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Sherman SB, Harberson M, Rashleigh R, Gupta N, Powers R, Talla R, Thusu A, Hill JW. Spexin modulates molecular thermogenic profile of adipose tissue and thermoregulatory behaviors in female C57BL/6 mice. Horm Behav 2022; 143:105195. [PMID: 35580373 PMCID: PMC10150790 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thermoregulation is the physiological process by which an animal regulates body temperature in response to its environment. It is known that galanin, a neuropeptide widely distributed throughout the central nervous system and secreted by the gut, plays a role in thermoregulatory behaviors and metabolism. We tested the ability of the novel neuropeptide spexin, which shares sequence homology to galanin, to regulate these functions in female mice. Supraphysiological levels of spexin in C57BL/6 mice did not lead to weight loss after 50 days of treatment. Behavioral analysis of long-term spexin treatment showed it decreased anxiety and increased thermoregulatory nest building, which was not observed when mice were housed at thermoneutral temperatures. Treatment also disrupted the thermogenic profile of brown and white adipose tissue, decreasing mRNA expression of Ucp1 in BAT and immunodetection of β3-adrenergic receptors in gWAT. Our results reveal novel functions for spexin as a modulator of thermoregulatory behaviors and adipose tissue metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shermel B Sherman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, United States; Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, Toledo, OH 43614, United States
| | - Mitchell Harberson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, United States; Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, Toledo, OH 43614, United States
| | - Rebecca Rashleigh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, United States; Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, Toledo, OH 43614, United States
| | - Niraj Gupta
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43604, United States
| | - Riley Powers
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, United States
| | - Ramya Talla
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, United States; Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, Toledo, OH 43614, United States
| | - Ashima Thusu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43604, United States
| | - Jennifer W Hill
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, United States; Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, Toledo, OH 43614, United States.
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Wadsworth D, Lark S. Effects of Whole-Body Vibration Training on the Physical Function of the Frail Elderly: An Open, Randomized Controlled Trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2020; 101:1111-1119. [PMID: 32145279 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the feasibility and benefits of whole-body vibration (WBV) exercise as a safe and effective training tool for countering sarcopenia and age-related declines in mobility and function in the frail elderly. DESIGN An open, randomized controlled trial. SETTING Residential care facilities. PARTICIPANTS Male and female volunteers (N=117; 82.5±7.9y). INTERVENTIONS After prescreening for contraindications, participants were randomly allocated to a control, simulated WBV (SIM), or WBV exercise group. All participants received regular care, whereas WBV and SIM participants also underwent thrice-weekly exercise sessions for 16 weeks. Delivered by overload principle, WBV training began with 5 × 1-minute bouts at 6 Hz/2 mm (1:1 min exercise:rest), progressing to 10 × 1 minute at up to 26 Hz/4 mm, maintaining knee flexion. Training for SIM participants mimicked WBV exercise stance and duration only. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The timed Up and Go, Parallel Walk, and 10-m Timed Walk (10mTW) tests performance were assessed, in addition to the Barthel Index Questionnaire, at baseline, 8, and 16 weeks of exercise, and 3, 6, and 12 months postexercise. RESULTS High levels of compliance were reported in SIM (89%) and WBV training (93%), with ease of use and no adverse effects. In comparison to baseline levels, WBV training elicited clinically important treatment effects in all parameters compared to SIM and control groups. Treatment effects remained apparent up to 12 months postintervention for Parallel Walk Test and 6 months for 10mTW Test. Functional test performance declined during and postintervention in non-WBV groups. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that 16 weeks of low-level WBV exercise provides easily accessible, adequate stimulus for the frail elderly to attain improved levels of physical functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wadsworth
- School of Sport & Exercise, Massey University, New Zealand; School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia.
| | - Sally Lark
- Sport and Exercise New Zealand, Christchurch, New Zealand
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A Systematic Review of Thirty-One Assessment Tests to Evaluate Mobility in Older Adults. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:1354362. [PMID: 31321227 PMCID: PMC6610744 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1354362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Assessments of gait, balance, and transfer in elderly people play a valuable role in maintaining healthy aging and preventing a decline in mobility. Several evaluation tools have been proposed; however, clinicians should select the most accurate ones wisely, based on numerous criteria. This systematic review aims to identify all applicable elderly mobility assessment tests and show their measurement properties with as much detail as possible. Initially, a broad search was performed. Articles were screened based on their titles and abstracts, and only studies published in English were considered. Based on our inclusion and exclusion criteria, 31 assessment tests evaluating the mobility of healthy elderly people were found. Then, further searches were completed to identify the measurement properties of each test. These characteristics include the origin and year of establishment, several practicality factors, and validity. The analysis of our outcomes illustrates the similarities and differences between the identified tests.
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Sawers A, Hafner BJ. A study to assess whether fixed-width beam walking provides sufficient challenge to assess balance ability across lower limb prosthesis users. Clin Rehabil 2017; 32:483-492. [PMID: 28948848 DOI: 10.1177/0269215517732375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the feasibility of fixed-width beam walking for assessing balance in lower limb prosthesis users. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Laboratory. SUBJECTS Lower limb prosthesis users. METHODS Participants attempted 10 walking trials on three fixed-width beams (18.6, 8.60, and 4.01 wide; 5.5 m long; 3.8 cm high). MAIN MEASURES Beam-walking performance was quantified using the distance walked to balance failure. Heuristic rules applied to each participant's beam-walking distance to classify each beam as "too easy," "too hard," or "appropriately challenging" and determine whether any single beam provided an appropriate challenge to all participants. The number of trials needed to achieve stable beam-walking performance was quantified for appropriately challenging beams by identifying the last inflection point in the slope of each participant's trial-by-trial cumulative performance record. RESULTS In all, 30 unilateral lower limb prosthesis users participated in the study. Each of the fixed-width beams was either too easy or too hard for at least 33% of the sample. Thus, no single beam was appropriately challenging for all participants. Beam-walking performance was stable by trial 8 for all participants and by trial 6 for 90% of participants. There was no significant difference in the number of trials needed to achieve stable performance among beams ( P = 0.74). CONCLUSION Results suggest that a clinical beam-walking test would require multiple beams to evaluate balance across a range of lower limb prosthesis users, emphasizing the need for adaptive or progressively challenging balance tests. While the administrative burden of a multiple-beam balance test may limit clinical feasibility, alternatives to ease this administrative burden are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Sawers
- 1 Department of Kinesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brian J Hafner
- 2 Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Ng SS, Chan LH, Chan CS, Lai SH, Wu WW, Tse MM, Fong SS. Parallel walk test: its correlation with balance and motor functions in people with chronic stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2014; 96:877-84. [PMID: 25461824 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate (1) the intrarater, interrater, and test-retest reliability of the times and scores generated in the parallel walk test (PWT); (2) their correlations with impairments and activity limitations of individuals with stroke; and (3) the cutoff times that best discriminate individuals with stroke from healthy elderly subjects. DESIGN Cross sectional study. SETTING University-based rehabilitation center. PARTICIPANTS Participants (N=72) comprised individuals with stroke (n=37) and healthy individuals (n=35). INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The PWT was administered along with the Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment of the Lower Extremities (FMA-LE), handheld dynamometer measurements of ankle dorsiflexor and plantarflexor muscle strength, the 5-Times-Sit-to-Stand Test, the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), a limits of stability (LOS) test, the 10-m walk test (10-MWT), and the timed Up and Go (TUG) test. RESULTS PWT times and scores showed good to excellent intrarater, interrater, and test-retest reliability in individuals with stroke. PWT times using paths of 3 different widths significantly correlated with FMA-LE scores, 5-Times-Sit-to-Stand Test times, BBS scores, some LOS test results, 10-MWT gait speed, and TUG test times. PWT times of 6.30 to 7.48 seconds, depending on the path width, were shown reliably to discriminate individuals with stroke from healthy individuals. CONCLUSION The PWT is a reliable, easy-to-administer clinical tool for assessing dynamic walking balance in individuals with chronic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamay S Ng
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong (SAR), China.
| | - Lynn H Chan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong (SAR), China
| | - Cindy S Chan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong (SAR), China
| | - Stephanie H Lai
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong (SAR), China
| | - Winnie W Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong (SAR), China
| | - Mimi M Tse
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong (SAR), China
| | - Shirley S Fong
- Institute of Human Performance, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), China
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Sibley KM, Beauchamp MK, Van Ooteghem K, Straus SE, Jaglal SB. Using the systems framework for postural control to analyze the components of balance evaluated in standardized balance measures: a scoping review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2014; 96:122-132.e29. [PMID: 25073007 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify components of postural control included in standardized balance measures for adult populations. DATA SOURCES Electronic searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL databases using keyword combinations of postural balance/equilibrium, psychometrics/reproducibility of results/predictive value of tests/validation studies, instrument construction/instrument validation, geriatric assessment/disability evaluation, gray literature, and hand searches. STUDY SELECTION Inclusion criteria were measures with a stated objective to assess balance, adult populations (18y and older), at least 1 psychometric evaluation, 1 standing task, a standardized protocol and evaluation criteria, and published in English. Two reviewers independently identified studies for inclusion. Sixty-six measures were included. DATA EXTRACTION A research assistant extracted descriptive characteristics and 2 reviewers independently coded components of balance in each measure using the Systems Framework for Postural Control, a widely recognized model of balance. DATA SYNTHESIS Components of balance evaluated in these measures were underlying motor systems (100% of measures), anticipatory postural control (71%), dynamic stability (67%), static stability (64%), sensory integration (48%), functional stability limits (27%), reactive postural control (23%), cognitive influences (17%), and verticality (8%). Thirty-four measures evaluated 3 or fewer components of balance, and 1 measure-the Balance Evaluation Systems Test-evaluated all components of balance. CONCLUSIONS Several standardized balance measures provide only partial information on postural control and omit important components of balance related to avoiding falls. As such, the choice of measure(s) may limit the overall interpretation of an individual's balance ability. Continued work is necessary to increase the implementation of comprehensive balance assessment in research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Sibley
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute-University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marla K Beauchamp
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Outpatient Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Karen Van Ooteghem
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sharon E Straus
- Li-Ka-Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan B Jaglal
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute-University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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