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Saikia M, George LS, Unnikrishnan B, Nayak BS, Ravishankar N. Thirty years of emotional intelligence: A scoping review of emotional intelligence training programme among nurses. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2024; 33:37-51. [PMID: 37772479 DOI: 10.1111/inm.13235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The stressful environment of any healthcare setting can be detrimental to nurses' mental and emotional health. In recent years, emotional intelligence (EI) has emerged as a vital psychological resource that positively impacts mental and emotional health and improves organizational functioning and success. This scoping review aimed to collate, synthesize and outline the research conducted on EI training programmes among nurses to assess their effectiveness in improving staff nurses' EI. Electronic databases of MEDLINE via PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Cochrane, ProQuest, Embase and Web of Science were comprehensively searched for related studies published between 1990 and 2021 (updated in May 2022). Two investigators independently screened the abstracts of the retrieved studies against the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Out of 728 initially retrieved studies, only 7 were included in the final synthesis. The PRISMA-ScR (2018) checklist was used to report the study findings. All the studies included in the review reported a significant improvement in nurses' EI after a training programme. The results also indicate that EI interventions are an effective way to improve nurses' psychological resources (improve resilience and coping skills; reduce anxiety and stress), leadership qualities, job performance and patient experience of nursing care. As nurses are exposed to a wide range of emotions, human pain and suffering, the results of this review suggest that improving the EI skills of nurses through short training programmes is an effective way to maintain their emotional and mental well-being. This scoping review is preregistered in Prospero (CRD42020161084).
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Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa Saikia
- Department of Fundamentals of Nursing, Manipal College of Nursing, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Linu Sara George
- Department of Fundamentals of Nursing, Manipal College of Nursing, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | | | - Baby S Nayak
- Department of Child Health Nursing, Manipal College of Nursing, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - N Ravishankar
- Department of Statistics, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Rickard MJ, Kozlowski D, Schnitzler M. Outcomes of Emotional Intelligence Training for Surgeons in a Real-World Setting: a Mixed Methods Study. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2023; 80:1445-1453. [PMID: 37612198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2023.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to assess, improve and re-assess Emotional Intelligence (EI) in a group of junior and senior surgeons in a real-world setting. DESIGN This was a mixed methods study. An EI education program was delivered through a series of webinars. The program drew from the central concepts of emotional intelligence: Motivation, empathy, social skills, self-knowledge, and self-control. There was also a component of professional development. EI assessment was performed pre- and post-intervention using the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) and a series of targeted questions. Qualitative assessment was performed by means of structured interviews examining uptake in techniques, understanding of EI, and its effect on personal and professional life. SETTING The Australia and New Zealand Training Board in Colorectal Surgery administers a 2-year bi-national training program in teaching hospitals in Australia and New Zealand and runs a series of educational webinars throughout the training program. The "EI series" was part of this educational program. PARTICIPANTS Webinars were attended by 35 junior surgeons and 8 senior surgeons RESULTS: Self-perceived knowledge and use of EI increased from a mean of 3.6 to 6.5 (p<0.0001). There was a significant difference between experiential (94) and strategic (101) scores (p=0.005). There was a nonsignificant improvement (98.04-100.6, p=0.16), in the pre-post MSCEIT among the junior surgeons and no change for senior surgeons. Seventy-eight percent (25/32) of surgeons interviewed reported using any new EI strategies. Seventy-five percent actively stopped and considered what other people in a clinical scenario may be thinking; 78% commenced metacognition; 81% practiced the process of self-regulation; 66% had begun to recognise and use emotions as data; and, 47% had actively practiced the process of self-distancing CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the feasibility and utility of delivering EI training in an online format to a group of time-poor surgeons in a real-world setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Jfx Rickard
- Specialty of Surgery, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Macquarie University Hospital, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Concord Institute of Academic Surgery, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Desirée Kozlowski
- Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Margaret Schnitzler
- Specialty of Surgery, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Colorectal Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards NSW; Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Fei J, Hu Y, Liang L, Meng C, Mei S. Exploring the Impact of Emotional and Cognitive Factors on Anxiety Symptoms of Chinese Adolescents: a Serial Mediation Study. Int J Ment Health Addict 2023:1-15. [PMID: 36688112 PMCID: PMC9838377 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-022-01004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The onset age of anxiety is decreasing worldwide, yet the majority of the study conducted on anxiety were focused on adult populations. This study aimed to investigate the mediating effect of psychological capital and coping style tendency on the relationship between emotional intelligence and anxiety in Chinese adolescents and provide empirical evidence for research and prevention. A cross-sectional study recruited 5747 participants from 5 randomly selected middle schools in the northeast China. Study results showed that high emotional intelligence (P < 0.05), high level of psychological capital (P < 0.05), and positive coping style tendency (P < 0.05) were correlated to lower level of anxiety symptoms in adolescents. Psychological capital and coping style tendency performed partial and serial mediating effect on the relationship between emotional intelligence and anxiety. Teaching adolescents how to regulate emotions can strengthens their positive mentalities, promotes the use of positive coping strategies, and then attenuates the severity of anxiety symptoms in a nonadditive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsong Fei
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021 China
| | - Yueyang Hu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021 China
| | - Leilei Liang
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021 China
| | - Cuicui Meng
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021 China
| | - Songli Mei
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021 China
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Righi L, Ramacciani Isemann C, Rosati M, Pallassini M, Pozza A. Coping strategies at the frontline of care: Comparisons between Covid-19 and non-Covid-19 units' nurses and the role of moderator variables. Nurs Forum 2022; 57:545-557. [PMID: 35262941 PMCID: PMC9115366 DOI: 10.1111/nuf.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Relatively few studies focused on the coping strategies adopted by the healthcare workers during the second phase of the pandemic. The present study compared the coping strategies between Italian nurses working in Covid-19 and in other units and it explored whether socio-demographic and work-related variables moderate the relation between the type of unit and coping strategies. METHODS A web-based questionnaire that included sociodemographic and work-related questions and the Coping Orientation to Problem Experienced-New Italian Version-25 item was administered. Moderation effects between variables and coping strategies were analyzed using generalized linear models. RESULTS 253 nurses participated. Nurses who worked in a Covid-19 unit had significantly lower scores on Avoidance Strategies subscale and higher scores on Positive Attitude and Social Support subscales than nurses working in other units. DISCUSSION Gender differences emerged only on the social support coping dimension, with women being more likely to adopt social support than men. No association between the type of unit and the other coping strategies was found. CONCLUSION Nurses working in Covid-19 units showed better coping strategies than their colleagues: this suggests that support interventions aimed to promote coping strategies should be offered also to Covid-19-free units' nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Righi
- Department of EmergencyUSL Toscana Sud Est Health AgencyArezzoItaly
| | | | - Moris Rosati
- Intensive Care Unit“Santa Maria alle Scotte” University HospitalSienaItaly
| | - Maurilio Pallassini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and NeurosciencesUniversity of SienaSienaItaly
| | - Andrea Pozza
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and NeurosciencesUniversity of SienaSienaItaly
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Macías-Espinoza F, Brambila-Tapia AJL, Reyes-Domínguez YA, Ramírez-García ML. Association between Emotional Intelligence and Stress Coping Strategies According to Sex in Mexican General Population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127318. [PMID: 35742565 PMCID: PMC9224178 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Emotional intelligence has been associated with adaptive coping in the adolescent and young population; however, the association of specific dimensions of emotional intelligence with each coping strategy has not been associated in general nor by each sex separately. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine such an association. The general population was invited to perform an electronic questionnaire via social networks. A sample of 984 individuals were included, from which 62.1% were women, in whom we detected higher levels of emotional attention, and lower levels of emotional clarity and emotional repair, as well as increased levels of stress, depression and anxiety than men. In the bivariate correlations we observed significant positive correlations between emotional attention with stress, depression and anxiety, and significant negative correlations between emotional clarity and emotional repair with the three negative psychological variables, in both sexes. Adaptive coping strategies (mainly active coping and planning) showed positive correlations with emotional attention, emotional clarity and repair, being higher for emotional clarity and repair in both sexes. In addition, these two subscales also showed low negative correlations between some maladaptive strategies in both sexes, which suggests that interventions addressed to increase these emotional abilities could be useful in increasing adaptive coping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Macías-Espinoza
- Departamento de Psicología Aplicada, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Aniel Jessica Leticia Brambila-Tapia
- Departamento de Psicología Básica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
- Correspondence:
| | - Yesica Arlae Reyes-Domínguez
- Maestría en Psicología de la Salud, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (Y.A.R.-D.); (M.L.R.-G.)
| | - María Luisa Ramírez-García
- Maestría en Psicología de la Salud, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (Y.A.R.-D.); (M.L.R.-G.)
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Frías-Luque MD, Toledano-González A. Determinants of quality of life and well-being in cognitively unimpaired older adults: a systematic review. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12900. [PMID: 35186486 PMCID: PMC8841035 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is important to know the psychological variables that are related to quality of life and well-being in healthy elderly people. The main objective of the present review is to analyse which factors, through psychological variables, are determinant on the adaptive processes that acquire relevance in the last stage of life. DATA SOURCES An electronic search was conducted in WOS, Science Direct, PsycARTICLES, Psychology Database and Psycinfo. STUDY SELECTION The search terms used were derived from the combination of the following search string: (("Emotional Factors" OR "Emotional Effects") AND ("Emotional Intelligence" OR "Emotional Regulation") AND ("Quality of Life" OR "Personal Satisfaction") AND ("Healthy Old People" OR "Healthy Old Adults") AND ("Healthy Aging" OR "Successful Aging")). DATA EXTRACTION 11th April 2021. DATA SYNTHESIS In total, 13 articles were selected. CONCLUSIONS The articles showed the importance of social support, proactive coping strategies (emotional regulation) and emotional intelligence as key factors in the elderly population for their positive influence on variables such as quality of life and well-being. PROSPERO ID CRD42021224789
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abel Toledano-González
- Neurological Disabilities Research Institute, Albacete, Spain,Department of Psychology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Castilla La Mancha, Talavera de la Reina, Toledo, Spain
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Dugué M, Sirost O, Dosseville F. A literature review of emotional intelligence and nursing education. Nurse Educ Pract 2021; 54:103124. [PMID: 34175653 DOI: 10.1016/j.nepr.2021.103124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study is to investigate the current state of knowledge about emotional intelligence (EI) in nursing education BACKGROUND: Human relationships and emotions are an integral part of nursing care and contribute to care quality. This part of the profession must be addressed in nursing education to prepare students and deal with their emotions and the patients's. Research on emotional intelligence (EI) in nursing has been particularly developed recently. A broad understanding of many benefits of EI is crucial to include EI in this training program. DESIGN Systematic literature review METHODS: Undertaken using electronic database (Cairn; PubMed; Science Direct; Wiley online library) and specific search terms. This research covered articles published in English and French between 2007 and 2021. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines (PRISMA) directed the systematic review process. RESULTS 57 articles are included in this systematic review. The literature focuses on EI and nursing education. The findings categorized into four themes: EI and performances; EI and Physical and mental health; EI and Social Relationship; and EI program. CONCLUSIONS This literature review reveals that EI has many benefits in nursing students. Several training programs aimed at developing this concept have proven to be effective in nursing education. We believe that a synthesis of this knowledge will then allow us to better understand the benefits of EI for a further implementation in nursing education. Perspectives and recommendations will also be formulated to enable the implementation of emotional skill development programs in such training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Dugué
- Université Rouen Normandie, 76130 Mont Saint Aignan, France; EA3832 Centre d'Etudes des Transformations des Activités Physiques et Sportives, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France.
| | - Olivier Sirost
- Université Rouen Normandie, 76130 Mont Saint Aignan, France; EA3832 Centre d'Etudes des Transformations des Activités Physiques et Sportives, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Fabrice Dosseville
- Université Caen Normandie, UMR-S 1075, 14032 Caen, France; INSERM, UMR-S 1075 COMETE, 14032 Caen, France
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The Relationship Between Pregnant Women' Emotional Intelligence and Fear of Childbirth, Readiness For Childbirth and Ways of Coping with Stress. JOURNAL OF BASIC AND CLINICAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.30621/jbachs.899477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Stanulewicz N, Knox E, Narayanasamy M, Shivji N, Khunti K, Blake H. Effectiveness of Lifestyle Health Promotion Interventions for Nurses: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 17:E17. [PMID: 31861367 PMCID: PMC6981404 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior research has investigated various strategies to improve health, wellbeing and the job-related outcomes of nurses. However, the scope of this evidence is not clear and the types of intervention most likely to have positive outcomes are unknown. OBJECTIVE To provide an overview and synthesis of the effectiveness of interventions conducted with the goal of improving health, wellbeing and the job-related outcomes of nurses. METHODS A systematic database search was conducted from January 2000 to December 2018, with pre-defined criteria (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; MEDLINE and PubMed; EMBASE; CINAHL; PsycINFO; and BioMed Central). In total, 136 intervention studies with a total sample of 16,129 participants (range 9-3381) were included and evaluated. Data extraction, quality assessment and risk of bias analyses were performed. RESULTS Studies included randomised controlled trials (RCTs; n = 52, 38%), randomised crossover design studies (n = 2, 1.5%) and non-randomised pre-post studies with a control group (n = 31, 23%) and without a control group (n = 51, 37.5%). The majority of interventions focused on education, physical activity, mindfulness, or relaxation. Thirty-seven (27%) studies had a multimodal intervention approach. On average, studies had relatively small samples (median = 61; mode = 30) and were conducted predominantly in North America (USA/Canada, n = 53). The findings were mixed overall, with some studies reporting benefits and others finding no effects. Dietary habits was the most successfully improved outcome (8/9), followed by indices of body composition (20/24), physical activity (PA) (11/14), and stress (49/66), with >70% of relevant studies in each of these categories reporting improvements. The lowest success rate was for work-related outcomes (16/32). Separate analysis of RCTs indicated that interventions that focus solely on education might be less likely to result in positive outcomes than interventions targeting behavioural change. CONCLUSIONS Interventions targeting diet, body composition, PA, or stress are most likely to have positive outcomes for nurses' health and/or wellbeing. The methodologically strongest evidence (RCTs) is available for body composition and stress. Interventions relying solely on educational approaches are least likely to be effective. Organisational outcomes appear to be more challenging to change with lifestyle intervention, likely requiring more complex solutions including changes to the work environment. There is a need for more high-quality evidence since many studies had moderate or high risk of bias and low reporting quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Stanulewicz
- School of Applied Social Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Emily Knox
- Infant Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Granada, 52005 Granada, Spain;
| | - Melanie Narayanasamy
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (M.N.); (H.B.)
| | - Noureen Shivji
- School of Primary, Community and Social Care, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK;
| | - Kamlesh Khunti
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK;
| | - Holly Blake
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (M.N.); (H.B.)
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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Dugué M, Garncarzyk C, Dosseville F. [Psychological characteristics of stress in nursing student]. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2018; 66:347-354. [PMID: 30318334 DOI: 10.1016/j.respe.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Student nurses have perceived stress higher than students taking other training courses. The objective of this work was to investigate psychological characteristics of nursing students in an attempt to understand why they are more subject to stress than others. METHODS We carried out a self-administered questionnaire survey to compare students taking various training courses (i.e., sport sciences, psychology, medicine, and nursing). Perceived stress and health, high-risk behaviors, different psychological determinants of stress (i.e. coping, emotional skills, resilience, self-esteem, personality, chronotype) were assessed. RESULTS Multiple linear regression analysis yielded a model showing that seven independent variables were correlated with perceived stress among students: perceived health, neuroticism, stress tolerance, active coping, understanding of one's own emotions, chronotype amplitude, and use of one's own feelings. Moreover, medicine and nursing students were more stressed and perceived their health in a more negative way than students taking other training courses. Nursing students were also less stress tolerant. CONCLUSION The regression model suggests that psychological characteristics influence stress level among students. Moreover, the results show that medicine and nursing students differ from other students on resilience in stress tolerance dimension as well as on a set of behaviors. Practical perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dugué
- UFR STAPS, université Caen-Normandie, 2, boulevard du Maréchal-Juin, 14032 Caen cedex, France; EA4260, centre d'étude sport et actions motrices, 14032 Caen, France
| | - C Garncarzyk
- UFR STAPS, université Caen-Normandie, 2, boulevard du Maréchal-Juin, 14032 Caen cedex, France; EA4260, centre d'étude sport et actions motrices, 14032 Caen, France
| | - F Dosseville
- UFR STAPS, université Caen-Normandie, 2, boulevard du Maréchal-Juin, 14032 Caen cedex, France; EA4260, centre d'étude sport et actions motrices, 14032 Caen, France.
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Kozlowski D, Hutchinson M, Hurley J, Browne G. Increasing nurses' emotional intelligence with a brief intervention. Appl Nurs Res 2018; 41:59-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apnr.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Bagheri M, Hasanpour M, Ghaedi Heidari F, Hasanzadeh A. Emotional Intelligence of Nursing Students in Different Educational Levels. J Nurs Educ 2017. [DOI: 10.21859/jne-06025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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