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Yang L, Zheng Y, Miao YM, Yan WX, Geng YZ, Dai Y, Wei ZF. Bergenin, a PPARγ agonist, inhibits Th17 differentiation and subsequent neutrophilic asthma by preventing GLS1-dependent glutaminolysis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:963-976. [PMID: 34267342 PMCID: PMC8975945 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00717-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bergenin is a natural PPARγ agonist that can prevent neutrophil aggregation, and often be used in clinics for treating respiratory diseases. Recent data show that Th17 cells are important for neutrophil aggregation and asthma through secreting IL-17A. In this study, we investigated the effects of bergenin on Th17 differentiation in vitro and subsequent neutrophilic asthma in mice. Naïve T cells isolated from mouse mesenteric lymph nodes were treated with IL-23, TGF-β, and IL-6 to induce Th17 differentiation. We showed that in naïve T cells under Th17-polarizing condition, the addition of bergenin (3, 10, 30 μM) concentration-dependently decreased the percentage of CD4+ IL-17A+ T cells and mRNA expression of specific transcription factor RORγt, and function-related factors IL-17A/F, IL-21, and IL-22, but did not affect the cell vitality and apoptosis. Furthermore, bergenin treatment prevented GLS1-dependent glutaminolysis in the progress of Th17 differentiation, slightly affected the levels of SLC1A5, SLC38A1, GLUD1, GOT1, and GPT2. Glutamine deprivation, the addition of glutamate (1 mM), α-ketoglutarate (1 mM), or GLS1 plasmid all significantly attenuated the above-mentioned actions of bergenin. Besides, we demonstrated that bergenin (3, 10, and 30 μM) concentration-dependently activated PPARγ in naïve T cells, whereas PPARγ antagonist GW9662 and siPPARγ abolished bergenin-caused inhibition on glutaminolysis and Th17 differentiation. Furthermore, we revealed that bergenin inhibited glutaminolysis by regulating the level of CDK1, phosphorylation and degradation of Cdh1, and APC/C-Cdh1-mediated ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation of GLS1 after activating PPARγ. We demonstrated a correlation existing among bergenin-affected GLS1-dependent glutaminolysis, PPARγ, "CDK1-APC/C-Cdh1" signaling, and Th17 differentiation. Finally, the therapeutic effect and mechanisms for bergenin-inhibited Th17 responses and neutrophilic asthma were confirmed in a mouse model of neutrophilic asthma by administration of GW9662 or GLS1 overexpression plasmid in vivo. In conclusion, bergenin repressed Th17 differentiation and then alleviated neutrophilic asthma in mice by inhibiting GLS1-dependent glutaminolysis via regulating the "CDK1-APC/C-Cdh1" signaling after activating PPARγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yang
- grid.254147.10000 0000 9776 7793Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Yun Zheng
- grid.254147.10000 0000 9776 7793Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Yu-meng Miao
- grid.254147.10000 0000 9776 7793Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Wen-xin Yan
- grid.254147.10000 0000 9776 7793Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Yan-zhi Geng
- grid.254147.10000 0000 9776 7793Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Yue Dai
- grid.254147.10000 0000 9776 7793Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Zhi-feng Wei
- grid.254147.10000 0000 9776 7793Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
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Development of mode of action networks related to the potential role of PPARγ in respiratory diseases. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105821. [PMID: 34403731 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a key transcription factor, operating at the intercept of metabolic control and immunomodulation. It is ubiquitously expressed in multiple tissues and organs, including lungs. There is a growing body of information supporting the role of PPARγ signalling in respiratory diseases. The aim of the present study was to develop mode of action (MoA) networks reflecting the relationships between PPARγ signalling and the progression/alleviation of a spectrum of lung pathologies. Data mining was performed using the resources of the NIH PubMed and PubChem information systems. By linking available data on pathological/therapeutic effects of PPARγ modulation, knowledge-based MoA networking at different levels of biological organization (molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, and system) was performed. Multiple MoA networks were developed to relate PPARγ modulation to the progress or the alleviation of pulmonary disorders, triggered by diverse pathogenic, genetic, chemical, or mechanical factors. Pharmacological targeting of PPARγ signalling was discussed with regard to ligand- and cell type-specific effects in the context of distinct disease inductor- and disease stage-dependent patterns. The proposed MoA networking analysis allows for a better understanding of the potential role of PPARγ modulation in lung pathologies. It presents a mechanistically justified basis for further computational, experimental, and clinical monitoring studies on the dynamic control of PPARγ signalling in respiratory diseases.
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Santos RVC, Cunha EGC, de Mello GSV, Rizzo JÂ, de Oliveira JF, do Carmo Alves de Lima M, da Rocha Pitta I, da Rocha Pitta MG, de Melo Rêgo MJB. New Oxazolidines Inhibit the Secretion of IFN-γ and IL-17 by PBMCS from Moderate to Severe Asthmatic Patients. Med Chem 2021; 17:289-297. [PMID: 32914717 DOI: 10.2174/1573406416666200910151950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Moderate to severe asthma could be induced by diverse proinflammatory cytokines, as IL-17 and IFN-γ, which are also related to treatment resistance and airway hyperresponsiveness. Oxazolidines emerged as a novel approach for asthma treatment, since some chemical peculiarities were suggested by previous studies. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to evaluate the IL-17A and IFN-γ modulatory effect of two new oxazolidine derivatives (LPSF/NB-12 and -13) on mononucleated cells of patients with moderate and severe asthma. METHODS The study first looked at potential targets for oxazolidine derivatives using SWISS-ADME. After the synthesis of the compounds, cytotoxicity and cytokine levels were analyzed. RESULTS We demonstrated that LPSF/NB-12 and -13 reduced IFN-γ and IL-17 production in peripheral blood mononucleated cells from asthmatic patients in a concentrated manner. Our in silico analysis showed the neurokinin-1 receptor as a common target for both compounds, which is responsible for diverse proinflammatory effects of moderate and severe asthma. CONCLUSION The work demonstrated a novel approach against asthma, which deserves further studies of its mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Virgínia Cavalcanti Santos
- Laboratorio de Imunomodulacao e Novas Abordagens Terapeuticas (LINAT), Nucleo de Pesquisa em Inovacao Terapeutica Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Eudes Gustavo Constantino Cunha
- Laboratorio de Imunomodulacao e Novas Abordagens Terapeuticas (LINAT), Nucleo de Pesquisa em Inovacao Terapeutica Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Souto Vieira de Mello
- Laboratorio de Imunomodulacao e Novas Abordagens Terapeuticas (LINAT), Nucleo de Pesquisa em Inovacao Terapeutica Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - José Ângelo Rizzo
- Servico de Pneumologia, Hospital das Clinicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Jamerson Ferreira de Oliveira
- Laboratorio de Quimica e Inovacao Terapeutica (LQIT), Departamento de Antibioticos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Maria do Carmo Alves de Lima
- Laboratorio de Quimica e Inovacao Terapeutica (LQIT), Departamento de Antibioticos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Ivan da Rocha Pitta
- Laboratorio de Imunomodulacao e Novas Abordagens Terapeuticas (LINAT), Nucleo de Pesquisa em Inovacao Terapeutica Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Maira Galdino da Rocha Pitta
- Laboratorio de Imunomodulacao e Novas Abordagens Terapeuticas (LINAT), Nucleo de Pesquisa em Inovacao Terapeutica Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Moacyr Jesus Barreto de Melo Rêgo
- Laboratorio de Imunomodulacao e Novas Abordagens Terapeuticas (LINAT), Nucleo de Pesquisa em Inovacao Terapeutica Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Darwesh MAS, Abd Alhaleem IS, Al-Obaidy MWS. The Correlation Between Asthma Severity and Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES 2020; 2. [DOI: 10.24018/ejmed.2020.2.2.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Background—The prognosis is essential in management and follows up of asthmatic patients. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio is considered as the common prognostic marker for many diseases especially the asthma.
Aim of study—To assess the relationship between asthma severity and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in comparison to healthy controls.
Patients and methods—This study is a cross sectional study conducted in Respiratory Consultancy Clinic in Baghdad Teaching Hospital in Medical City during the period from 1st of October, 2018 to 31st of March, 2019 on sample of 50 asthmatic patients and 50 healthy controls. The diagnosis of asthma was confirmed by the supervisor through clinical symptoms, signs, spirometery with reversibility test (according to GINA guideline.).
Results—A highly significant difference was observed between asthmatic cases and controls regarding age (p<0.001). A significant association was observed between obesity and asthmatic cases (p=0.001). There was a highly significant association between high neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and asthmatic cases (p<0.001). The neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio was significantly increased with advanced age, females, severe and uncontrolled asthma.
Conclusions—The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio is useful biomarker in assessment of asthma severity.
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Kytikova OY, Perelman JM, Novgorodtseva TP, Denisenko YK, Kolosov VP, Antonyuk MV, Gvozdenko TA. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors as a Therapeutic Target in Asthma. PPAR Res 2020; 2020:8906968. [PMID: 32395125 PMCID: PMC7201810 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8906968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of the pathogenetic mechanisms of the development of chronic inflammation in asthma determines its heterogeneity and insufficient treatment effectiveness. Nuclear transcription factors, which include peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, that is, PPARs, play an important role in the regulation of initiation and resolution of the inflammatory process. The ability of PPARs to modulate not only lipid homeostasis but also the activity of the inflammatory response makes them an important pathogenetic target in asthma therapy. At present, special attention is focused on natural (polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), endocannabinoids, and eicosanoids) and synthetic (fibrates, thiazolidinediones) PPAR ligands and the study of signaling mechanisms involved in the implementation of their anti-inflammatory effects in asthma. This review summarizes current views on the structure and function of PPARs, as well as their participation in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation in asthma. The potential use of PPAR ligands as therapeutic agents for treating asthma is under discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana Yu. Kytikova
- Vladivostok Branch of Far Eastern Scientific Centre of Physiology and Pathology of Respiration, Institute of Medical Climatology and Rehabilitative Treatment, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Juliy M. Perelman
- Far Eastern Scientific Center of Physiology and Pathology of Respiration, Russian Academy of Sciences, Blagoveshchensk, Russia
| | - Tatyana P. Novgorodtseva
- Vladivostok Branch of Far Eastern Scientific Centre of Physiology and Pathology of Respiration, Institute of Medical Climatology and Rehabilitative Treatment, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Yulia K. Denisenko
- Vladivostok Branch of Far Eastern Scientific Centre of Physiology and Pathology of Respiration, Institute of Medical Climatology and Rehabilitative Treatment, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Viktor P. Kolosov
- Far Eastern Scientific Center of Physiology and Pathology of Respiration, Russian Academy of Sciences, Blagoveshchensk, Russia
| | - Marina V. Antonyuk
- Vladivostok Branch of Far Eastern Scientific Centre of Physiology and Pathology of Respiration, Institute of Medical Climatology and Rehabilitative Treatment, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Tatyana A. Gvozdenko
- Vladivostok Branch of Far Eastern Scientific Centre of Physiology and Pathology of Respiration, Institute of Medical Climatology and Rehabilitative Treatment, Vladivostok, Russia
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Maślanka T, Otrocka-Domagała I, Zuśka-Prot M, Gesek M. Beneficial effects of rosiglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist, in a mouse allergic asthma model is not associated with the recruitment or generation of Foxp3-expressing CD4 + regulatory T cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 848:30-38. [PMID: 30710547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) has been shown to attenuate allergic airway inflammation (AAI). To gain better understanding of mechanisms underlying this effect, the impact of rosiglitazone (RSG), a PPAR-γ agonist, on CD4+ effector (Teff) and Foxp3-expressing regulatory (Treg) T cells in a mouse model of allergic asthma was studied. Furthermore, we investigated whether the activation of PPAR-γ may directly affect IL-4, IL-10 and IL-17 production by CD4+ T cells. RSG attenuated but did not prevent ovalbumin (OVA)-induced AAI, and this effect was PPAR-γ-dependent. RSG reduced but did not abolish the OVA-induced increase in the count of CD4+ Teff cells in the mediastinal lymph nodes (MLNs) and lungs, and this effect was PPAR-γ-dependent. RSG did not affect the absolute number of Treg cells in the MLNs and lungs of OVA-immunized mice. In vitro exposure of lung lymphocytes to RSG did not influence the percentage of IL-4-, IL-10- and IL-17-producing CD4+ T cells. Our results indicate that the impairment of clonal expansion of CD4+ Teff cells in the MLNs is involved in the anti-asthmatic properties of PPAR-γ agonists. Activation of PPAR-γ did not affect the recruitment of Treg cells to the MLNs and lungs nor did it induce their local generation. This indicates that Treg cells are not involved in producing the anti-asthmatic effect of PPAR-γ agonists. The results suggest that beneficial effects of PPAR-γ agonists in asthma treatment are not mediated through a direct inhibitory effect on IL-4, IL-10 and IL-17 production by CD4+ Teff cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Maślanka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego Street 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Iwona Otrocka-Domagała
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego Street 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Monika Zuśka-Prot
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego Street 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Michał Gesek
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego Street 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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Lotfi R, Rezaiemanesh A, Mortazavi SH, Karaji AG, Salari F. Immunoresolvents in asthma and allergic diseases: Review and update. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:8579-8596. [PMID: 30488527 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Asthma and allergic diseases are inflammatory conditions developed by excessive reaction of the immune system against normally harmless environmental substances. Although acute inflammation is necessary to eradicate the damaging agents, shifting to chronic inflammation can be potentially detrimental. Essential fatty-acids-derived immunoresolvents, namely, lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins, are anti-inflammatory compounds that are believed to have protective and beneficial effects in inflammatory disorders, including asthma and allergies. Accordingly, impaired biosynthesis and defective production of immunoresolvents could be involved in the development of chronic inflammation. In this review, recent evidence on the anti-inflam]matory effects of immunoresolvents, their enzymatic biosynthesis routes, as well as their receptors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Lotfi
- Student Research Committee, Department of immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Alireza Rezaiemanesh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Seyed Hamidreza Mortazavi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Gorgin Karaji
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farhad Salari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Gong Y, Yin JY, Tong BD, Zeng JX, Xiong W. Low density lipoprotein - rosiglitazone - chitosan-calcium alginate/nanoparticles inhibition of human tenon's fibroblasts activation and proliferation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:105126-105136. [PMID: 29285239 PMCID: PMC5739626 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-fibrotic therapeutic methods with safety and efficiency after glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS) are desirable. In our previous study, by using Human Tenon's Fibroblasts (HTFs) as a model, we proved the expression of peroxisome proliferator activates receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) in HTFs; in addition, rosiglitazone (RSG), an agonist of PPAR-γ, can inhibit transforming growth factorsβ1 (TGF-β1)-induced reactivation of HTFs, thus to inhibit specifically scarring after GFS through intervening TGF-β/Smads signal pathway. However, a better drug delivery way of RSG, to prolong the duration of its function, and to reduce the toxicity of RSG to ocular tissue still remains challenges. Low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) is strongly expressed in hyper-proliferation HTFs after GFS. Therefore, we structured targeting LDL-RSG complexes and channel them into HTFs through LDL-LDLr pathway in order to promote anti-proliferation of HTFs and reduce the toxicity to ocular tissue. Meanwhile, in order to improve the release properties of LDL-RSG complexes, we structured slow release system of LDL-RSG/chitosan-calcium alginate - nanoparticles (CSNP), which effectively inhibited TGF-β1-induced HTFs proliferation, synthesis of extracellular matrix and activation of TGF-β1/SMAD pathway. These data suggested that LDL-RSG/CSNP can be a new anti-fibrotic therapeutic method on scarring after GFS and also a novelty administration of RSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Gong
- Department of Minimal Invasive Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Jia-Yang Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Bo-Ding Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Jie-Xi Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
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Advanced Role of Neutrophils in Common Respiratory Diseases. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:6710278. [PMID: 28589151 PMCID: PMC5447318 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6710278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory diseases, always being a threat towards the health of people all over the world, are most tightly associated with immune system. Neutrophils serve as an important component of immune defense barrier linking innate and adaptive immunity. They participate in the clearance of exogenous pathogens and endogenous cell debris and play an essential role in the pathogenesis of many respiratory diseases. However, the pathological mechanism of neutrophils remains complex and obscure. The traditional roles of neutrophils in severe asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), pneumonia, lung cancer, pulmonary fibrosis, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis had already been reviewed. With the development of scientific research, the involvement of neutrophils in respiratory diseases is being brought to light with emerging data on neutrophil subsets, trafficking, and cell death mechanism (e.g., NETosis, apoptosis) in diseases. We reviewed all these recent studies here to provide you with the latest advances about the role of neutrophils in respiratory diseases.
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