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Hashemi G, Santos AL, Wickenden M, Kuper H, Shea CK, Hameed S. Healthcare Stakeholders' Perspectives on Challenges in the Provision of Quality Primary Healthcare for People with Disabilities in Three Regions of Guatemala: A Qualitative Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6896. [PMID: 37835166 PMCID: PMC10572185 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20196896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
It is estimated that 3.75 billion people worldwide lack access to healthcare services. Marginalized populations, such as people with disabilities, are at greater risk of exclusion. People with disabilities not only face the same barriers as people without disabilities, but also experience a range of additional barriers in accessing healthcare due to a variety of discriminatory and inaccessible environments. These extra barriers exist despite their greater need for general healthcare, as well as specialized healthcare related to their impairment. Few studies have focused on healthcare providers and the challenges they face in caring for this group. This paper describes the perspectives of healthcare stakeholders and reported challenges to the provision of quality primary healthcare for people with disabilities. In-depth interviews with 11 healthcare stakeholders were conducted in three regions of Guatemala. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Five sub-themes emerged from the above theme: infrastructure and availability of resources, impairment-based challenges, need for special attention and empathy, opportunity to provide services to people with disabilities, and gaps in training. The results could contribute to the development and implementation of strategies that can improve primary care provision and ultimately access to services for people with disabilities in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goli Hashemi
- International Center for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (H.K.); (S.H.)
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Samuel Merritt University, Oakland, CA 94609, USA;
| | | | | | - Hannah Kuper
- International Center for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (H.K.); (S.H.)
| | - Chi-Kwan Shea
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Samuel Merritt University, Oakland, CA 94609, USA;
| | - Shaffa Hameed
- International Center for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (H.K.); (S.H.)
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Park M, Lee JS, Kim YH. Association of physical activity, smoking, and socioeconomic factors on health checkup participation in community-dwelling stroke survivors aged 50 years or older. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:502. [PMID: 36922771 PMCID: PMC10015660 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15403-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the sociodemographic and health-related factors associated with health checkup participation in community-dwelling stroke survivors. METHODS Among participants of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 642 stroke survivors were included. We investigated the sociodemographic, medical, and health-related quality of life factors-evaluated by the EuroQol 5-Dimension Questionnaire (EQ-5D)-associated with participation in any type of health checkup. To explore the associations between multiple variables and health checkup participation, a multivariable complex-sample logistic regression model was used. RESULTS One-third of the community-dwelling stroke survivors did not receive a health checkup in the past two years. Insufficient physical activity (OR: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.3-0.9), current smoking (OR: 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2-0.8), low education level (OR: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.3-0.9), living alone (OR: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.3-0.998), and no occupation (OR: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.3-0.9) showed independent negative associations with health checkup participation. Among the five EQ-5D dimensions, mobility, self-care, usual activities, and pain/discomfort dimensions were associated with health checkup participation rate. CONCLUSION Policies and further research are needed to promote health checkups for stroke survivors who are physically inactive, currently smoking, living alone, unemployed, less educated, or having extreme problems in their daily lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Soo Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo Hyung Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Hashemi G, Wickenden M, Santos AL, Kuper H. How do people with disabilities in three regions of Guatemala make healthcare decisions? A qualitative study focusing on use of primary healthcare services. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0000709. [PMID: 36962747 PMCID: PMC10021648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Research has demonstrated that persons with disabilities, despite their greater need for healthcare services, often experience greater barriers to accessing healthcare including primary healthcare. Data and interventions on access to primary healthcare for persons with disabilities to date appear to concentrate more on access and quality issues once the person with a disability has initiated the healthcare seeking process, with less emphasis on how healthcare decisions are made at the personal or household level when one identifies a healthcare need. The aim of this study was to investigate how healthcare decisions are made by people with disabilities when they first identify a healthcare need. It is anticipated that gaining a better understanding of how such decisions are made will facilitate the development of interventions and approaches to improve access to primary healthcare services for this group. A qualitative study was undertaken in Guatemala. In-depth interviews were undertaken with twenty-seven adults with disabilities, including men and women with a range of impairment types and ages. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify themes that influence the decision-making processes in accessing primary healthcare services for people with disabilities. Thematic analysis of the interviews along with exploration of three existing access to health frameworks and models, led to identification of four primary themes and development of a new conceptual framework highlighting the complex decision-making process undertaken by people with disabilities about whether to seek primary healthcare services or not when confronted with a healthcare concern. The themes include perceived severity of illness and need for treatment, personal attributes, societal factors, and health system characteristics. Using this new conceptual framework will facilitate the development of more effective policies and interventions to improve access to primary healthcare services for people with disabilities through greater understanding of the complex network of variables and barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goli Hashemi
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Samuel Merritt University, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Mary Wickenden
- Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hannah Kuper
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Hashemi G, Wickenden M, Bright T, Kuper H. Barriers to accessing primary healthcare services for people with disabilities in low and middle-income countries, a Meta-synthesis of qualitative studies. Disabil Rehabil 2020; 44:1207-1220. [PMID: 32956610 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2020.1817984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
METHODS Six electronic databases were searched for relevant studies from 2000 to 2019. Forty-one eligible studies were identified. RESULTS Findings suggest that the people with disabilities' choice to seek healthcare services or not, as well as the quality of intervention provided by primary healthcare providers, are influenced by three types of barriers: cultural beliefs or attitudinal barriers, informational barriers, and practical or logistical barriers. CONCLUSION In order to achieve full health coverage at acceptable quality for people with disabilities, it is necessary not only to consider the different barriers, but also their combined effect on people with disabilities and their households. It is only then that more nuanced and effective interventions to improve access to primary healthcare, systematically addressing barriers, can be designed and implemented.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONPeople with disabilities in both high income and low- and middle-income country settings are more likely to experience poorer general health than people without disabilities.Barriers to accessing primary healthcare services for people with disabilities result from a complex and dynamic interacting system between attitudinal and belief system barriers, informational barriers, and practical and logistical barriers.Given primary healthcare is often the initial point of contact for referral to specialty care and rehabilitation services, it is crucial for people with disabilities to access primary healthcare services in order to get appropriate referrals for such services, specifically rehabilitation as appropriate.To achieve full health coverage at acceptable quality for people with disabilities, starting with primary healthcare, it is necessary for healthcare stakeholders, including rehabilitation professionals, to consider the combined and cumulative effects of the various barriers to healthcare on people with disabilities and their families and develop an understanding of how healthcare decisions are made by people with disabilities at the personal and the household level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goli Hashemi
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Department of Occupational Therapy, Samuel Merritt University, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Mary Wickenden
- Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Tess Bright
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Hannah Kuper
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Kuper H, Smythe T, Duttine A. Reflections on Health Promotion and Disability in Low and Middle-Income Countries: Case Study of Parent-Support Programmes for Children with Congenital Zika Syndrome. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E514. [PMID: 29538291 PMCID: PMC5877059 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15030514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Universal health coverage (UHC) has been adopted by many countries as a national target for 2030. People with disabilities need to be included within efforts towards UHC, as they are a large group making up 15% of the world's population and are more vulnerable to poor health. UHC focuses both on covering the whole population as well as providing all the services needed and must include an emphasis on health promotion, as well as disease treatment and cure. Health promotion often focusses on tackling individual behaviours, such as encouraging exercise or good nutrition. However, these activities are insufficient to improve health without additional efforts to address poverty and inequality, which are the underlying drivers of poor health. In this article, we identify common challenges, opportunities and examples for health promotion for people with disabilities, looking at both individual behaviour change as well as addressing the drivers of poor health. We present a case study of a carer support programme for parents of children with Congenital Zika Syndrome in Brazil as an example of a holistic programme for health promotion. This programme operates both through improving skills of caregivers to address the health needs of their child and tackling poverty and exclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Kuper
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E7HT, UK.
| | - Tracey Smythe
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E7HT, UK.
| | - Antony Duttine
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E7HT, UK.
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Imamura H, Kogure M, Kita Y, Nakagawa H, Hozawa A, Okamura T, Murakami Y, Nishi N, Okuda N, Kadota A, Ohkubo T, Ueshima H, Okayama A, Miura K. Factors Related to Participation in Health Examinations for Japanese National Health Insurance: NIPPON DATA2010. J Epidemiol 2018; 28 Suppl 3:S53-S58. [PMID: 29503387 PMCID: PMC5825691 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20170251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated relationships among socioeconomic factors and participation in health examinations for Japanese National Health Insurance (NHI) using a representative Japanese population. METHODS We used the linkage database of NIPPON DATA2010 and Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions 2010. Participants with NHI aged 40-74 years were included in the analysis. Prevalence ratios (PRs) for participation in health examinations in the past year were set as an outcome. Participant characteristics, including sex, age, socioeconomic factors (educational attainment, employment, equivalent household expenditure [EHE], house ownership, and marital status), laboratory measures, and lifestyle were included in an age-stratified modified Poisson regression analysis to examine relationships. RESULTS The number of study participants was 812, and 564 (69.5%) participated in health examinations in the past year. Among those aged 40-64 years, there was no significant PR for socioeconomic factors. Among those aged 65-74 years, high (≥13 years) educational attainment (adjusted PR, 1.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.41) and house ownership (PR 1.40; 95% CI, 1.11-1.77) were positively associated with participation, while high (4th quartile) EHE (PR 0.84; 95% CI, 0.73-0.97) was negatively associated. CONCLUSION These results suggest that high educational attainment, house ownership, and low EHE were positive factors for participation in health examinations among those aged 65-74 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Imamura
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mana Kogure
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yoshikuni Kita
- Faculty of Nursing Science, Tsuruga Nursing University, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nakagawa
- Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hozawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tomonori Okamura
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Murakami
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuo Nishi
- International Center for Nutrition and Information, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nagako Okuda
- Department of Health and Nutrition, University of Human Arts and Sciences, Saitama, Japan
| | - Aya Kadota
- Center for Epidemiologic Research in Asia, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Ohkubo
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Ueshima
- Center for Epidemiologic Research in Asia, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Akira Okayama
- Research Institute of Strategy for Prevention, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Miura
- Center for Epidemiologic Research in Asia, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
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de Oliveira PMP, Mariano MR, Pagliuca LMF, da Silva JM, de Almeida PC, Oliveira GOB. Socio-Economic Profile of People with Disabilities: A Health Impact. Health (London) 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2015.75075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Yun JE, Lim B, Ho SH. Trends and Factors Affecting Participation Rate in Korean National Health Screening among People with Disabilities. HEALTH POLICY AND MANAGEMENT 2014. [DOI: 10.4332/kjhpa.2014.24.2.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Lee JE, Kim HR, Shin HI. Accessibility of medical services for persons with disabilities: comparison with the general population in Korea. Disabil Rehabil 2013; 36:1728-34. [PMID: 24328458 DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2013.867368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the accessibility of medical services to people with disabilities (PWD) in Korea in comparison with the general population (GP) and examined factors influencing access to health care. METHODS Data from the 2011 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the 2011 National Survey of Disabled People were used. Participants included PWD (n = 5636) and the GP (n = 6646) aged 19 and above. RESULTS Of the PWD group, 807 (14.8%) reported difficulty in accessing medical services compared with 284 (4.2%) of the GP group (p < 0.001). In the PWD group, the most frequently reported reasons for not receiving medical services when needed were lack of money (58.8%) and lack of transportation (18.6%). Problems accessing medical services were associated with sex, age, employment status, household income, health insurance type, chronic disease, and disability type and grade. CONCLUSIONS PWD experienced more barriers in accessing medical services despite needing services more frequently than did those in the GP group. Compared to barriers faced by the GP, barriers for PWD were environmental rather than personal, which indicates the need for social policies to remove or reduce barriers and improve access to care. Implications for Rehabilitation Health Care Environment People with disabilities are likely to have difficulty in accessing medical services. Barriers are associated with environmental factors (e.g. lack of money or transportation), necessitating policies to reduce them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Eun Lee
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital , Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea and
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