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Collins ND, Widen SG, Li L, Swetnam DM, Shi PY, Tesh RB, Sarathy VV. Inter- and intra-lineage genetic diversity of wild-type Zika viruses reveals both common and distinctive nucleotide variants and clusters of genomic diversity. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:1126-1138. [PMID: 31355708 PMCID: PMC6711133 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1645572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) strains belong to the East African, West African, and Asian/American phylogenetic lineages. RNA viruses, like ZIKV, exist as populations of genetically-related sequences whose heterogeneity may impact viral fitness, evolution, and virulence. Genetic diversity of representative ZIKVs from each lineage was examined using next generation sequencing (NGS) paired with downstream entropy and single nucleotide variant (SNV) analysis. Comparisons showed that inter-lineage diversity was statistically supported, while intra-lineage diversity. Intra-lineage diversity was significant for East but not West Africa strains. Furthermore, intra-lineage diversity for the Asian/American lineage was not supported for human serum isolates; however, a placenta isolate differed significantly. Relative in the pre-membrane/membrane (prM/M) gene of several ZIKV strains. Additionally, the East African lineage contained a greater number of synonymous SNVs, while a greater number of non-synonymous SNVs were identified for American strains. Further, inter-lineage SNVs were dispersed throughout the genome, whereas intra-lineage non-synonymous SNVs for Asian/American strains clustered within prM/M and NS1 gene. This comprehensive analysis of ZIKV genetic diversity provides a repository of SNV positions across lineages. We posit that increased non-synonymous SNV populations and increased relative genetic diversity of the prM/M and NS1 proteins provides more evidence for their role in ZIKV virulence and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie D Collins
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , USA
| | - Steven G Widen
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , USA
| | - Li Li
- c Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , USA
| | - Daniele M Swetnam
- d Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine at University of California , Davis , USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , USA
| | - Robert B Tesh
- c Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , USA
| | - Vanessa V Sarathy
- c Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , USA.,e Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , USA
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2
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Woon YL, Lim MF, Tg Abd Rashid TR, Thayan R, Chidambaram SK, Syed Abdul Rahim SS, Mudin RN, Sivasampu S. Zika virus infection in Malaysia: an epidemiological, clinical and virological analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:152. [PMID: 30760239 PMCID: PMC6375198 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3786-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major outbreak of the Zika virus (ZIKV) has been reported in Brazil in 2015. Since then, it spread further to other countries in the Americas and resulted in declaration of the Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) by World Health Organization. In 2016, Singapore reported its first minor ZIKV epidemic. Malaysia shares similar ecological environment as Brazil and Singapore which may also favor ZIKV transmission. However, no ZIKV outbreak has been reported in Malaysia to date. This study aimed to discuss all confirmed ZIKV cases captured under Malaysia ZIKV surveillance system after declaration of the PHEIC; and explore why Malaysia did not suffer a similar ZIKV outbreak as the other two countries. METHODS This was an observational study reviewing all confirmed ZIKV cases detected in Malaysia through the ZIKV clinical surveillance and Flavivirus laboratory surveillance between June 2015 and December 2017. All basic demographic characteristics, co-morbidities, clinical, laboratory and outcome data of the confirmed ZIKV cases were collected from the source documents. RESULTS Only eight out of 4043 cases tested positive for ZIKV infection during that period. The median age of infected patients was 48.6 years and majority was Chinese. Two of the subjects were pregnant. The median interval between the onset of disease and the first detection of ZIKV Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) in body fluid was 3 days. Six cases had ZIKV RNA detected in both serum and urine samples. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that isolates from the 7 cases of ZIKV infection came from two clusters, both of which were local circulating strains. CONCLUSION Despite similar ecological background characteristics, Malaysia was not as affected by the recent ZIKV outbreak compared to Brazil and Singapore. This could be related to pre-existing immunity against ZIKV in this population, which developed after the first introduction of the ZIKV in Malaysia decades ago. A serosurvey to determine the seroprevalence of ZIKV in Malaysia was carried out in 2017. The differences in circulating ZIKV strains could be another reason as to why Malaysia seemed to be protected from an outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liang Woon
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, National Clinical Research Centre, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Level 2, Block B4, National Institute of Health, Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Seksyen U13, 40170, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Mei Fong Lim
- Healthcare Statistics Unit, National Clinical Research Centre, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Level 4, Block B4, National Institute of Health, Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Seksyen U13, 40170, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Tg Rogayah Tg Abd Rashid
- Virology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, 50588, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ravindran Thayan
- Virology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, 50588, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Suresh Kumar Chidambaram
- Department of General Medicine, Hospital Sungai Buloh, Jalan Hospital, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | | | - Rose Nani Mudin
- Sector of Vector-Borne Disease, Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, 62590, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Sheamini Sivasampu
- Healthcare Statistics Unit, National Clinical Research Centre, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Level 4, Block B4, National Institute of Health, Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Seksyen U13, 40170, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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3
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Higuera A, Ramírez JD. Molecular epidemiology of dengue, yellow fever, Zika and Chikungunya arboviruses: An update. Acta Trop 2019; 190:99-111. [PMID: 30444971 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Arboviruses are a group of viruses transmitted by arthropods. They are characterized by a wide geographic distribution, which is associated with the presence of the vector, and cause asymptomatic infections or febrile diseases in humans in both enzootic and urban cycles. Recent reports of human infections caused by viruses such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya have raised concern regarding public health, and have led to the re-evaluation of surveillance mechanisms and measures to control the transmission of these arboviruses. Viruses such as Mayaro and Usutu are not currently responsible for a high number of symptomatic infections in humans, but should remain under epidemiological surveillance to avoid the emergence of new epidemics, as happened with Zika virus, that are associated with new or more severe symptoms. Additionally, significant variation has been observed in these viruses, giving rise to different lineages. Until recently, the emergence of new lineages has primarily been related to geographical distribution and dispersion, allowing us to ascertain the possible origins and direction of expansion of each virus type, and to make predictions regarding regions where active infections in humans are likely to occur. Therefore, this review is focused on untangling the molecular epidemiology of Dengue, Yellow fever, Zika and Chikungunya due to their recent epidemics in Latinamerica but provides an update on the geographical distribution globally of these viral variants, and outlines the need for further understanding of the genotypes/lineages assignment.
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Poveda-Cuevas S, Etchebest C, Barroso da Silva FL. Insights into the ZIKV NS1 Virology from Different Strains through a Fine Analysis of Physicochemical Properties. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:16212-16229. [PMID: 31458257 PMCID: PMC6643396 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The flavivirus genus has several organisms responsible for generating various diseases in humans. Recently, especially in tropical regions, Zika virus (ZIKV) has raised great health concerns due to the high number of cases affecting the area during the last years that has been accompanied by a rise in the cases of the Guillain-Barré syndrome and fetal and neonatal microcephaly. Diagnosis is still difficult since the clinical symptoms between ZIKV and other flaviviruses (e.g., dengue and yellow fever) are highly similar. The understanding of their common physicochemical properties that are pH-dependent and biomolecular interaction features and their differences sheds light on the relation strain-virulence and might suggest alternative strategies toward differential serological diagnostics and therapeutic intervention. Due to their immunogenicity, the primary focus of this study was on the ZIKV nonstructural proteins 1 (NS1). By means of computational studies and semiquantitative theoretical analyses, we calculated the main physicochemical properties of this protein from different strains that are directly responsible for the biomolecular interactions and, therefore, can be related to the differential infectivity of the strains. We also mapped the electrostatic differences at both the sequence and structural levels for the strains from Uganda to Brazil, which could suggest possible molecular mechanisms for the increase of the virulence of ZIKV in Brazil. Exploring the interfaces used by NS1 to self-associate in some different oligomeric states and interact with membranes and the antibody, we could map the strategy used by the ZIKV during its evolutionary process. This indicates possible molecular mechanisms that can be correlated with the different immunological responses. By comparing with the known antibody structure available for the West Nile virus, we demonstrated that this antibody would have difficulties to neutralize the NS1 from the Brazilian strain. The present study also opens up perspectives to computationally design high-specificity antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio
A. Poveda-Cuevas
- Programa
Interunidades em Bioinformática, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
- Departamento
de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de
São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
- University
of São Paulo and Université Sorbonne Paris Cité
Joint International Laboratory in Structural Bioinformatics
| | - Catherine Etchebest
- Institut
National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris 75015, France
- Biologie
Intégrée du Globule Rouge, Equipe 2, Dynamique des Structures
et des Interactions Moléculaires, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale,
UMR_S 1134, Paris 75015, France
- Université
Sorbonne Paris Cité and Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
- University
of São Paulo and Université Sorbonne Paris Cité
Joint International Laboratory in Structural Bioinformatics
| | - Fernando L. Barroso da Silva
- Programa
Interunidades em Bioinformática, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
- Departamento
de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de
São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
- University
of São Paulo and Université Sorbonne Paris Cité
Joint International Laboratory in Structural Bioinformatics
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- E-mail: and
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Campos MC, Dombrowski JG, Phelan J, Marinho CRF, Hibberd M, Clark TG, Campino S. Zika might not be acting alone: Using an ecological study approach to investigate potential co-acting risk factors for an unusual pattern of microcephaly in Brazil. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201452. [PMID: 30110370 PMCID: PMC6093667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus infections can cause a range of neurologic disorders including congenital microcephaly. However, while Zika infections have been notified across all regions in Brazil, there has been an unusual number of congenital microcephaly case notifications concentrated in the Northeast of the country. To address this observation, we investigated epidemiological data (2014–2016) on arbovirus co-distribution, environmental and socio-economic factors for each region in Brazil. Data on arbovirus reported cases and microcephaly were collected from several Brazilian Ministry of Health databases for each Federal unit. These were complemented by environmental management, social economic and Aedes aegypti infestation index data, extracted from multiple databases. Spatial time “ecological” analysis on the number of arboviruses transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes in Brazil show that the distribution of dengue and Zika was widespread in the whole country, with higher incidence in the West-Central region. However, reported chikungunya cases were higher in the Northeast, the region also with the highest number of microcephaly cases registered. Social economic factors (human development index and poverty index) and environmental management (water supply/storage and solid waste management) pointed the Northeast as the less wealthy region. The Northeast is also the region with the highest risk of Aedes aegypti house infestation due to the man-made larval habitats. In summary, the results of our ecological analysis support the hypothesis that the unusual distribution of microcephaly might not be due to Zika infection alone and could be accentuated by poverty and previous or co-infection with other pathogens. Our study reinforces the link between poverty and the risk of disease and the need to understand the effect on pathogenesis of sequential exposure to arboviruses and co-viral infections. Comprehensive large-scale cohort studies are required to corroborate our findings. We recommend that the list of infectious diseases screened, particularly during pregnancy, be regularly updated to include and effectively differentiate all viruses from ongoing outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica C. Campos
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Jamille G. Dombrowski
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jody Phelan
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claudio R. F. Marinho
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Martin Hibberd
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Taane G. Clark
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susana Campino
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Jun SR, Wassenaar TM, Wanchai V, Patumcharoenpol P, Nookaew I, Ussery DW. Suggested mechanisms for Zika virus causing microcephaly: what do the genomes tell us? BMC Bioinformatics 2017; 18:471. [PMID: 29297281 PMCID: PMC5751795 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-017-1894-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging human pathogen. Since its arrival in the Western hemisphere, from Africa via Asia, it has become a serious threat to pregnant women, causing microcephaly and other neuropathies in developing fetuses. The mechanisms behind these teratogenic effects are unknown, although epidemiological evidence suggests that microcephaly is not associated with the original, African lineage of ZIKV. The sequences of 196 published ZIKV genomes were used to assess whether recently proposed mechanistic explanations for microcephaly are supported by molecular level changes that may have increased its virulence since the virus left Africa. For this we performed phylogenetic, recombination, adaptive evolution and tetramer frequency analyses, and compared protein sequences for the presence of protease cleavage sites, Pfam domains, glycosylation sites, signal peptides, trans-membrane protein domains, and phosphorylation sites. Results Recombination events within or between Asian and Brazilian lineages were not observed, and likewise there were no differences in protease cleavage, glycosylation sites, signal peptides or trans-membrane domains between African and Brazilian strains. The frequency of Retinoic Acid Response Element (RARE) sequences was increased in Brazilian strains. Genetic adaptation was also apparent by tetramer signatures that had undergone major changes in the past but has stabilized in the Brazilian lineage despite subsequent geographic spread, suggesting the viral population presently propagates in the same host species in various regions. Evidence for selection pressure was recognized for several amino acid sites in the Brazilian lineage compared to the African lineage, mainly in nonstructural proteins, especially protein NS4B. A number of these positively selected mutations resulted in an increased potential to be phosphorylated in the Brazilian lineage compared to the African linage, which may have increased their potential to interfere with neural fetal development. Conclusions ZIKV seems to have adapted to a limited number of hosts, including humans, during which its virulence increased. Its protein NS4B, together with NS4A, has recently been shown to inhibit Akt-mTOR signaling in human fetal neural stem cells, a key pathway for brain development. We hypothesize that positive selection of novel phosphorylation sites in the protein NS4B of the Brazilian lineage could interfere with phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR, impairing Akt-mTOR signaling and this may result in an increased risk for developmental neuropathies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12859-017-1894-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Ran Jun
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - Trudy M Wassenaar
- Molecular Microbiology and Genomics Consultants, Zotzenheim, Germany
| | - Visanu Wanchai
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Preecha Patumcharoenpol
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Intawat Nookaew
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - David W Ussery
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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7
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Rocha LB, Alves RPDS, Caetano BA, Pereira LR, Mitsunari T, Amorim JH, Polatto JM, Botosso VF, Gallina NMF, Palacios R, Precioso AR, Granato CFH, Oliveira DBL, Silveira VBD, Luz D, Ferreira LCDS, Piazza RMF. Epitope Sequences in Dengue Virus NS1 Protein Identified by Monoclonal Antibodies. Antibodies (Basel) 2017; 6:antib6040014. [PMID: 31548529 PMCID: PMC6698852 DOI: 10.3390/antib6040014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) is a multi-functional glycoprotein with essential functions both in viral replication and modulation of host innate immune responses. NS1 has been established as a good surrogate marker for infection. In the present study, we generated four anti-NS1 monoclonal antibodies against recombinant NS1 protein from dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV2), which were used to map three NS1 epitopes. The sequence 193AVHADMGYWIESALNDT209 was recognized by monoclonal antibodies 2H5 and 4H1BC, which also cross-reacted with Zika virus (ZIKV) protein. On the other hand, the sequence 25VHTWTEQYKFQPES38 was recognized by mAb 4F6 that did not cross react with ZIKV. Lastly, a previously unidentified DENV2 NS1-specific epitope, represented by the sequence 127ELHNQTFLIDGPETAEC143, is described in the present study after reaction with mAb 4H2, which also did not cross react with ZIKV. The selection and characterization of the epitope, specificity of anti-NS1 mAbs, may contribute to the development of diagnostic tools able to differentiate DENV and ZIKV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rubens Prince Dos Santos Alves
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, SP, Brazil.
| | - Bruna Alves Caetano
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-900 SP, Brazil.
| | - Lennon Ramos Pereira
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, SP, Brazil.
| | - Thais Mitsunari
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-900 SP, Brazil.
| | - Jaime Henrique Amorim
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Ricardo Palacios
- Divisão de Ensaios Clínicos e Farmacovigilância, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-900, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Celso Francisco Hernandes Granato
- Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, 04023-062, SP, Brazil.
| | - Danielle Bruna Leal Oliveira
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular e Clínica, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, SP, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Barbosa da Silveira
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular e Clínica, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, SP, Brazil.
| | - Daniela Luz
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-900 SP, Brazil.
| | - Luís Carlos de Souza Ferreira
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, SP, Brazil.
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Morris G, Barichello T, Stubbs B, Köhler CA, Carvalho AF, Maes M. Zika Virus as an Emerging Neuropathogen: Mechanisms of Neurovirulence and Neuro-Immune Interactions. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:4160-4184. [PMID: 28601976 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging arbovirus of the genus Flaviviridae, which causes a febrile illness and has spread from across the Pacific to the Americas in a short timeframe. Convincing evidence has implicated the ZIKV to incident cases of neonatal microcephaly and a set of neurodevelopmental abnormalities referred to as the congenital Zika virus syndrome. In addition, emerging data points to an association with the ZIKV and the development of the so-called Guillain-Barre syndrome, an acute autoimmune polyneuropathy. Accumulating knowledge suggests that neurovirulent strains of the ZIKV have evolved from less pathogenic lineages of the virus. Nevertheless, mechanisms of neurovirulence and host-pathogen neuro-immune interactions remain incompletely elucidated. This review provides a critical discussion of genetic and structural alterations in the ZIKV which could have contributed to the emergence of neurovirulent strains. In addition, a mechanistic framework of neuro-immune mechanisms related to the emergence of neuropathology after ZIKV infection is discussed. Recent advances in knowledge point to avenues for the development of a putative vaccine as well as novel therapeutic strategies. Nevertheless, there are unique unmet challenges that need to be addressed in this regard. Finally, a research agenda is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Tir Na Nog, Bryn Road seaside 87, Llanelli, Wales, SA15 2LW, UK
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratory of Experimental Microbiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.,Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AZ, UK.,Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.,Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Anglia Ruskin University, Bishop Hall Lane, Chelmsford, CM1 1SQ, UK
| | - Cristiano A Köhler
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - André F Carvalho
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Michael Maes
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia. .,Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil. .,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Revitalis, Waalre, The Netherlands. .,Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
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9
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A Zika virus from America is more efficiently transmitted than an Asian virus by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes from Asia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1215. [PMID: 28450714 PMCID: PMC5430906 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01282-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika is a mosquito-borne disease associated with neurological disorders that causes an on-going pandemic. The first outbreak was recorded in Micronesia in 2007, then in French Polynesia in 2014 from which it spread to South America in 2015 and ignited a widespread epidemic. Interestingly, Zika outbreaks in Asia remained of moderate intensity although the virus is circulating. To understand these epidemiological variations, we investigated the entomological determinants of ZIKV transmission in Asia. We used oral infection of mosquitoes collected in Singapore to identify the vector species, to quantify the blood infection threshold and to compare transmissibility between an Asian ZIKV strain (H/PF13) and an American strain collected in Brazil (BE H 815744). We have confirmed the vector status of Aedes aegypti and determined that 103 pfu/ml of blood is sufficient to infect mosquitoes. We showed that only the American strain was present in the saliva 3 days post-infection, and that this strain had a 30–40% higher rate of saliva infection in Ae. aegypti from 3 to 14 days post-infection than the Asian strain. Our data suggests that American strains are more efficiently transmitted than Asian strains, which raises concerns about the introduction of American strains in Asia.
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