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Pricope CV, Tamba BI, Stanciu GD, Cuciureanu M, Neagu AN, Creanga-Murariu I, Dobrovat BI, Uritu CM, Filipiuc SI, Pricope BM, Alexa-Stratulat T. The Roles of Imaging Biomarkers in the Management of Chronic Neuropathic Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13038. [PMID: 36361821 PMCID: PMC9657736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic neuropathic pain (CNP) affects around 10% of the general population and has a significant social, emotional, and economic impact. Current diagnosis techniques rely mainly on patient-reported outcomes and symptoms, which leads to significant diagnostic heterogeneity and subsequent challenges in management and assessment of outcomes. As such, it is necessary to review the approach to a pathology that occurs so frequently, with such burdensome and complex implications. Recent research has shown that imaging methods can detect subtle neuroplastic changes in the central and peripheral nervous system, which can be correlated with neuropathic symptoms and may serve as potential markers. The aim of this paper is to review available imaging methods used for diagnosing and assessing therapeutic efficacy in CNP for both the preclinical and clinical setting. Of course, further research is required to standardize and improve detection accuracy, but available data indicate that imaging is a valuable tool that can impact the management of CNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosmin Vasilica Pricope
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Algesiology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Bogdan Ionel Tamba
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Algesiology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Gabriela Dumitrita Stanciu
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Magdalena Cuciureanu
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Algesiology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Anca Narcisa Neagu
- Laboratory of Animal Histology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Carol I bvd. No. 22, 700505 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ioana Creanga-Murariu
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Bogdan-Ionut Dobrovat
- Department of Radiology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristina Mariana Uritu
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Silviu Iulian Filipiuc
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Bianca-Mariana Pricope
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Teodora Alexa-Stratulat
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Medical Oncology-Radiotherapy Department, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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Zarei AA, Faghani Jadidi A, Lontis R, Jensen W. Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation Influences the Time-Frequency Map of Cortical Activity - A Pilot Study. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:3905-3908. [PMID: 33018854 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Phantom limb pain (PLP) is pain felt in the missing limb in amputees. Somatosensory input delivered as high-frequency surface electrical stimulation may provoke a significant temporary decrease in PLP. Also, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a somatosensory input that may activate descending inhibitory systems and thereby relieve pain. Our aim was to investigate changes in cortical activity following long-time sensory TENS. Time-frequency features were extracted from EEG signals of Cz and C4 channels (contralateral to the stimulation site) with or without TENS (2 subjects). We found that the TENS caused inhibition of the spectral activity of the somatosensory cortex following TENS, whereas no change was found when no stimulation was applied.Clinical Relevance- Although our preliminary results show a depression of the cortical activity following TENS, a future study with a larger population is needed to provide strong evidence to evaluate the effectiveness of sensory TENS on cortical activity. Our results may be useful for the design of TENS protocols for relief of PLP.
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Gozani SN. Remote Analgesic Effects Of Conventional Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation: A Scientific And Clinical Review With A Focus On Chronic Pain. J Pain Res 2019; 12:3185-3201. [PMID: 31819603 PMCID: PMC6885653 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s226600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a safe, noninvasive treatment for chronic pain that can be self-administered. Conventional TENS involves stimulation of peripheral sensory nerves at a strong, non-painful level. Following the original gate-control theory of pain, stimulation is typically near the target pain. As another option, remote stimulation may also be effective and offers potential advantages. OBJECTIVE This narrative review examines mechanisms underlying the remote analgesic effects of conventional TENS and appraises the clinical evidence. METHODS A literature search for English-language articles was performed on PubMed. Keywords included terms related to the location of TENS . Citations from primary references and textbooks were examined for additional articles. RESULTS Over 30 studies reported remote analgesic effects of conventional TENS. The evidence included studies using animal models of pain, experimental pain in humans, and clinical studies in subjects with chronic pain. Three types of remote analgesia were identified: at the contralateral homologous site, at sites distant from stimulation but innervated by overlapping spinal segments, and at unrelated extrasegmental sites. CONCLUSION There is scientific and clinical evidence that conventional TENS has remote analgesic effects. This may occur through modulation of pain processing at the level of the dorsal horn, in brainstem centers mediating descending inhibition, and within the pain matrix. A broadening of perspectives on how conventional TENS produces analgesia may encourage researchers, clinicians, and medical-device manufacturers to develop novel ways of using this safe, cost-effective neuromodulation technique for chronic pain.
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Does High Frequency Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) Affect EEG Gamma Band Activity? J Biomed Phys Eng 2018; 8:271-280. [PMID: 30320031 PMCID: PMC6169118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a noninvasive, inexpensive and safe analgesic technique used for relieving acute and chronic pain. However, despite all these advantages, there has been very little research into the therapeutic effects of TENS on brain activity. To the best of our knowledge, there is no evidence on the effect of high frequency TENS on the gamma band activity. OBJECTIVE Investigation of the effect of high frequency TENS on the electroencephalographic (EEG) gamma band activity after inducing ischemic pain in healthy volunteers is considered. MATERIAL AND METHODS The modified version of Submaximal effort tourniquet test was carried out to induce tonic pain in 15 right-handed healthy volunteers. The high frequency TENS (150µs in duration, frequency of 100 Hz) was applied for 20 minutes. Pain intensity was assessed at using Visual Analog Scale (VAS) in two conditions (after-pain, after-TENS). EEG gamma band activity was recorded by a 19-channel EEG in three conditions (baseline, after-pain and after- TENS). The repeated measure ANOVA and paired-sample T- tests were used for data analysis. RESULTS EEG analysis showed an increase in gamma total power after inducing pain as compared to baseline and a decrease after the application of TENS (mean±SD: .043±.029 to .088±.042 to .038±.022 μV2 ).The analysis of VAS values demonstrated that the intensity of induced pain (mean±SD: 51.53±9.86) decreased after the application of TENS (mean±SD: 18.66±10.28). All these differences were statistically significant (p<.001). CONCLUSION The results of this study revealed that the high frequency TENS can reduce the enhanced gamma band activity after the induction of tonic pain in healthy volunteers. This finding might help as a functional brain biomarker which could be useful for pain treatment, specifically for EEG-based neurofeedback approaches.
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A Longitudinal fMRI Research on Neural Plasticity and Sensory Outcome of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Neural Plast 2018; 2017:5101925. [PMID: 29348944 PMCID: PMC5733863 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5101925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve compression is reported to induce cortical plasticity, which was well pictured by former researches. However, the longitudinal changes brought by surgical treatment are not clear. In this research, 18 subjects who suffered from bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome were evaluated using task-dependent fMRI and electromyography assessment before and after surgery. The third digit was tactually simulated by von Frey filaments. The results demonstrated that the pattern of activation was similar but a decreased extent of activation in the postcentral gyrus, inferior frontal lobe, superior frontal lobe, and parahippocampal gyrus after surgery was found. The correlation analysis showed a significant correlation between the decreased number of activated voxels and the improvement of EMG performance. This result implied a potential connection between fMRI measurement and clinical improvement.
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Feng B, Zhang ZJ, Zhu RM, Yuan GZ, Luo LY, McAlonan GM, Xu FZ, Chen J, Liu LY, Lv YY, Wong HK, Zhang Y, Zhu LX. Transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation as an adjunct therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A randomized controlled study. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 80:30-37. [PMID: 27281260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) is thought to have potential to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether adding TEAS to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and clomipramine would improve the efficacy of these conventional treatments in OCD. METHODS In this randomized controlled trial, 360 OCD patients were assigned to receive TEAS combined with CBT plus clomipramine (Group A, n = 120), TEAS combined with CBT plus placebo (Group B, n = 120), and simulated (placebo) TEAS combined with CBT plus clomipramine (Group C, n = 120) for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was measured using the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). RESULTS OCD symptoms in all patients reduced over time, however Groups A and B had a significantly greater reduction in Y-BOCS total score and the subscale for obsession and compulsion between week 2 and week 12 compared to Group C. Groups A and B had similar scores on these measures. Both groups had significantly higher rates of clinical response than Group C (88.3% and 81.7% vs. 67.5%, respectively, p < 0.001); and higher rates of remission (30.0% and 22.5% vs. 9.2%, respectively, p < 0.001). Group B experienced fewer adverse events than the other two groups. CONCLUSIONS TEAS enhances the efficacy of conventional OCD interventions and avoids the adverse effects associated with conventional pharmacological treatment. It can be considered as an effective adjunct intervention for OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Feng
- Department of Psychiatry, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhang-Jin Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Rui-Ming Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yiwu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guo-Zhen Yuan
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuxi Mental Health Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li-Yuan Luo
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Grainne M McAlonan
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Fang-Zhong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lan-Ying Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yang-Yang Lv
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hei Kiu Wong
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-Xia Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yiwu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
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Choi JC, Kim J, Kang E, Choi JH, Park WY, Choi YS, Cha J, Han C, Park SK, Kim MH, Lee GH, Do HJ, Jung SW, Lee JM. Step-down vs. step-up noxious stimulation: differential effects on pain perception and patterns of brain activation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2016; 60:117-27. [PMID: 26355384 DOI: 10.1111/aas.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We hypothesize that pain and brain responses are affected by changes in the presentation sequence of noxious stimuli that are, overall, identical in intensity and duration. METHODS During functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning, 21 participants experienced three patterns of noxious stimulation: Up-type (step-up noxious stimulation, 15 s), Down-type (step-down noxious stimulation, 15 s), and Down-up-type (decreasing and increasing pattern of noxious stimulation, 15 s). The total intensity and duration of the three noxious stimulation patterns were identical, but the stimulation sequences were different. RESULTS Pain and unpleasantness ratings in the Down- and Down-up-type noxious stimulations were lower than in the Up-type noxious stimulation. The left prefrontal cortex [(PFC, BA (Brodmann area) 10, (-45, 50, 1)] was more highly activated in the Down- and Down-up-type noxious stimulations than in the Up-type noxious stimulation. The S1, S2, insula, bilateral PFC (BA 46), and midcingulate cortex were more highly activated in the Up-type noxious stimulation than in the Down-type noxious stimulation. PFC BA 10 was located at an inferior level compared to the bilateral PFC BA 46 (Z axis = 1 for BA 10, compared to 22 and 25 for the right and left BA 46, respectively). When cortisol level was increased, the left hippocampal cortex, along with the left parahippocampal cortex, was greatly activated for the Up-type noxious stimulation. CONCLUSION When pain cannot be avoided in clinical practice, noxious stimuli should be applied to patients in a step-down pattern that delivers the most intense pain first and the least intense pain last.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. C. Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine; Intensive Care Unit; Brain Research Group; Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine; Wonju South Korea
| | - J. Kim
- Department of Psychology; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon South Korea
| | - E. Kang
- Department of Psychology; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon South Korea
| | - J.-H. Choi
- Julie English Institute; Wonju South Korea
| | - W. Y. Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine; Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine; Wonju South Korea
| | - Y.-S. Choi
- Department of Electronic Engineering; Gangneung-Wonju National University; Gangneung South Korea
| | - J. Cha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Hanyang University; Seoul South Korea
| | - C. Han
- University of Manchester Medical School; Manchester UK
| | - S. K. Park
- Yonsei Saebom Medical Clinic; Seongdong-gu Seoul South Korea
| | - M. H. Kim
- Medical Library; Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine; Wonju South Korea
| | - G. H. Lee
- Instructional Department; Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine; Wonju South Korea
| | - H.-J. Do
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine; Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine; Wonju South Korea
| | - S. W. Jung
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine; Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine; Wonju South Korea
| | - J.-M. Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Hanyang University; Seoul South Korea
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Choi JC, Kim J, Kang E, Lee JM, Cha J, Kim YJ, Lee HG, Choi JH, Yi DJ. Brain mechanisms of pain relief by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Eur J Pain 2015; 20:92-105. [PMID: 25847717 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the exact mechanism of TENS pain relief is unknown, it is believed that TENS impulses interrupt nociceptive signals at the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. AIMS To evaluate the hypotheses that during pain caused by noxious stimuli, brain responses, temporal summation and brain functional connectivity are modulated by TENS, and that mechanisms of pain relief by TENS differ between men and women. METHODS During fMRI scanning, the same noxious stimuli were delivered to each participant in pain-only and pain+TENS conditions. In the pain-only condition, noxious stimuli were presented without TENS. In the pain+TENS condition, participants received noxious stimuli and TENS concurrently. Participants were initially presented with TENS at an intensity that was just below that causing discomfort. TENS intensity was presented in a step-wise fashion to prevent temporal summation from repetitive noxious stimuli. RESULTS Pain and unpleasantness ratings were significantly higher in the pain-only than the pain+TENS condition. With non-painful TENS, primary and secondary somatosensory and parietal cortices were activated, and temporal summation from repetitive noxious stimuli was prevented. Periaqueductal gray (PAG) and lateral prefrontal cortex functional connectivity was increased by TENS, and modulated by testosterone and cortisol. Women reported greater pain during TENS than men, and showed greater activation in the temporoparietal junction cortex and increased PAG functional connectivity with the orbitofrontal cortex. CONCLUSION TENS led to pain reduction, probably due to activation of the descending pain-inhibitory pathway, indicating that this TENS method may be applied in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Intensive Care Unit, Brain Research Group, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - J Kim
- Department of Psychology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - E Kang
- Department of Psychology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - J-M Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - J Cha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Y J Kim
- Department of Radiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - H G Lee
- Department of Radiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - J-H Choi
- Julie English Institute, Wonju, South Korea
| | - D-J Yi
- Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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Kang YT, Liao YS, Hsieh CL. Different effects of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation and electroacupuncture at ST36-ST37 on the cerebral cortex. Acupunct Med 2015; 33:36-41. [PMID: 25432425 PMCID: PMC4345985 DOI: 10.1136/acupmed-2014-010650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) and electroacupuncture (EA) on the cerebral cortex are largely unclear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of TENS and EA on the cerebral cortex by examining their effect on the median nerve-somatosensory evoked potentials (MN-SEPs). METHODS Twenty volunteers were studied. The cortical and cervical spinal potentials were recorded by median nerve stimulation at the left wrist. Sham TENS, 2 Hz TENS and 2 Hz EA were applied to both ST36 and ST37. MN-SEPs were recorded during sham TENS, 2 Hz TENS and 2 Hz EA, with at least 1 week interval for each subject. One-way analysis of variance was used to determine the differences in latency and amplitude of the MN-SEPs observed in the stimulation and post-stimulation periods compared with baseline. Scheffe's post hoc correction was employed to identify pairwise differences. RESULTS No differences in mean latency were found between the stimulation procedures during the stimulation and post-stimulation periods. 2 Hz EA but not sham TENS or 2 Hz TENS caused higher mean amplitudes in N20 and N30 during the stimulation and post-stimulation periods. CONCLUSIONS EA, but not TENS, induces changes in certain components of the signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tien Kang
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Sheng Liao
- Department of Neurology, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Liang Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Kafri M, Zaltsberg N, Dickstein R. EMG activity of finger flexor muscles and grip force following low-dose transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in healthy adult subjects. Somatosens Mot Res 2014; 32:1-7. [PMID: 25059799 DOI: 10.3109/08990220.2014.937413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Somatosensory stimulation modulates cortical and corticospinal excitability and consequently affects motor output. Therefore, low-amplitude transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) has the potential to elicit favorable motor responses. The purpose of the two presented pilot studies was to shed light on TENS parameters that are relevant for the enhancement of two desirable motor outcomes, namely, electromyographic (EMG) activity and contraction strength of the finger flexors and wrist muscles. In 5 and 10 healthy young adults (in Study I and Study II, respectively) TENS was delivered to the volar aspect of the forearm. We manipulated TENS frequency (150 Hz vs. 5 Hz), length of application (10, 20, and 60 min), and side of application (unilateral, right forearm vs. bilateral forearms). EMG amplitude and grip force were measured before (Pre), immediately after (Post), and following 15 min of no stimulation (Study I only). The results indicated that low-frequency bursts of TENS applied to the skin overlying the finger flexor muscles enhance the EMG activity of the finger flexors and grip force. The increase in EMG activity of the flexor muscles was observed after 20 min of stimulation, while grip force was increased only after 1 h. The effects of uni- and bilateral TENS were comparable. These observations allude to a modulatory effect of TENS on the tested motor responses; however, unequivocal conclusions of the findings are hampered by individual differences that affect motor outcomes, such as in level of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kafri
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa , Haifa , Israel
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Grimaldi G, Fernandez A, Manto M. Augmented visual feedback counteracts the effects of surface muscular functional electrical stimulation on physiological tremor. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2013; 10:100. [PMID: 24063436 PMCID: PMC3852972 DOI: 10.1186/1743-0003-10-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies suggest that surface muscular functional electrical stimulation (FES) might suppress neurological upper limb tremor. We assessed its effects on upper limb physiological tremor, which is mainly driven by mechanical-reflex oscillations. We investigated the interaction between FES and augmented visual feedback, since (a) most daily activities are performed using visual cues, and (b) augmented visual feedback exacerbates upper limb tremor. Methods 10 healthy subjects (23.4 ± 7.7 years) performed 2 postural tasks with combinations of FES (4 sites; frequency of stimulation: 30 Hz; pulse width: 300 microsec; range of current delivered 10–34 mAmp) and augmented visual feedback. Results Spectral analysis of tremor showed a decrease of power spectral density to 62.18% (p = 0.01), of the integral in the 8-12 Hz frequency band to 57.67% (p = 0.003), and of tremor root mean square (RMS) to 57.16% (p = 0.002) during FES, without any changes in tremor frequency. Augmented visual feedback blocked the beneficial effect of FES, as confirmed by power spectral analysis (p = 0.01). We found a statistically significant interaction between augmented visual feedback and electrical stimulation (p = 0.039). Conclusions Augmented visual feedback antagonizes the effects of FES on physiological tremor. The absence of changes of peak frequency argues against an effect of FES on mechanical properties of the upper limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Grimaldi
- Unité d'Etude du Mouvement (UEM), ULB-Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070, Bruxelles, Belgium.
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Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the effects of low-frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on central pain modulation: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin J Pain 2013; 28:581-8. [PMID: 22699130 DOI: 10.1097/ajp.0b013e31823c2bd7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is an analgesic current that is used in many acute and chronic painful states. The aim of this study was to investigate central pain modulation by low-frequency TENS. METHODS Twenty patients diagnosed with subacromial impingement syndrome of the shoulder were enrolled in the study. Patients were randomized into 2 groups: low-frequency TENS and sham TENS. Painful stimuli were delivered during which functional magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed, both before and after treatment. Ten central regions of interest that were reported to have a role in pain perception were chosen and analyzed bilaterally on functional magnetic resonance images. Perceived pain intensity during painful stimuli was evaluated using visual analog scale (VAS). RESULTS In the low-frequency TENS group, there was a statistically significant decrease in the perceived pain intensity and pain-specific activation of the contralateral primary sensory cortex, bilateral caudal anterior cingulate cortex, and of the ipsilateral supplementary motor area. There was a statistically significant correlation between the change of VAS value and the change of activity in the contralateral thalamus, prefrontal cortex, and the ipsilateral posterior parietal cortex. In the sham TENS group, there was no significant change in VAS value and activity of regions of interest. DISCUSSION We suggest that a 1-session low-frequency TENS may induce analgesic effect through modulation of discriminative, affective, and motor aspects of central pain perception.
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Abstract
CONTEXT High ankle sprains are common in athletes who play contact sports. Most high ankle sprains are treated nonsurgically with a rehabilitation program. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION All years of PUBMED, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CINAHL PLUS, SPORTDiscuss, Google Scholar, and Web of Science were searched to August 2010, cross-referencing existing publications. Keywords included syndesmosis ankle sprain or high ankle sprain and the following terms: rehabilitation, treatment, cryotherapy, braces, orthosis, therapeutic modalities, joint mobilization, massage, pain, pain medications, TENS (ie, transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation), acupuncture, aquatic therapy, strength, neuromuscular training, perturbation training, and outcomes. RESULTS Level of evidence, 5. A 3-phase rehabilitation program is described. The acute phase is directed at protecting the joint while minimizing pain, inflammation, muscle weakness, and loss of motion. Most patients are treated with some form of immobilization and have weightbearing restrictions. A range of therapeutic modalities are used to minimize pain and inflammation. Gentle mobilization and resistance exercises are used to gain mobility and maintain muscle size and strength. The subacute phase is directed at normalizing range of motion, strength, and function in activities of daily living. Progressive mobilization and strengthening are hallmarks of this phase. Neuromuscular training is begun and becomes the central component of rehabilitation. The advanced training phase focuses on preparing the patient for return to sports participation. Perturbation of support surfaces, agility drills, plyometrics, and sport-specific training are central components of this phase. CONCLUSION The rehabilitation guidelines discussed may assist clinicians in managing syndesmotic ankle sprains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn N Williams
- Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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15
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Klingner CM, Hasler C, Brodoehl S, Axer H, Witte OW. Perceptual plasticity is mediated by connectivity changes of the medial thalamic nucleus. Hum Brain Mapp 2012; 34:2343-52. [PMID: 22451353 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the threshold for somatosensory perception may adapt to different inputs. Recent studies suggest the presence of a modulating effect of somatosensory inputs on the spinal dorsal horn. However, the effects of somatosensory inputs on cerebral processing and, in particular, on the functional and effective connectivity of the somatosensory brain network, are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the longitudinal impact of somatosensory stimuli on the resting-state functional connectivity and effective connectivity of the somatosensory brain network. We performed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in 12 healthy subjects before and after unilateral electrical median nerve stimulation. We combined this analysis with a psychophysiological examination of changes of the perception threshold. We found that the unilateral median nerve stimulation increased the perception thresholds bilaterally and increased the resting-state functional and effective connectivity between most cortical areas of the somatosensory network. The major finding, however, was a decreased resting-state functional connectivity between both secondary somatosensory cortices and the bilateral medial nuclear complex of the thalamus. This decreased connectivity was correlated with increased perception thresholds. These findings emphasize the importance of the medial thalamic nucleus for the perceptual awareness of somatosensory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten M Klingner
- Department of Neurology, Hans Berger Clinic for Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University, Erlanger Allee 101, Jena, Germany.
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16
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Johnson MI, Bjordal JM. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for the management of painful conditions: focus on neuropathic pain. Expert Rev Neurother 2011; 11:735-53. [PMID: 21539490 DOI: 10.1586/ern.11.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The management of neuropathic pain is challenging, with medication being the first-line treatment. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is an inexpensive, noninvasive, self-administered technique that is used as an adjunct to medication. Clinical experience suggests that TENS is beneficial providing it is administered at a sufficiently strong intensity, close to the site of pain. At present, there are too few randomized controlled trials on TENS for neuropathic pain to judge effectiveness. The findings of systematic reviews of TENS for other pain syndromes are inconclusive because trials have a low fidelity associated with inadequate TENS technique and infrequent treatments of insufficient duration. The use of electrode arrays to spatially target stimulation more precisely may improve the efficacy of TENS in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark I Johnson
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, LS1 3HE, UK.
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17
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Sensory Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation Fails to Decrease Discomfort Associated With Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation in Healthy Individuals. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2011; 90:399-406. [DOI: 10.1097/phm.0b013e318214f64a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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