1
|
Arend AK, Blechert J, Yanagida T, Voderholzer U, Reichenberger J. Emotional food craving across the eating disorder spectrum: an ecological momentary assessment study. Eat Weight Disord 2024; 29:58. [PMID: 39264507 PMCID: PMC11393200 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-024-01690-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Emotional eating during negative emotions might underlie disordered eating behavior (i.e., binge eating and food restriction). Positive emotions, by contrast, seem to promote healthier eating behavior. Naturalistic research on the links between emotions and eating across individuals with binge-eating disorder (BED), bulimia nervosa (BN), binge-purge anorexia nervosa (AN-BP), and restrictive anorexia nervosa (AN-R) is, however, lacking. METHODS Individuals without eating disorders (comparison group, CG, n = 85), and patients with BED (n = 41), BN (n = 50), AN-BP (n = 26), and AN-R (n = 29) participated in an ecological momentary assessment study. Six daily notifications over eight days prompted ratings of momentary food craving and emotional states differing in valence and arousal. RESULTS Results supported specific emotion-food-craving patterns in each group. Compared to the CG, arousing negative emotions and higher cravings co-occurred in patients with BN. In patients with AN-BP (at trend level also in patients with AN-R) less arousing negative emotions and lower cravings co-occurred. In patients with AN, positive emotions and higher cravings co-occurred whereas in patients with BED less arousing positive emotions and lower cravings co-occurred. CONCLUSION The found emotion-craving associations may underlie group-specific (dys-)functional eating behaviors, i.e., binge eating and food restriction during negative emotions in patients with BN and AN, and normalized appetitive responses during positive emotions in patients with BED and AN. Therapeutic efforts could target arousing negative emotions in patients with BN, and less arousing negative emotions in patients with AN. Positive emotions could be used in a salutogenetic approach in patients with BED and AN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Arend
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Jens Blechert
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Takuya Yanagida
- School of Applied Health and Social Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Linz, Austria
| | - Ulrich Voderholzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of the LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Reichenberger
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Levy S, Cohen N, Weinbach N. Negative and positive interpretations of emotionally neutral situations modulate the desire to eat personally craved foods. Appetite 2023; 191:107092. [PMID: 37852375 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Emotions play an important role in modulating food craving. Previous studies demonstrated that exposure to negative or positive stimuli can subsequently influence the desire to eat. However, in many daily situations, individuals self-generate their emotions, for example, by interpreting emotionally-neutral situations as positive or negative. So far, no studies have examined if and how positive and negative interpretations of emotionally-neutral situations modulate food craving. In this study, 65 healthy participants were asked to interpret emotionally-neutral images negatively or positively or observe the images naturally. Subsequently, participants rated their state negative/positive affect and their desire to eat their personally craved foods. The results demonstrate a lower desire to eat craved foods after negative interpretations and a higher desire to eat after positive interpretations, compared to an observe-naturally condition. Additionally, the impact of emotional interpretations on the desire to eat was mediated by participants' state negative/positive affect. These findings suggest that self-generated emotion as a result of negative/positive interpretations plays a significant role in modulating food craving. The results highlight the potential of modifying affective interpretations for the treatment of disorders that are characterized by both dysregulated food craving and emotion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiran Levy
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Noga Cohen
- Department of Special Education, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; The Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Noam Weinbach
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Booij L, Israël M, Ferrari M, St-Hilaire A, Paquin-Hodge C, Allard M, Blaquière A, Dornik J, Freiwald S, Long SA, Monarque M, Pelletier WD, Thaler L, Yaffe M, Steiger H. Development of a transdiagnostic digital interactive application for eating disorders: psychometric properties, satisfaction, and perceptions on implementation in clinical practice. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:146. [PMID: 37644511 PMCID: PMC10466831 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00871-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given limited availability of informed treatments for people affected by eating disorders (EDs), there has been increasing interest in developing self-administered, technology-based ED interventions. However, many available interventions are limited to a specific ED diagnosis or assume that participants are ready to change. We developed a digital self-help application (called ASTrA) that was explicitly designed to be transdiagnostic and to help increase motivation for change. The aim of the present study was to describe the development and examine the psychometric properties, user satisfaction and rated potentials for practical use of our application. METHODS The content of our application was based on concepts derived from self-determination theory, the transtheoretical model of change, and cognitive theory. The application was developed by a multidisciplinary team of clinicians, researchers, staff members and individuals with lived ED experience, each being involved in all steps of the application's development. We tested validity, reliability, satisfaction and perceived feasibility for clinical implementation in an independent sample of 15 patients with an ED and 13 clinicians specialized in ED treatment. Psychometric properties were evaluated using descriptive statistics, correlations, content validity indices and intraclass coefficients. Differences in satisfaction ratings and perceived potential for clinical implementation of the application between clinicians and patients were examined using Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS The digital application showed excellent validity (mean i-CVI: .93, range: .86-.96) and internal reliability (all Cronbach alpha's > .88). Patients and clinicians both considered the application acceptable, appropriate, and feasible for use in clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that our transdiagnostic interactive application has excellent psychometric properties. Furthermore, patients and clinicians alike were positive about the possible use of the application in clinical practice. The next step will be to investigate the application's effectiveness as an intervention to promote autonomous motivation and to facilitate remission in people on the waitlist for specialized ED treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Booij
- Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal West Island Integrated University Health and Social Service Centre, 6603-05 LaSalle Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
- Research Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Mimi Israël
- Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal West Island Integrated University Health and Social Service Centre, 6603-05 LaSalle Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Research Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Manuela Ferrari
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Research Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Annie St-Hilaire
- Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal West Island Integrated University Health and Social Service Centre, 6603-05 LaSalle Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Research Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Chloé Paquin-Hodge
- Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal West Island Integrated University Health and Social Service Centre, 6603-05 LaSalle Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Research Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Melissa Allard
- Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal West Island Integrated University Health and Social Service Centre, 6603-05 LaSalle Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Amélie Blaquière
- Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal West Island Integrated University Health and Social Service Centre, 6603-05 LaSalle Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Julia Dornik
- Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal West Island Integrated University Health and Social Service Centre, 6603-05 LaSalle Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Shiri Freiwald
- Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal West Island Integrated University Health and Social Service Centre, 6603-05 LaSalle Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Shawna A Long
- Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal West Island Integrated University Health and Social Service Centre, 6603-05 LaSalle Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Marika Monarque
- Research Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - William D Pelletier
- Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal West Island Integrated University Health and Social Service Centre, 6603-05 LaSalle Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Lea Thaler
- Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal West Island Integrated University Health and Social Service Centre, 6603-05 LaSalle Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Research Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Miriam Yaffe
- Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal West Island Integrated University Health and Social Service Centre, 6603-05 LaSalle Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Howard Steiger
- Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal West Island Integrated University Health and Social Service Centre, 6603-05 LaSalle Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
- Research Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yildirim E, Akbulut FP, Catal C. Analysis of facial emotion expression in eating occasions using deep learning. MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 82:1-13. [PMID: 37362640 PMCID: PMC10031178 DOI: 10.1007/s11042-023-15008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Eating is experienced as an emotional social activity in any culture. There are factors that influence the emotions felt during food consumption. The emotion felt while eating has a significant impact on our lives and affects different health conditions such as obesity. In addition, investigating the emotion during food consumption is considered a multidisciplinary problem ranging from neuroscience to anatomy. In this study, we focus on evaluating the emotional experience of different participants during eating activities and aim to analyze them automatically using deep learning models. We propose a facial expression-based prediction model to eliminate user bias in questionnaire-based assessment systems and to minimize false entries to the system. We measured the neural, behavioral, and physical manifestations of emotions with a mobile app and recognize emotional experiences from facial expressions. In this research, we used three different situations to test whether there could be any factor other than the food that could affect a person's mood. We asked users to watch videos, listen to music or do nothing while eating. This way we found out that not only food but also external factors play a role in emotional change. We employed three Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures, fine-tuned VGG16, and Deepface to recognize emotional responses during eating. The experimental results demonstrated that the fine-tuned VGG16 provides remarkable results with an overall accuracy of 77.68% for recognizing the four emotions. This system is an alternative to today's survey-based restaurant and food evaluation systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elif Yildirim
- Department of Computer Engineering, Istanbul Kültür University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Patlar Akbulut
- Department of Computer Engineering, Istanbul Kültür University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cagatay Catal
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Arend AK, Kaiser T, Pannicke B, Reichenberger J, Naab S, Voderholzer U, Blechert J. Toward Individualized Prediction of Binge-Eating Episodes Based on Ecological Momentary Assessment Data: Item Development and Pilot Study in Patients With Bulimia Nervosa and Binge-Eating Disorder. JMIR Med Inform 2023; 11:e41513. [PMID: 36821359 PMCID: PMC9999257 DOI: 10.2196/41513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevention of binge eating through just-in-time mobile interventions requires the prediction of respective high-risk times, for example, through preceding affective states or associated contexts. However, these factors and states are highly idiographic; thus, prediction models based on averages across individuals often fail. OBJECTIVE We developed an idiographic, within-individual binge-eating prediction approach based on ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data. METHODS We first derived a novel EMA-item set that covers a broad set of potential idiographic binge-eating antecedents from literature and an eating disorder focus group (n=11). The final EMA-item set (6 prompts per day for 14 days) was assessed in female patients with bulimia nervosa or binge-eating disorder. We used a correlation-based machine learning approach (Best Items Scale that is Cross-validated, Unit-weighted, Informative, and Transparent) to select parsimonious, idiographic item subsets and predict binge-eating occurrence from EMA data (32 items assessing antecedent contextual and affective states and 12 time-derived predictors). RESULTS On average 67.3 (SD 13.4; range 43-84) EMA observations were analyzed within participants (n=13). The derived item subsets predicted binge-eating episodes with high accuracy on average (mean area under the curve 0.80, SD 0.15; mean 95% CI 0.63-0.95; mean specificity 0.87, SD 0.08; mean sensitivity 0.79, SD 0.19; mean maximum reliability of rD 0.40, SD 0.13; and mean rCV 0.13, SD 0.31). Across patients, highly heterogeneous predictor sets of varying sizes (mean 7.31, SD 1.49; range 5-9 predictors) were chosen for the respective best prediction models. CONCLUSIONS Predicting binge-eating episodes from psychological and contextual states seems feasible and accurate, but the predictor sets are highly idiographic. This has practical implications for mobile health and just-in-time adaptive interventions. Furthermore, current theories around binge eating need to account for this high between-person variability and broaden the scope of potential antecedent factors. Ultimately, a radical shift from purely nomothetic models to idiographic prediction models and theories is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Arend
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tim Kaiser
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Björn Pannicke
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Julia Reichenberger
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Silke Naab
- Schoen Clinic Roseneck, Prien am Chiemsee, Germany
| | - Ulrich Voderholzer
- Schoen Clinic Roseneck, Prien am Chiemsee, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jens Blechert
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li W, Chen X, Luo Y, Luo L, Chen H. Orbitofrontal neural dissociation of healthy and unhealthy food reward sensitivity in normal-weight binge eaters. Psychiatry Res 2022; 316:114736. [PMID: 35932570 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has been repeatedly found to play an important role in food reward processing and binge eating (BE) episodes. However, most studies have focused mainly on reward-related neural alterations in clinical binge eating patients, with little consideration of preclinical individuals with BE that are more likely to develop from non-clinical individuals to clinical patients in the future. This study aimed to examine whether preclinical binge eaters exhibited OFC-related resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) in the context of food reward. METHOD Binge eaters (BE group, n = 28) and healthy controls (HCs, n = 28) matched for age and body mass index (BMI) underwent rs-fMRI scans and completed self-reported assessment of BE symptoms. Food reward sensitivity was measured using the modified food incentive delay task. Analysis of covariance was used to assess the between-group differences in the medial and lateral OFC (a priori selected regions of interest) connectivity patterns in the context of food reward, while controlling for age, sex, and BMI. RESULTS Lower unhealthy food (UF) reward sensitivity was significantly associated with stronger inverse OFC-putamen connectivity for HCs, while the BE group showed no association between UF reward sensitivity and the OFC-putamen connectivity. Higher healthy food (HF) reward sensitivity in the BE group was significantly correlated with stronger positive OFC-middle frontal gyrus and OFC-inferior parietal gyrus connectivity, while the opposite was found for HCs. CONCLUSIONS Binge eaters showed less functional synchrony within reward regions contributing to the UF reward sensitivity, but enhanced neural interactions between reward and inhibitory control regions correlated with the HF reward sensitivity. These novel findings may demonstrate the potential orbitofrontal neural dissociation of unhealthy and healthy food reward sensitivity in normal-weight binge eaters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ximei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yijun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lin Luo
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Research Center of Psychology and Social Development, Chongqing 400715, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kwag KH, Kim YR, Lee YK, Lee HR, Lee JY, Lee J, Kim J, Kim Y, Treasure J. Feasibility and acceptability of a digital tele-guided intervention targeting components of the addictive appetite model for bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder in Korea. Int J Eat Disord 2022; 55:977-982. [PMID: 35686716 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and potential impact of a tele-guided digital-based intervention based on the addictive appetite model of recurrent binge eating. METHOD Female college students with bulimia nervosa (BN) or binge-eating disorder (BED) (n = 22) received a 6-week guided intervention targeting addictive processes and emotion regulation. The feasibility of the intervention was evaluated, and the outcomes were assessed at baseline, the end of the intervention, and 1-month follow-up. RESULTS Of the participants, 86.4% (n = 19) completed the intervention. The self-help materials were viewed 6.03 ± 3.06 times per week, and the duration of using the self-help materials was 113.16 ± 160.19 min/week. The intervention group experienced a significant reduction with a moderate effect on binge eating at the end of the intervention (Hedges' g = 0.58), and the effects lasted through follow-up (Hedges' g = 0.82). DISCUSSION The results suggest that the digital intervention targeting a maintenance mechanism of recurrent binge eating was feasible and acceptable for patients with BN and BED, proving the potential for symptom improvement. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE The addictive appetite model provides the framework for new interventions to improve treatments for BN and BED. This study found that the digital intervention based on the model was feasible and acceptable for patients with BN and BED.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hwa Kwag
- Institute of Eating Disorders and Mental Health, Inje University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youl-Ri Kim
- Institute of Eating Disorders and Mental Health, Inje University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Paik Hospital, Inje University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - You Kyung Lee
- Institute of Eating Disorders and Mental Health, Inje University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Rin Lee
- Institute of Eating Disorders and Mental Health, Inje University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ja Youn Lee
- Institute of Eating Disorders and Mental Health, Inje University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jihye Lee
- Institute of Eating Disorders and Mental Health, Inje University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jione Kim
- Institute of Eating Disorders and Mental Health, Inje University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youngkeun Kim
- Department of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Inje University, Gimhae, South Korea
| | - Janet Treasure
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Positive affect predicts engagement in healthy behaviors within a day, but not across days. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-021-09924-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
9
|
Schienle A, Gremsl A, Zorjan S. Social reward from giving food to others affects food craving and brain potentials: An imagery-based event-related potential study. Appetite 2021; 168:105722. [PMID: 34597743 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The interactions between social and eating behaviors can be quite pronounced and are mediated by overlapping neural circuits. The present event-related potential study tested whether the imagery of a specific prosocial behavior (giving chocolates to grateful children) can influence food cue reactivity. A total of 92 females (mean age = 23.5 years) were randomly assigned to one of three guided imagery conditions. The participants listened to an audio recording and were instructed to imagine one of three possible scenes; giving 30 M&Ms to children, eating 30 M&Ms, or sorting 30 marbles. Directly after the imagery task, the participants were presented with images of M&Ms and marbles while their electroencephalogram was recorded. We examined the Late Positive Potential (LPP) across a fronto-central and a parieto-occipital cluster, M&M craving, and subsequent consumption of (real) M&Ms. The mental imagery of offering M&Ms to children was associated with lower M&M craving and higher fronto-central LPP amplitudes (300-600 ms after picture onset) compared to the other imagery conditions. The consumption of M&Ms did not differ between the groups. The LPP is sensitive to the implementation of craving regulation strategies. Furthermore, heightened LPPs are reliably observed in response to motivationally significant stimuli, conflict, and social context. Future studies are needed to specify the specific psychological processes that are associated with the observed LPP effect. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that mental imagery of receiving a social reward from giving food to others can change components of food cue reactivity in healthy females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Schienle
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, BioTechMed, Graz, Austria.
| | - Andreas Gremsl
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Saša Zorjan
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, BioTechMed, Graz, Austria; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Maribor, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kircaburun K, Ünübol H, Sayar GH, Çarkçı J, Griffiths MD. Sex addiction in Turkey: A large-scale survey with a national community sample. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01632-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPrior studies on sex addiction have mostly relied on a narrow range of risk factors among small and heterogeneous samples. The purpose of the present study was to examine the psychological markers related to sex addiction in a large-scale community sample of Turkish adults. A total of 24,380 individuals completed a survey comprising the Sex Addiction Risk Questionnaire, the Brief Symptom Inventory, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, the Personal-Wellbeing Index Adult Form, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, and the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (50% males; mean age = 31.79 years; age range = 18 to 81 years). Utilizing hierarchical regression analysis, sex addiction was associated with being male, being younger, having a lower education level, being single, being an alcohol and nicotine user, psychiatric distress, low personal wellbeing, positive and negative affect, alexithymia, and anxious attachment. This study suggests that socio-demographic factors and aforementioned detrimental psychological factors exacerbate higher engagement in addictive sexual behaviors among the Turkish community. However, more studies are needed to better understand the factors associated with sex addiction in Turkey.
Collapse
|
11
|
Lutz AP, Dierolf A, van Dyck Z, Georgii C, Schnepper R, Blechert J, Vögele C. Mood-induced changes in the cortical processing of food images in bulimia nervosa. Addict Behav 2021; 113:106712. [PMID: 33187754 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Negative mood often triggers binge eating in bulimia nervosa (BN). We investigated motivational salience as a possible underlying mechanism using event-related potentials (ERPs) as indicators of motivated attention allocation (P300) and sustained processing (LPP). METHODS We collected ERPs (P300: 350-400 ms; LPP: 600-1000 ms) from 21 women with full-syndrome or partially remitted BN and 21 healthy women (HC), matched for age and body mass index. Idiosyncratic negative and neutral situations were used to induce corresponding mood states (counterbalanced), before participants viewed images of high- and low-calorie foods and neutral objects, and provided ratings for pleasantness and desire to eat. RESULTS P300 was larger for foods than objects; LPP was largest for high-calorie foods, followed by low-calorie foods, then objects. The BN group showed an increased desire to eat high-calorie foods under negative mood and stronger mood induction effects on ERPs than the HC group, with generally reduced P300 and a small increase in LPP for high-calorie foods. Effects were limited to circumscribed electrode positions. Exploratory analyses showed clearer effects when comparing high vs. low emotional eaters. CONCLUSION We argue that negative mood decreased the availability of cognitive resources (decreased P300) in BN, thereby facilitating disinhibition and food cravings (increased desire-to-eat ratings). Increased sustained processing might be linked to emotional eating tendencies rather than BN pathology per se, and reflect approach motivation, conflict, or regulatory processes. Negative mood appears to induce complex changes in food image processing, whose understanding may contribute to the development of tailored interventions in the future.
Collapse
|
12
|
Kircaburun K, Ünübol H, Sayar GH, Stavropoulos V, Griffiths MD. Measurement, prevalence, and psychological risk factors associated with addictive food consumption: Development of a new food addiction scale and evidence from a national largescale sample. J Behav Addict 2020; 9:836-852. [PMID: 32903203 PMCID: PMC8943666 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2020.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To date, a number of studies have investigated the prevalence and correlates of addictive food consumption. However, these studies have mostly relied on models that comprised a narrow range of variables in often small and heterogenous samples. The purpose of the present study was to comprehensively examine the measurement aspects, the prevalence, and the psychological correlates of addictive eating among a largescale national sample of Turkish adults. METHOD Participants (N = 24,380, 50% men, Mage = 31.79 years, age range = 18-81 years) completed a battery of tests including the Food Addiction Risk Questionnaire (FARQ), the Brief Symptom Inventory, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised. RESULTS According to analyses conducted, the FARQ had a uni-dimensional factor structure. Based on Item Response Theory (IRT) calculated cut-off scores, 2.3% of the participants were at risk of addictive eating patterns, whilst criteria varied in their discriminating ability. The correlates of addictive food consumption were being male, being younger, having lower education, presenting with higher alcohol use, psychiatric symptoms, alexithymia, positive/negative affect, and anxious attachment. CONCLUSION These results suggest that a minority of Turkish community are at risk for addictive food consumption and that adverse psychological states promote this problematic behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kagan Kircaburun
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK,Educational Sciences Department, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey,Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Hüseyin Ünübol
- Institute of Social Sciences, Psychology Department, Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gökben H. Sayar
- Institute of Social Sciences, Clinical Psychology Department, Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Emotional eating in healthy individuals and patients with an eating disorder: evidence from psychometric, experimental and naturalistic studies. Proc Nutr Soc 2020; 79:290-299. [PMID: 32398186 PMCID: PMC7663318 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665120007004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Emotional eating has traditionally been defined as (over)eating in response to negative emotions. Such overeating can impact general health because of excess energy intake and mental health, due to the risks of developing binge eating. Yet, there is still significant controversy on the validity of the emotional eating concept and several theories compete in explaining its mechanisms. The present paper examines the emotional eating construct by reviewing and integrating recent evidence from psychometric, experimental and naturalistic research. Several psychometric questionnaires are available and some suggest that emotions differ fundamentally in how they affect eating (i.e. overeating, undereating). However, the general validity of such questionnaires in predicting actual food intake in experimental studies is questioned and other eating styles such as restrained eating seem to be better predictors of increased food intake under negative emotions. Also, naturalistic studies, involving the repeated assessment of momentary emotions and eating behaviour in daily life, are split between studies supporting and studies contradicting emotional eating in healthy individuals. Individuals with clinical forms of overeating (i.e. binge eating) consistently show positive relationships between negative emotions and eating in daily life. We will conclude with a summary of the controversies around the emotional eating construct and provide recommendations for future research and treatment development.
Collapse
|