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Porto AA, Benjamim CJR, da Silva Sobrinho AC, Gomes RL, Gonzaga LA, da Silva Rodrigues G, Vanderlei LCM, Garner DM, Valenti VE. Influence of Fluid Ingestion on Heart Rate, Cardiac Autonomic Modulation and Blood Pressure in Response to Physical Exercise: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression. Nutrients 2023; 15:4534. [PMID: 37960187 PMCID: PMC10650885 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A systematic review was undertaken to investigate the involvement of hydration in heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV) and diastolic (DBP) and systolic (SBP) blood pressure in response to exercise. Data synthesis: The EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, LILACS and Web of Science databases were searched. In total, 977 studies were recognized, but only 36 were included after final screening (33 studies in meta-analysis). This study includes randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs with subjects > 18 years old. The hydration group consumed water or isotonic drinks, while the control group did not ingest liquids. For the hydration protocol (before, during and after exercise), the HR values during the exercise were lower compared to the controls (-6.20 bpm, 95%CI: -8.69; -3.71). In the subgroup analysis, "water ingested before and during exercise" showed lower increases in HR during exercise (-6.20, 95%CI: 11.70 to -0.71), as did "water was ingested only during exercise" (-6.12, 95%CI: -9.35 to -2.89). Water intake during exercise only revealed a trend of avoiding greater increases in HR during exercise (-4,60, 95%CI: -9.41 to 0.22), although these values were not significantly different (p = 0.06) from those of the control. "Isotonic intake during exercise" showed lower HRs than the control (-7.23 bpm, 95% CI: -11.68 to -2.79). The HRV values following the exercise were higher in the hydration protocol (SMD = 0.48, 95%CI: 0.30 to 0.67). The values of the SBP were higher than those of the controls (2.25 mmHg, 95%CI: 0.08 to 4.42). Conclusions: Hydration-attenuated exercise-induced increases in HR during exercise, improved autonomic recovery via the acceleration of cardiac vagal modulation in response to exercise and caused a modest increase in SBP values, but did not exert effects on DBP following exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A. Porto
- Department of Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Presidente Prudente 19060-900, SP, Brazil; (L.A.G.); (V.E.V.)
| | - Cicero Jonas R. Benjamim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (C.J.R.B.); (A.C.d.S.S.); (G.d.S.R.)
| | - Andressa Crystine da Silva Sobrinho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (C.J.R.B.); (A.C.d.S.S.); (G.d.S.R.)
| | - Rayana Loch Gomes
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil;
| | - Luana A. Gonzaga
- Department of Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Presidente Prudente 19060-900, SP, Brazil; (L.A.G.); (V.E.V.)
| | - Guilherme da Silva Rodrigues
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (C.J.R.B.); (A.C.d.S.S.); (G.d.S.R.)
| | | | - David M. Garner
- Cardiorespiratory Research Group, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK;
| | - Vitor E. Valenti
- Department of Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Presidente Prudente 19060-900, SP, Brazil; (L.A.G.); (V.E.V.)
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Jones L, Zenko Z. A systematic narrative review of extrinsic strategies to improve affective responses to exercise. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1186986. [PMID: 37496882 PMCID: PMC10366615 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1186986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Extrinsic strategies affect the exercise experience but fall outside the frequency, intensity, time, and type (i.e., dose-determining) principles. To our knowledge, no systematic review has focused on extrinsic strategies to influence the affective responses to exercise. The objective was to identify extrinsic strategies that seek to influence affective responses during exercise and other motivationally relevant variables including post-exercise momentary affective valence, remembered and forecasted pleasure, and enjoyment. Methods For inclusion, eligible articles reported peer-reviewed original research, used acute bouts of exercise, and used a dimensional approach for measuring affective responses or measured enjoyment post-exercise. Web of Science, PubMed, and PsychINFO databases were last searched on 10th September 2021. Quality assessment was completed following the Effective Public Health Practice Project approach. Results were presented using a narrative synthesis. Results 125 studies were included with sample descriptions, study design (extrinsic strategies, mode, type, intensity, and duration), measurement details, and results summarised for each study. Conclusions 71% of studies were categorised as Weak according to the quality assessment tool with sampling practices (self-referred participants) and poor reporting of participant withdrawals/drop-outs the predominant reasons for Weak ratings. A wide variety of extrinsic strategies were reported with music, music videos, immersive virtual reality, outdoor exercise, caffeine, high-to-low pattern of exercise intensity, self-selected exercise intensity, and manipulation of self-efficacy offering promise as suitable strategies to positively change how people feel during exercise. Systematic Review Registration https://osf.io/jbh8v/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leighton Jones
- Health Research Institute, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Zachary Zenko
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University Bakersfield, Bakersfield, CA, United States
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Deshayes TA, Pancrate T, Goulet ED. Impact of dehydration on perceived exertion during endurance exercise: A systematic review with meta-analysis. J Exerc Sci Fit 2022; 20:224-235. [PMID: 35601980 PMCID: PMC9093000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the impact of stressors on the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is relevant from a performance and exercise adherence/participation standpoint. Athletes and recreationally active individuals dehydrate during exercise. No attempt has been made to systematically determine the impact of exercise-induced dehydration (EID) on RPE. Objective The present meta-analysis aimed to determine the effect of EID on RPE during endurance exercise and examine the moderating effect of potential confounders. Data analyses Performed on raw RPE values using random-effects models weighted mean effect summaries and meta-regressions with robust standard errors, and with a practical meaningful effect set at 1 point difference between euhydration (EUH) and EID. Only controlled crossover studies measuring RPE with a Borg scale in healthy adults performing ≥30 min of continuous endurance exercise while dehydrating or drinking to maintain EUH were included. Results Sixteen studies were included, representing 147 individuals. Mean body mass loss with EUH was 0.5 ± 0.4%, compared to 2.3 ± 0.5% with EID (range 1.7-3.1%). Within an EID of 0.5-3% body mass, a maximum difference in RPE of 0.81 points (95% CI: 0.36-1.27) was observed between conditions. A meta-regression revealed that RPE increases by 0.21 points for each 1% increase in EID (95% CI: 0.12-0.31). Humidity, ambient temperature and aerobic capacity did not alter the relationship between EID and RPE. Conclusion Therefore, the effect of EID on RPE is unlikely to be practically meaningful until a body mass loss of at least 3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Deshayes
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, P.Q., Canada
- Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, P.Q., Canada
| | - Timothée Pancrate
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, P.Q., Canada
| | - Eric D.B. Goulet
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, P.Q., Canada
- Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, P.Q., Canada
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Deshayes TA, Daigle N, Jeker D, Lamontagne-Lacasse M, Perreault-Briere M, Claveau P, Simoneau IL, Chamoux E, Goulet EDB. Impact of Repeated Acute Exposures to Low and Moderate Exercise-Induced Hypohydration on Physiological and Subjective Responses and Endurance Performance. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124477. [PMID: 34960028 PMCID: PMC8704556 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine whether repeated exposures to low (2%) and moderate (4%) exercise-induced hypohydration may reverse the potentially deleterious effect of hypohydration on endurance performance. Using a randomized crossover protocol, ten volunteers (23 years, V˙O2max: 54 mL∙kg-1∙min-1) completed two 4-week training blocks interspersed by a 5-week washout period. During one block, participants replaced all fluid losses (EUH) while in the other they were fluid restricted (DEH). Participants completed three exercise sessions per week (walking/running, 55% V˙O2max, 40 °C): (1) 1 h while fluid restricted or drinking ad libitum, (2) until 2 and (3) 4% of body mass has been lost or replaced. During the first and the fourth week of each training block, participants completed a 12 min time-trial immediately after 2% and 4% body mass loss has been reached. Exercise duration and distance completed (14.1 ± 2.7 vs. 6.9 ± 1.5 km) during the fixed-intensity exercise bouts were greater in the 4 compared to the 2% condition (p < 0.01) with no difference between DEH and EUH. During the first week, heart rate, rectal temperature and perceived exertion were higher (p < 0.05) with DEH than EUH, and training did not change these outcomes. Exercise-induced hypohydration of 2% and 4% body mass impaired time-trial performance in a practical manner both at the start and end of the training block. In conclusion, exercise-induced hypohydration of 2% and 4% body mass impairs 12 min walking/running time-trial, and repeated exposures to these hypohydration levels cannot reverse the impairment in performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Deshayes
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; (T.A.D.); (N.D.); (D.J.); (M.L.-L.); (M.P.-B.); (P.C.)
- Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
| | - Nicolas Daigle
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; (T.A.D.); (N.D.); (D.J.); (M.L.-L.); (M.P.-B.); (P.C.)
| | - David Jeker
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; (T.A.D.); (N.D.); (D.J.); (M.L.-L.); (M.P.-B.); (P.C.)
| | - Martin Lamontagne-Lacasse
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; (T.A.D.); (N.D.); (D.J.); (M.L.-L.); (M.P.-B.); (P.C.)
| | - Maxime Perreault-Briere
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; (T.A.D.); (N.D.); (D.J.); (M.L.-L.); (M.P.-B.); (P.C.)
| | - Pascale Claveau
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; (T.A.D.); (N.D.); (D.J.); (M.L.-L.); (M.P.-B.); (P.C.)
| | - Ivan L. Simoneau
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation par Simulation, Cegep of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K1, Canada;
| | - Estelle Chamoux
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Biological sciences, Bishop’s University, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 1Z7, Canada;
| | - Eric D. B. Goulet
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; (T.A.D.); (N.D.); (D.J.); (M.L.-L.); (M.P.-B.); (P.C.)
- Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Benton D, Young HA. Do small differences in hydration status affect mood and mental performance? Nutr Rev 2016; 73 Suppl 2:83-96. [PMID: 26290294 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuv045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it has been suggested that many in the general population are dehydrated to the extent that mood and cognition are disrupted, there has been little research investigating mild levels of dehydration. When dehydration reduces body mass by more than 2%, it has been consistently reported that mood is influenced, fatigue is greater, and alertness is lower. In contrast, the effects on cognition have been less consistent. Only a few studies have looked at females and these studies made little attempt to consider hormones that influence kidney functioning. In particular, there has been virtually no attempt to look at changes in hydration status in the range that occurs in individuals with a sedentary lifestyle in a temperate climate. There is a consequent need to study individuals who have lost up to 1% of body mass due to dehydration. While 4 intervention trials have found that the cognition of children improved in response to water consumption, the effects of water consumption on cognition in older adults, another high-risk group, have been largely ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Benton
- D. Benton and H. Young are with the Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK.
| | - Hayley A Young
- D. Benton and H. Young are with the Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK
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Iyoho AE, MacFadden LN, Ng LJ. Prediction of performance reduction in self-paced exercise as modulated by the rating of perceived exertion. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 115:675-90. [PMID: 25417169 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-3054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is a scale of exercise difficulty and has been hypothesized to be a regulator of work rate during self-pacing. The goal of this work was to develop a dynamic prediction of RPE and to characterize the control strategy employed to reduce work rate during self-paced exercise using RPE as feedback. METHODS Training and test data were acquired from the literature to develop a linear regression of RPE as a function of four physiological variables: core temperature, mean-weighted skin temperature, metabolic rate, and integral of relative oxygen consumption (R (2) = 0.85). A thermoregulatory model was used to predict core and mean-weighted skin temperature. Utilizing self-paced cycling and running data from the literature, we characterized reductions in work rate with a proportional-derivative control algorithm with RPE as feedback. RESULTS Bland-Altman analysis revealed the necessity to parameterize RPE equations for untrained and endurance-trained individuals. Afterwards, dynamic predictions of RPE were accurate for a wide range of activity levels and air temperatures for walking, running, and cycling (LoA and bias of 2.3 and -0.03, respectively). For self-paced exercise, the control algorithm characterized the trend and magnitude of work rate reductions for cycling and running, and showed regulated RPE to be less conservative for shorter vs. longer duration exercise. CONCLUSIONS A novel methodology to characterize self-paced work intensity, based upon dynamic physiologic response, is provided. The complete model is a useful tool that estimates performance decrements during self-paced exercise and predicts tolerance time for exhaustive fixed-rate exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Iyoho
- L-3 Applied Technologies Inc., 10770 Wateridge Circle, Suite 200, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA,
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Peacock OJ, Thompson D, Stokes KA. Impact of a carbohydrate-electrolyte drink on ingestive behaviour, affect and self-selected intensity during recreational exercise after 24-h fluid restriction. Appetite 2012; 60:5-12. [PMID: 23123272 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of a carbohydrate-electrolyte drink on voluntary fluid intake, affect and self-selected intensity during recreational exercise after fluid restriction. In a randomised counterbalanced design, ten physically active adults were dehydrated via a 24-h period of fluid restriction before completing two 20-min bouts of cardiovascular exercise, 20-min of resistance exercise and 20 min on a cycle ergometer at a self-selected intensity with ad libitum access to water (W) or a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution (CES). Fluid restriction induced hypohydration of ∼1.2% initial body mass. Fluid intake during exercise was greater with CES (2105 ± 363 vs. 1470 ± 429 mL; P<0.01) and resulted in more adequate hydration (-0.03 ± 0.65 vs. -1.26 ± 0.80%; P<0.01). Plasma glucose concentrations (4.48 ± 0.40 vs. 4.28 ± 0.32 mmol L(-1); P<0.01) and pleasure ratings (2.63 ± 1.17 vs. 1.81 ± 1.37; P<0.01) were greater with CES than W. Mean power output during exercise performed at a self-selected intensity was 5.6% greater with CES (171 ± 63 vs. 162 ± 60 W; P<0.05). In physically active adults performing a 'real-life' recreational exercise simulation, CES resulted in more adequate hydration and an enhanced affective experience that corresponded with an increase in self-selected exercise intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J Peacock
- Sport, Health and Exercise Science Research Group, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.
| | - Dylan Thompson
- Sport, Health and Exercise Science Research Group, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Keith A Stokes
- Sport, Health and Exercise Science Research Group, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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Heyman E, Gamelin FX, Goekint M, Piscitelli F, Roelands B, Leclair E, Di Marzo V, Meeusen R. Intense exercise increases circulating endocannabinoid and BDNF levels in humans--possible implications for reward and depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012; 37:844-51. [PMID: 22029953 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is known to have positive effects on depression partly through its actions on neurotrophins, such as Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). As BDNF is also considered the major candidate molecule for exercise-induced brain plasticity, we hypothesized that the endocannabinoid system represents a crucial signaling system mediating the beneficial antidepressant effects of exercise. Here we investigated, in 11 healthy trained male cyclists, the effects of an intense exercise (60 min at 55% followed by 30 min at 75% W(max)) on plasma levels of endocannabinoids (anandamide, AEA and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, 2-AG) and their possible link with serum BDNF. AEA levels increased during exercise and the 15 min recovery (P<0.001), whereas 2-AG concentrations remained stable. BDNF levels increased significantly during exercise and then decreased during the 15 min of recovery (P<0.01). Noteworthy, AEA and BDNF concentrations were positively correlated at the end of exercise and after the 15 min recovery (r>0.66, P<0.05), suggesting that AEA increment during exercise might be one of the factors involved in exercise-induced increase in peripheral BDNF levels and that AEA high levels during recovery might delay the return of BDNF to basal levels. AEA production during exercise might be triggered by cortisol since we found positive correlations between these two compounds and because corticosteroids are known to stimulate endocannabinoid biosynthesis. These findings provide evidence in humans that acute exercise represents a physiological stressor able to increase peripheral levels of AEA and that BDNF might be a mechanism by which AEA influences the neuroplastic and antidepressant effects of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Heyman
- Univ Lille Nord de France, EA4488 'Activité physique, Muscle, Santé', F-59000 Lille, France.
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Peacock OJ, Thompson D, Stokes KA. Voluntary drinking behaviour, fluid balance and psychological affect when ingesting water or a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution during exercise. Appetite 2012; 58:56-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Minniti A, Tyler CJ, Sunderland C. Effects of a cooling collar on affect, ratings of perceived exertion, and running performance in the heat. Eur J Sport Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2010.536577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Peacock OJ, Stokes K, Thompson D. Initial hydration status, fluid balance, and psychological affect during recreational exercise in adults. J Sports Sci 2011; 29:897-904. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2011.568511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Ali A, Gardiner R, Foskett A, Gant N. Fluid balance, thermoregulation and sprint and passing skill performance in female soccer players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010; 21:437-45. [PMID: 20136761 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ten females performed 90 min of the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) on two occasions separated by 7 days. Water [3 mL/kg body mass (BM)] was provided every 15 min during exercise (FL); no fluid was given in the other trial (NF). Participants performed the Loughborough Soccer Passing Test (LSPT) before and every 15 min during the LIST. Core temperature (T(c) ) was measured throughout using ingestible temperature sensors. Heart rate (HR), blood lactate ([La(-) ]) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were collected at regular intervals during exercise. Participants experienced greater BM loss in NF (2.2 ± 0.4%) than FL (1.0 ± 0.4%; P<0.001). Sprint performance deteriorated by 2.7% during exercise (P<0.001) but there was no difference between trials (P=0.294). No significant differences in LSPT performance were detected between trials (P=0.31). T(c) was higher during exercise in NF and was 38.6 ± 0.3 °C (NF) and 38.3 ± 0.3 °C (FL; P<0.01) after 90 min. HR (P<0.001), [La(-) ] (P<0.01) and RPE (P=0.009) were higher during exercise in NF. Ingesting water during a 90-min match simulation reduces the mild dehydration seen in female soccer players when no fluid is consumed. However, there was no effect of fluid ingestion on soccer passing skill or sprint performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ali
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand.
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ISHIJIMA T, HASHIMOTO H, SATOU K, MURAOKA I, SUZUKI K, HIGUCHI M. The Different Effects of Fluid with and without Carbohydrate Ingestion on Subjective Responses of Untrained Men during Prolonged Exercise in a Hot Environment. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2009; 55:506-10. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.55.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Harshaw C. Alimentary Epigenetics: A Developmental Psychobiological Systems View of the Perception of Hunger, Thirst and Satiety. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2008; 28:541-569. [PMID: 19956358 PMCID: PMC2654322 DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Hunger, thirst and satiety have an enormous influence on cognition, behavior and development, yet we often take for granted that they are simply inborn or innate. Converging data and theory from both comparative and human domains, however, supports the conclusion that the phenomena hunger, thirst and satiety are not innate but rather emerge probabilistically as a function of experience during individual development. The metatheoretical perspective provided by developmental psychobiological systems theory provides a useful framework for organizing and synthesizing findings related to the development of the perception of hunger, thirst and satiety, or alimentary interoception. It is argued that neither developmental psychology nor the psychology of eating and drinking have adequately dealt with the ontogeny of alimentary interoception and that a more serious consideration of the species-typical developmental system of food and fluid intake and the many modifications that have been made therein is likely necessary for a full understanding of both alimentary and emotional development.
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