANOVA: multivariate analysis of variance; TR: vibration transmissibility; ASTM: ASTM F2010 standard test; Minnesota: Two-Hand Turning and Placing Minnesota test; rANOVA: repeated-measures analysis of variance; rms: root mean square; CoV: coefficient of variations; S: score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Yao
- CONCAVE Research Center, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Subhash Rakheja
- CONCAVE Research Center, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Pierre Marcotte
- Institut de recherche Robert-Sauve en sante et en securite du travail (IRSST), Montreal, Canada
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Xu XS, Welcome DE, Warren CM, McDowell TW, Dong RG. Development of a finger adapter method for testing and evaluating vibration-reducing gloves and materials. MEASUREMENT : JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL MEASUREMENT CONFEDERATION 2019; 137:362-374. [PMID: 30948862 PMCID: PMC6444365 DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2019.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a convenient and reliable adapter method for testing and evaluating vibration-reducing (VR) gloves and VR materials at the fingers. The general requirements and technical specifications for the design of the new adapter were based on our previous studies of hand-held adapters for vibration measurement and a conceptual model of the fingers-adapter-glove-handle system developed in this study. Two thicknesses (2 mm and 3 mm) of the adapter beam were fabricated using a 3-D printer. Each adapter is a thin beam equipped with a miniature tri-axial accelerometer (1.1 g) mounted at its center, with a total weight ≤ 2.2 g. To measure glove vibration transmissibility, the adapter is held with two gloved fingers; a finger is positioned on each side of the accelerometer. Each end of the adapter beam is slotted between the glove material and the finger. A series of experiments was conducted to evaluate this two-fingers-held adapter method by measuring the transmissibility of typical VR gloves and a sample VR material. The experimental results indicate that the major resonant frequency of the lightweight adapter on the VR material (≥800 Hz) is much higher than the resonant frequencies of the gloved fingers grasping a cylindrical handle (≤300 Hz). The experimental results were repeatable across the test treatments. The basic characteristics of the measured glove vibration transmissibility are consistent with the theoretical predictions based on the biodynamics of the gloved fingers-hand-arm system. The results suggest that VR glove fingers can effectively reduce only high-frequency vibration, and VR effectiveness can be increased by reducing the finger contact force. This study also demonstrated that the finger adapter method can be combined with the palm adapter method prescribed in the standardized glove test, which can double the test efficiency without substantially increasing the expense of the test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan S. Xu
- Corresponding author at: PERB/HELD/NIOSH/CDC, 1095 Willowdale Road, MS L-2027, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA. (X.S. Xu)
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Yao Y, Rakheja S, Gauvin C, Marcotte P, Hamouda K. Evaluation of effects of anti-vibration gloves on manual dexterity. ERGONOMICS 2018; 61:1530-1544. [PMID: 29984624 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2018.1497208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of anti-vibration gloves on manual dexterity and to explore factors affecting the manual dexterity. The manual dexterity of ten different gloves was investigated with 15 adult male subjects via performing two different dexterity tests, namely ASTM F2010 standard test and Two-Hand Turning and Placing Minnesota test. Two-factor repeated-measures analysis of variance was conducted to evaluate the main effects of glove type, test method and their interaction effect on manual dexterity. Results suggested that glove type yielded significant effect on manual dexterity (p < .001), while no significant difference was observed between test methods (p = .112). The interaction effect of glove type and test method also revealed a significant difference (p = .009). The manual dexterity decreased nearly linearly with increase in the glove thickness, which further showed a moderately significant difference on the number of drops during the tests. Practitioner Summary: Anti-vibration gloves may adversely affect manual dexterity and work precision, which may discourage their usage. This article presented a study of manual dexterity performance of anti-vibration gloves and the design factors affecting the manual dexterity. The results were discussed in view of a design guidance for improved hand dexterity, which would encourage the use of anti-vibration gloves in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Yao
- a CONCAVE Research Center , Concordia University , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - Subhash Rakheja
- a CONCAVE Research Center , Concordia University , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - Chantal Gauvin
- b Institut de recherche Robert-Sauve en sante et en securite du travail (IRSST) , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - Pierre Marcotte
- b Institut de recherche Robert-Sauve en sante et en securite du travail (IRSST) , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - Karim Hamouda
- a CONCAVE Research Center , Concordia University , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
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Md Rezali KA, Griffin MJ. Transmission of vibration through glove materials: effects of contact force. ERGONOMICS 2018; 61:1246-1258. [PMID: 29628001 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2018.1462407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated effects of applied force on the apparent mass of the hand, the dynamic stiffness of glove materials and the transmission of vibration through gloves to the hand. For 10 subjects, 3 glove materials and 3 contact forces, apparent masses and glove transmissibilities were measured at the palm and at a finger at frequencies in the range 5-300 Hz. The dynamic stiffnesses of the materials were also measured. With increasing force, the dynamic stiffnesses of the materials increased, the apparent mass at the palm increased at frequencies greater than the resonance and the apparent mass at the finger increased at low frequencies. The effects of force on transmissibilities therefore differed between materials and depended on vibration frequency, but changes in apparent mass and dynamic stiffness had predictable effects on material transmissibility. Depending on the glove material, the transmission of vibration through a glove can be increased or decreased when increasing the applied force. Practitioner summary: Increasing the contact force (i.e. push force or grip force) can increase or decrease the transmission of vibration through a glove. The vibration transmissibilities of gloves should be assessed with a range of contact forces to understand their likely influence on the exposure of the hand and fingers to vibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairil Anas Md Rezali
- a Human Factors Research Unit, Institute of Sound and Vibration Research , University of Southampton , Southampton , UK
- b Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Malaysia
| | - Michael J Griffin
- a Human Factors Research Unit, Institute of Sound and Vibration Research , University of Southampton , Southampton , UK
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The Effects of Industrial Protective Gloves and Hand Skin Temperatures on Hand Grip Strength and Discomfort Rating. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14121506. [PMID: 29207573 PMCID: PMC5750924 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14121506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Daily working activities and functions require a high contribution of hand and forearm muscles in executing grip force. To study the effects of wearing different gloves on grip strength, under a variety of hand skin temperatures, an assessment of the maximum grip strength was performed with 32 healthy male workers with a mean age (standard deviation) of 30.44 (5.35) years wearing five industrial gloves at three hand skin temperatures. Their ages and anthropometric characteristics including body mass index (BMI), hand length, hand width, hand depth, hand palm, and wrist circumference were measured. The hand was exposed to different bath temperatures (5 °C, 25 °C, and 45 °C) and hand grip strength was measured using a Jamar hydraulic hand dynamometer with and without wearing the gloves (chemical protection glove, rubber insulating glove, anti-vibration impact glove, cotton yarn knitted glove, and RY-WG002 working glove). The data were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, Pearson correlation coefficient, Tukey test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the within-subject design analysis. The results showed that wearing gloves significantly affected the maximum grip strength. Wearing the RY-WG002 working glove produced a greater reduction on the maximum grip when compared with the bare hand, while low temperatures (5 °C) had a significant influence on grip when compared to medium (25 °C) and high (45 °C) hand skin temperatures. In addition, participants felt more discomfort in both environmental extreme conditions. Furthermore, they reported more discomfort while wearing neoprene, rubber, and RY-WG002 working gloves.
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