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Nakajima S. Preexposure to running attenuates rats' running-based flavour avoidance: Testing associative blocking with a cover cues or context change. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2024:17470218241237646. [PMID: 38395752 DOI: 10.1177/17470218241237646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Voluntary running in activity wheels by rats leads to a Pavlovian conditioned aversion to the flavour consumed immediately before the running, causing the rats to avoid that flavour. This learning process, known as running-based flavour avoidance learning (FAL), is weakened when the rats have had repeated exposure to the wheels before. According to the associative account, the association between the background context and running established during the preexposure phase blocks the conditioning of the target flavour because the running is highly predictable by the background context from the outset of the FAL phase. Experiments 1 and 2 examined this account by introducing another flavour as a cue signalling wheel access during the preexposure phase. In the framework of the associative account, the introduction of this cue should impede the formation of the context-running association during the preexposure phase, thereby hindering the contextual blocking of aversive conditioning for the target flavour in the FAL phase. This would result in unweakened FAL. Although the results of Experiment 1 align with this prediction, in Experiment 2, when highly distinct flavours were used as the target and second cues, the preexposure effect was not eliminated. This contradicts the predictions of the associative account, indicating that Experiment 1 may have been influenced by stimulus generalisation. In Experiment 3, changing background contexts between the preexposure and FAL phases had no impact on the preexposure effect, contrary to the predictions of the associative account. In general, the associative account was not supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadahiko Nakajima
- Department of Psychological Science, Kwansei Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, Japan
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2
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Nakajima S. Pica behavior of laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus domestica): Nauseated animals ingest kaolin, zeolite, bentonite, but not calcium carbonate chalk. Behav Processes 2024; 216:105001. [PMID: 38336238 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
"Pica" refers to the ingestion of non-nutritive substances by animals that would not typically consume them. The pica behavior can be utilized to investigate the internal conditions of animals' bodies. For example, rats, due to neuroanatomical reasons, cannot vomit; nevertheless, when nauseated, they ingest kaolin clay. This renders the ingestion of kaolin a practical proxy for measuring nausea in rats. The question of whether rats consume minerals other than kaolin during nauseous episodes remains unanswered. This study aims to identify a mineral better suited for detecting nausea in rats. In two experiments, nausea was induced in laboratory rats by a single dose of lithium chloride (0.15 M, 2% bw), and their mineral consumption over the 24-hour period was measured. Experiment 1 compared three minerals between rat groups: kaolin sold for nausea detection (kaolin A), kaolin for ceramics (kaolin B), and zeolite. Nauseated rats consumed all minerals, with the highest consumption occurring with kaolin B. In Experiment 2, three commercially available health soils were compared: edible kaolin, edible bentonite, and edible chalk. The most significant consumption was observed in the kaolin group, followed by the bentonite group, while nauseated rats did not consume edible chalk. These findings underscore the suitability of kaolin for nausea detection, although the extent of consumption may vary depending on the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadahiko Nakajima
- Department of Psychological Science, Kwansei Gakuin University, Nishinomiya 662-8501, Japan.
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3
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Nakajima S, Umemoto S, Nagaishi T. Food avoidance learning based on swimming in laboratory mice (Mus musculus). Behav Processes 2023:104910. [PMID: 37406868 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2023.104910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Although it is now well documented that laboratory rats learn to avoid the flavored substance consumed immediately before running in activity wheels or swimming in water buckets, research on this activity-based flavor avoidance learning in other species is limited. Recently, running-based flavor avoidance learning has been demonstrated in laboratory mice by employing a method of resistance-to-habituation of neophobic reaction to novel food; mice that repeatedly experience running after encountering a novel food have a prolonged tendency to reject that food compared to control mice without paired running. The present article reports a series of attempts to obtain evidence of flavor avoidance learning based on swimming rather than running using this resistance-to-habituation method. Swimming-based flavor avoidance was clearly demonstrated in a differential conditioning paradigm; however, its demonstration in a simple conditioning paradigm requires a post-training choice test of the target food and another type of food. These results are likely due to the short swimming time (20min) and the formation of weak flavor aversion.
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Nakajima S. Pica caused by emetic drugs in laboratory rats with kaolin, gypsum, and lime as test substances. Physiol Behav 2023; 261:114076. [PMID: 36627038 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pica refers to eating nonfood substances. The pica behavior has been the focus of attention in physiological and pharmacological studies, because its consumption is a good marker of nausea in laboratory rats, which cannot vomit due to neuroanatomical reasons. Almost all pica studies with rats have used kaolin clay pellets as nonfood substances. The present study primarily aimed to explore an alternative (or more suitable) substance to kaolin for detection of nausea induced by emetic drugs. Two calcium compounds, gypsum and lime, were evaluated in this study. An injection of lithium chloride (LiCl) increased pica behavior not only in the rats given kaolin but also in the rats given gypsum, suggesting that gypsum consumption could be used as an indicator of nausea. However, its sensitivity was no greater than that of kaolin consumption. In addition, lime is not a useful marker for nausea because the size of pica was small in the LiCl-injected rats, and did not differ from the control in the cisplatin-injected rats. In short, the superiority of kaolin as a test substance for nausea could not be overturned. However, the fact that nauseous rats displayed pica behavior with gypsum and lime refutes the claim that aluminosilicate, the main component of kaolin, is the critical determinant of emetic-caused pica in laboratory rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadahiko Nakajima
- Department of Psychological Science, Kwansei Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, 662-8501, Japan.
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5
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Belke TW, Zelcer CE. Is increased operant wheel running on a fixed-ratio schedule due to adjunctive or reinforced behavior? LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lmot.2022.101853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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6
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Nakajima S. Kaolin clay intake motivated by lactose ingestion in rats. LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lmot.2021.101724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Interoceptive insular cortex participates in sensory processing of gastrointestinal malaise and associated behaviors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21642. [PMID: 33303809 PMCID: PMC7730439 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78200-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The insular cortex plays a central role in the perception and regulation of bodily needs and emotions. Its modular arrangement, corresponding with different sensory modalities, denotes a complex organization, and reveals it to be a hub that is able to coordinate autonomic and behavioral responses to many types of stimuli. Yet, little is known about the dynamics of its electrical activity at the neuronal level. We recorded single neurons in behaving rats from the posterior insula cortex (pIC), a subdivision considered as a primary interoceptive cortex, during gastrointestinal (GI) malaise, a state akin to the emotion of disgust in humans. We found that a large proportion of pIC neurons were modulated during the rodent compensatory behaviors of lying on belly (LOB) and Pica. Furthermore, we demonstrated that LOB was correlated with low-frequency oscillations in the field potentials and spikes at the theta (8 Hz) band, and that low-frequency electrical microstimulation of pIC elicited LOB and Pica. These findings demonstrate that pIC neurons play a critical role in GI malaise perception, and that the pIC influences the expression of behaviors that alleviate GI malaise. Our model provides an accessible approach at the single cell level to study innate emotional behaviors, currently elusive in humans.
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Nakajima S. Taste Aversion Learning Based on Swimming and Lithium Chloride Injection in Rats: Implications From Cross‐familiarization Tests and Stimulus Selectivity
1. JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jpr.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nakajima S. Further demonstration of running-based food avoidance learning in laboratory mice (Mus musculus). Behav Processes 2019; 168:103962. [PMID: 31520676 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2019.103962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Voluntary wheel running has hedonically bivalent properties in laboratory rats and mice. While it works as a reward for instrumental performance such as bar pressing, it also functions as an aversive stimulus to establish Pavlovian conditioned avoidance of the paired stimulus. The present study focused on the latter case. Running in closed wheels hampered habituation of a reluctance to eat a target snack in rats (Experiment 1A) and mice (Experiment 1B) trained by pairing access to a target snack with confinement to a wheel attached to the cage. Experiment 2 successfully confirmed and extended this finding with mice running in both open and closed wheels. A differential conditioning procedure employed in Experiment 3 ensured that this phenomenon is specific to the snack paired with running, implying that it reflects Pavlovian conditioned flavor avoidance (CFA). Free exploration in cages without wheels, however, did not results in a CFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadahiko Nakajima
- Department of Psychological Science, Kwansei Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, 662-8501, Japan.
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Nakajima S. Food aversion learning based on voluntary running in non-deprived rats: a technique for establishing aversive conditioning with minimized discomfort. Exp Anim 2019; 68:71-79. [PMID: 30282846 PMCID: PMC6389511 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.18-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents an experimental preparation for establishing conditioned food aversion (CFA) by voluntary wheel running in rats with laboratory chow and water freely available. In Experiment 1, unfamiliar food (raisins) was avoided by rats when they first encountered it. This neophobic food avoidance was habituated by repeated tests; the rats gradually increased their raisin consumption. However, the consumption remained suppressed in rats that accessed the raisins after wheel running. This finding implies that running yielded CFA, which suppressed consumption of the unfamiliar food rather than increasing it. Because running generated kaolin clay ingestion, which is a behavioral marker of nausea, it is suggested that the running-based CFA was mediated by weak gastrointestinal discomfort. Experiment 2 supported the claim that the suppressed consumption is due to running-based CFA by showing the specificity of food suppression. Demonstration of CFA based on voluntary activity in non-deprived rats will contribute to basic research on learning and memory as an alternative technique for studying aversive conditioning with minimized discomfort in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadahiko Nakajima
- Department of Psychological Science, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1-1-155 Uegahara, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 662-8501, Japan
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Kang KS, Huh W, Bang Y, Choi HJ, Baek JY, Song JH, Kang JW, Kim TH. Electroacupuncture for chemotherapy-induced anorexia through humoral appetite regulation: A preliminary experimental study. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:2587-2597. [PMID: 30906450 PMCID: PMC6425152 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced anorexia (CIA), which may lead to severe nutrition-associated problems, is a common complication associated with anti-cancer therapies. In the present study, the anti-anorexigenic effect of electroacupuncture (EA) was explored through assessing a change in appetite-associated peptides and c-Fos expression in a rat model of cisplatin-induced anorexia. In order to identify the most effective acupuncture point, 20 male Wistar rats (divided into five groups including the normal saline control, cisplatin only control and three groups according to the acupoints stimulated) were subjected to EA for 10 min at CV12, ST36 or PC6 daily for 4 days. Subsequently, the rats received intraperitoneal injections of cisplatin (6 mg/kg) to induce CIA. Food intake and reduction in body weight gain as the anorexia-associated outcomes were assessed daily for up to 3 days after cisplatin injection, and CV12 was eventually chosen as the most effective acupoint to test the anti-anorexigenic effect of EA. Furthermore, food intake, body weight and the concentrations of appetite-associated peptides, including ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), in addition to c-Fos expression, were comparatively assessed between the CV12 EA group (n=6; rats treated with EA at CV12 daily for 4 days) and a control group (n=6; rats without treatment). The results indicated that the CV12 EA group exhibited a better outcome regarding food intake and body weight compared with the controls. Although there was no statistically significant difference observed, the secretion of serum ghrelin and CCK was increased in the CV12 EA group compared with that in the control group. The plasma level of 5-HT after cisplatin injection in the CV12 EA group was lower compared with that in the control, although no statistical significance was reached. Although not statistically significant, the expression of c-Fos protein in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) was reduced in the CV12 EA rats. In addition, the hypothalamic mRNA levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were significantly increased in the CV12 EA group. In the hypothalamus, the expression of neuropeptide Y mRNA slightly increased in the cisplatin + CV12 EA group compared with the cisplatin only control group. In conclusion, the anti-anorexigenic effect of EA on CIA may be associated with an increase in the secretion of ghrelin and CCK and a decrease in the secretion of 5-HT into the serum, a reduction of c-Fos expression in the NTS and an increase in BDNF mRNA expression in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Sung Kang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonsang Huh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeojin Bang
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yun Baek
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Song
- Department of Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Won Kang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hun Kim
- Korean Medicine Clinical Trial Center, Korean Medicine Hospital, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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12
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Nakajima S. Food avoidance learning based on voluntary wheel running in laboratory mice (Mus musculus). Behav Processes 2018; 159:31-36. [PMID: 30557602 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mice show a reluctance to eat unfamiliar food, when they first encounter it. This neophobic reaction is conventionally habituated by repeated trials: the mice gradually increase their consumption of the novel food. The new finding reported here is that the consumption remains low in mice that voluntarily run in activity wheels after the novel food access. This effect implies that running yields Pavlovian conditioned flavor aversion, which suppresses, otherwise increasing, consumption of the novel food. In the present research, the effect was demonstrated with a between-group design by pitting experimental mice receiving cheese-running paired treatment against cheese/running unpaired control mice (Experiment 1). The running-based food avoidance in mice was also shown in a differential conditioning paradigm, where one of two novel snacks (chocolate and marshmallow) was paired with running while the other was not, in non-deprived animals (Experiment 2 A) and food-deprived animals (Experiment 2B). These results concord with those previously reported in rats, indicating the generality of the phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadahiko Nakajima
- Department of Psychological Science, Kwansei Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, 662-8501, Japan.
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13
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Nakajima S. Clay eating attenuates lithium-based taste aversion learning in rats: A remedial effect of kaolin on nausea. Physiol Behav 2018; 188:199-204. [PMID: 29447835 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Kaolin clay eating has been considered as a marker of nausea in rats, because a variety of treatments, which evoke nausea in humans, generate consumption of kaolin clay in rats. The present study with two experiments replicated kaolin clay ingestion induced by an injection of emetic lithium chloride (LiCl). The LiCl injection, however, did not generate eating of wooden objects in rats. The present study also provides a new finding that consumption of kaolin clay alleviates rats' taste aversion learning caused by an LiCl injection. This finding is congruent with the contention that consumption of kaolin clay is not only a useful index of, but also an effective remedy for, drug-induced nausea in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadahiko Nakajima
- Department of Psychological Science, Kwansei Gakuin University, Nishinomiya 662-8501, Japan.
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16
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Abstract
Running in an activity wheel generates pica behavior (kaolin clay intake) in rats. Wheel running also results in Pavlovian conditioned avoidance of the taste solution consumed immediately before the running. Since pica has been considered a behavioral marker of nausea in rats, these findings suggest that wheel running induces nausea, which is the underlying physiological state for establishing taste avoidance. This article reports a replication of running-based pica in rats (Experiment 1) and concurrent demonstrations of running-based pica and taste avoidance in the same animals (Experiments 2 and 3). Also shown is that pica does not alleviate running-based taste avoidance (Experiment 3). Another finding is that pica is generated by a nausea-inducing lithium chloride injection but not by a pain-inducing hypertonic saline injection (Experiment 4). These results, when taken together, support the hypothesis that pica behavior generated by wheel running reflects nausea in rats.
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Abstract
Learning what to eat and what not to eat is fundamental to our well-being, quality of life, and survival. In particular, the acquisition of conditioned taste aversions (CTAs) protects all animals (including humans) against ingesting foods that contain poisons or toxins. Counterintuitively, CTAs can also develop in situations in which we know with absolute certainty that the food did not cause the subsequent aversive systemic effect. Recent nonhuman animal research, analyzing palatability shifts, has indicated that a wider range of stimuli than has been traditionally acknowledged can induce CTAs. This article integrates these new findings with a reappraisal of some known characteristics of CTA and presents a novel conceptual analysis that is broader and more comprehensive than previous accounts of CTA learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-You Lin
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
| | - Joe Arthurs
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Steve Reilly
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
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18
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Goineau S, Castagné V. Comparison of three preclinical models for nausea and vomiting assessment. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2016; 82:45-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Ueda H, Suga M, Yagi T, Kusumoto-Yoshida I, Kashiwadani H, Kuwaki T, Miyawaki S. Vagal afferent activation induces salivation and swallowing-like events in anesthetized rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R964-R970. [PMID: 27707722 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00292.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of vagal afferent activation on salivation and swallowing-like events. Salivation is part of a reflex induced by stimulation of the oral area during feeding or chewing. Recently, we reported that nausea induced by gastroesophageal reflux (GER) activation produced salivation and swallowing in humans. Here, we investigated the ability of visceral sensation to enhance salivation and swallowing in rodents in order to inform the mechanism of GER-mediated stomatognathic activation. First, we administered LiCl to anesthetized male rats to induce nausea. LiCl significantly increased salivation and increased the activity of the vagal afferent nerve. Next, we simultaneously recorded salivation and swallowing using an electrode attached to the mylohyoid muscle during vagal afferent stimulation in a physiological range of frequencies. Vagal afferent stimulation significantly increased salivation and swallowing-like events in a frequency-dependent manner. A muscle relaxant, vecuronium bromide, diminished the swallowing-like response but did not affect salivation. These results indicate that visceral sensation induces salivation and swallowing-like events in anesthetized rodents through vagal afferent activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Ueda
- Department of Orthodontics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan; and
| | - Mayu Suga
- Department of Orthodontics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan; and
| | - Takakazu Yagi
- Department of Orthodontics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan; and
| | - Ikue Kusumoto-Yoshida
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hideki Kashiwadani
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kuwaki
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shouichi Miyawaki
- Department of Orthodontics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan; and
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Nakajima S. Running induces nausea in rats: Kaolin intake generated by voluntary and forced wheel running. Appetite 2016; 105:85-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Nakajima S. Swimming-based pica in rats. Behav Processes 2016; 130:1-3. [PMID: 27370361 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that voluntary or forced running in activity wheels yields pica behavior (kaolin clay intake) in rats (Nakajima, 2016; Nakajima and Katayama, 2014). The present study provides experimental evidence that a single 40-min session of swimming in water also generates pica in rats, while showering rats with water does not produce such behavior. Because kaolin intake has been regarded as a measure of nausea in rats, this finding suggests that swimming activity, as well as voluntary or forced running, induces nausea in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadahiko Nakajima
- Department of Psychological Science, Kwansei Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, 662-8501, Japan.
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22
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Prior running, but not swimming, hinders running-based taste aversion learning in rats. LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lmot.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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