1
|
Li Z, Zhou S, He J, Ying J, Xu K. Environmental enrichment improves behaviors rather than the growth and physiology of rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 104:758-768. [PMID: 37950685 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmental enrichment has the potential to improve the welfare and post-release survival of hatchery fish stocked for conservation purposes. However, the effectiveness of environmental enrichment is partly dependent on the fish species, life stage, and specific enrichment structure used. To enhance the effectiveness of environmental enrichment, it is crucial to focus on characteristic differences in enrichment structures, such as type and level. This study investigated how differences in enrichment type and level affected physiological and behavioral aspects of the welfare of pre-release juvenile rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus by evaluating growth performance, basal and stressed cortisol levels, antioxidant enzyme activities, and exploratory behaviors regarding anxiety and flexibility. Fish were reared for 4 weeks in different enrichment treatments: barren, low-level cover structure, high-level cover structure, low-level interference structure (LI), and high-level interference structure (HI). The results revealed that fish reared with the LI treatment showed less anxiety and greater flexibility with respect to exploratory behaviors, without oxidative damage being detected. Despite exhibiting less anxiety as well, fish reared in the HI treatment had oxidative damage, indicated by lower superoxide dismutase activity, compared to those in the barren treatment. In addition, none of these enrichment structures enhanced growth performance or mitigate chronic and acute stress responses. Overall, the low-level interference structure may be more favorable in promoting the behavioral welfare of the fish. Application of this type and level of enrichment may increase the survival of the hatchery fish after release, which is critical to stocking success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan, China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources of Key Fishing Grounds, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhoushan, China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fishery Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan, China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan, China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources of Key Fishing Grounds, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhoushan, China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fishery Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan, China
| | - Jingjing He
- Marine and Fisheries Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Jie Ying
- Yuanjie aquatic seeding farm, Zhoushan, China
| | - Kaida Xu
- Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan, China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources of Key Fishing Grounds, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhoushan, China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fishery Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li H, Zhang J, Ge X, Chen S, Ma Z. The Effects of Short-Term Exposure to pH Reduction on the Behavioral and Physiological Parameters of Juvenile Black Rockfish ( Sebastes schlegelii). BIOLOGY 2023; 12:876. [PMID: 37372160 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Coastal areas are subject to greater pH fluctuation and more rapid pH decline as a result of both natural and anthropogenic influences in contrast to open ocean environments. Such variations in pH have the potential to pose a threat to the survival and physiological function of offshore fishes. With the aim of evaluating the impact of short-term pH reduction on the behavioral performance and physiological response of costal fish, the black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii), one of the principal stock-enhanced species, was examined. In the present study, juveniles of the black rockfish with a mean body length of 6.9 ± 0.3 cm and weight of 8.5 ± 0.5 g were exposed to a series of pHs, 7.0, 7.2, 7.4, 7.6, 7.8, and normal seawater (pH 8.0) for 96 h. At the predetermined time points post-exposure (i.e., 0, 12, 24, 48, and 96 h), fish movement behavior was recorded and the specimens were sampled to assess their physiological responses. The results indicate that the lowered pH environment (pH 7.0-7.8) elicited a significant increase in highly mobile behavior, a decrease in immobile behavior, and a significant rise in the metabolic levels of the black rockfish juveniles. Specifically, carbohydrate metabolism was significantly elevated in the pH 7.2 and 7.4 treatments, while lipid metabolism was significantly increased in the pH 7.0, 7.4, and 7.8 treatments. The results of the present study indicate that short-term reductions in pH could ramp up boldness and boost energy expenditure in the black rockfish juveniles, leading to an increased metabolic cost. Additionally, the present investigation revealed that the black rockfish juveniles were capable of adapting to a short-term pH reduction. The findings may provide insight into the underlying physiological mechanisms that govern fish responses to potential decreases in seawater pH in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, Dalian 116023, China
- College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, Dalian 116023, China
- College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ge
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, Dalian 116023, China
- College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Songmeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, Dalian 116023, China
- College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhen Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, Dalian 116023, China
- College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Suspended Structures Reduce Variability of Group Risk-Taking Responses of Dicentrarchus labrax Juvenile Reared in Tanks. FISHES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes7030126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Structural enrichment is considered a useful tool to improve the welfare conditions of captive fish by deliberately increasing the physical heterogeneity and complexity of captivity environments. However, the potential effects of structural enrichment on the stress response at the group level and on social interactions have not been well studied yet. In this study, we demonstrate that suspended vertical structures (U-shaped ropes) can reduce behavioural variability among fish groups (tank level) of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. Differences in behavioural responses during group risk-taking tests (e.g., number of passes per fish) between treatments were detected, and these responses in seabass in enriched captive conditions were more homogeneous among tanks compared to fish from non-enriched tanks. These results suggest a positive effect of the structural enrichment on social stabilisation and response to stressful events at the tank level in seabass. However, further research is still needed to improve the knowledge of the potential effects of structural enrichment on fish welfare and aquaculture management, considering different enrichment designs, intensities, and strategies according to farming conditions, biological needs, and preferences of the fish species and life-stage reared in captivity.
Collapse
|
4
|
Enrichment in a Fish Polyculture: Does it Affect Fish Behaviour and Development of Only One Species or Both? APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12073674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Physical enrichment of structures has been used for the last decades in aquaculture to improve fish production and welfare. Until now, this enrichment has been practiced in fish monoculture but not in fish polyculture. In this study, we developed a polyculture of two freshwater species (pikeperch and sterlet) in recirculated systems (tank of 2.4 m3) with or without physical structures for enrichment. Two types of structures were used: a cover plank on a part of the tank decreasing the light intensity and vertical pipes modifying the water flow. The experiment was conducted in triplicate for a three-month period with juvenile fishes (143 ± 41 g and 27.3 ± 2.2 cm for pikeperch and 133 ± 21 g and 32.8 ± 1.6 cm for sterlet). Behavioural (space occupation and abnormal behaviours) and morphological (total length, final weight, Fulton condition factor, coefficient of variation of the final weight, percentage of biomass gain and specific growth rate) traits were measured. The pikeperch changed their space occupation and showed a preference for low light areas. Sterlet also changed their space occupation: they did not use the cover and occurred mainly in the part of the tank without enrichment. There was no difference for the frequency of abnormal behaviours for pikeperch and sterlet between the two sets (with or without enrichment). There was no statistical difference between the two sets for all the morphological and growth parameters no matter the species and the rearing modality.
Collapse
|
5
|
Gatto E, Dadda M, Bruzzone M, Chiarello E, De Russi G, Maschio MD, Bisazza A, Lucon‐Xiccato T. Environmental enrichment decreases anxiety‐like behavior in zebrafish larvae. Dev Psychobiol 2022; 64:e22255. [PMID: 35312057 PMCID: PMC9313885 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elia Gatto
- Department of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Science University of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology University of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
| | - Marco Dadda
- Department of General Psychology University of Padova Padova Italy
| | - Matteo Bruzzone
- Padua Neuroscience Center–PNC University of Padova Padova Italy
| | | | - Gaia De Russi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology University of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
| | - Marco Dal Maschio
- Padua Neuroscience Center–PNC University of Padova Padova Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padua Padova Italy
| | - Angelo Bisazza
- Department of General Psychology University of Padova Padova Italy
- Padua Neuroscience Center–PNC University of Padova Padova Italy
| | - Tyrone Lucon‐Xiccato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology University of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Salivary Cortisol Reaction Norms in Zoo-Housed Great Apes: Diurnal Slopes and Intercepts as Indicators of Stress Response Quality. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12040522. [PMID: 35203230 PMCID: PMC8868550 DOI: 10.3390/ani12040522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Changes in cortisol fluctuations are used for stress monitoring. Methodologically, this is straight forward, because sample collection is simple and analytical methods advanced, but since cortisol is primarily a hormone that facilitates energy allocation, the interpretation of these measures is often complex. Acute elevations in cortisol levels are not per se bad, but may constitute an adaptive coping mechanism. Likewise, low cortisol levels do not always indicate the absence of a stressor. To distinguish between stress response qualities, a more fine-grained analyses of cortisol fluctuations is warranted. Cortisol excretion follows a diurnal pattern with high levels in the morning, decreasing throughout the day. Two regression coefficients describe this curve: the intercept (the constant with which levels change throughout the day) and the slope (curve steepness and direction). We assessed salivary cortisol intercepts and slopes in zoo-housed apes on routine days, enrichment days, and in the new ape house. While cortisol excretion increased on enrichment days, the daily decline of cortisol levels was not affected. The move to the new house seemingly was a major stressor as cortisol levels increased slightly and the circadian cortisol decrease was impaired. The combination of intercept and slope measures can differentiate between stress responses, thereby constituting a useful tool for stress monitoring. Abstract Monitoring changes in cortisol levels is a widespread tool for measuring individuals’ stress responses. However, an acute increase in cortisol levels does not necessarily denote an individual in distress, as increases in cortisol can be elicited by all factors that signal the need to mobilize energy. Nor are low levels of cortisol indicative for a relaxed, healthy individual. Therefore, a more fine-grained description of cortisol patterns is warranted in order to distinguish between cortisol fluctuations associated with different stress response qualities. In most species, cortisol shows a distinct diurnal pattern. Using a reaction norm approach, cortisol levels across the day can be described by the two regression coefficients: the intercept and the slope of the curve. We measured immunoreactive salivary cortisol in three zoo-housed ape species under three conditions (routine days, enrichment days, and after the move to a new house). We examined salivary cortisol intercepts (SCI) and salivary cortisol slopes (SCS) of the diurnal curves. SCI and SCS were independent from each other. SCI was highest on enrichment days and lowest on routine days. SCS was steep on routine days and blunted after the move. Only SCI was species-specific. Our study provides evidence that combining SCI and SCS measures allows us to differentiate between types of stress responses, thereby constituting a useful tool for welfare assessment.
Collapse
|
7
|
Gatto E, Bruzzone M, Maschio MD, Dadda M. Effects of environmental enrichment on recognition memory in zebrafish larvae. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
8
|
Zhang Z, Fu Y, Shen F, Zhang Z, Guo H, Zhang X. Barren environment damages cognitive abilities in fish: Behavioral and transcriptome mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148805. [PMID: 34323774 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The surrounding environments that animals inhabit shape their behavioral phenotypes, physiological status and molecular processes. As one of the driving forces for the adaptation and evolution of marine animals, environmental complexity has been shown to affect several behavioral characteristics in fish. However, little is known about the effects of environmental complexity on fish spatial cognition and about the relevant regulatory mechanisms. To address this theoretical gap, black rockfish Sebastes schlegelii, which is a typical rock fish species, were exposed to laboratory-based small-scale contrasting environments (i.e., spatially complex environment vs. spatially barren environment) for seven weeks. Subsequently, the spatial cognitive abilities and behavioral performance during captive period were determined, and transcriptome sequencing and analyses for fish telencephalon were conducted. In general, the fish from barren environment had significantly lower spatial learning and memory abilities compared with the fish from complex environment (i.e., the complex fish exited the maze faster). During the whole captive period, the frequency of aggressive behavior among barren fish was significantly higher than complex fish. And meanwhile, the group dispersion index of barren group was also significantly higher than complex group, which indicated that complex fish tended to distribute in a more homogeneous pattern than barren fish. Through transcriptomic analyses, a series of differentially expressed genes and pathways which may underpin the damaged effects of barren environment on fish spatial cognition were identified, and these genes mainly related to stress response, metabolism, organism systems and neural plasticity. However, no significant differences in growth performance, locomotor activity (indicated by swimming behavior and rotatory behavior) between treatments were detected. Based on these results, mechanisms in the levels of behavior and molecule were proposed to explain the environmental effects on fish cognition. This study may provide fundamental information for deeply understanding the environmental effects on marine animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zonghang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yiqiu Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Fengyuan Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Haoyu Guo
- Fisheries College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Xiumei Zhang
- Fisheries College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang Z, Fu Y, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Chen S. A Comparative Study on Two Territorial Fishes: The Influence of Physical Enrichment on Aggressive Behavior. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071868. [PMID: 34201637 PMCID: PMC8300207 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study aimed to evaluate the effect of physical enrichment levels (i.e., the intensity of physical enrichment) on the aggressive behavior of two territorial fishes, black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) and fat greenling (Hexagrammos otakii). The main results show that with the increase in the enrichment level, the frequency of aggressive behavior of black rockfish gradually decreased. In contrast, a non-monotonous effect of the enrichment level on aggression was observed for fat greenling, with low and intermediate levels leading to no or more aggression, while a high enrichment level reduced aggression. After three days, the high-level enrichment groups in both rockfish and greenling reached social stability (i.e., a relatively stable social structure indicated by low aggression), while aggression in the other groups continued to increase. These results verify the regulatory effect of enrichment levels on the aggressive behavior in both black rockfish and fat greenling. This study may provide useful information for reducing fish aggression and improving fish welfare in aquaculture. Abstract Intraspecific aggression is detrimental to body/fin damage, physiological stress, and other problems in aquaculture. Environmental enrichment has been proposed to have positive effects on fish aggressive behavior, physiological stress, and fish welfare, but there are mixed results. Here, we examine the impact of physical enrichment levels (i.e., the intensity of physical enrichment) on aggression in black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) and fat greenling (Hexagrammos otakii). Generally, with the increase in the enrichment level, the frequency of the aggressive behavior of black rockfish gradually decreased. In contrast, a non-monotonous effect of the enrichment level on aggression was observed for fat greenling, with low and intermediate levels leading to no or more aggression, while a high enrichment level reduced aggression. After three days, the high-level enrichment groups in both rockfish and greenling reached social stability (i.e., a relatively stable social structure indicated by lower aggression), while aggression in the other groups continued increased. These results show the significant regulatory effect of enrichment levels on the aggressive behavior in both black rockfish and fat greenling. This study may promote the development of environmental enrichment measures, and it provides useful information for reducing fish aggression and improving fish welfare in aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zonghang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.F.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Yiqiu Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.F.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhen Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.F.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xiumei Zhang
- Fisheries College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence: or
| | - Shengcan Chen
- National Fisheries Technology Extension Center, Beijing 100125, China;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu X, Sun X, Bai Q, Zhang Y, Qin J, Zhang X. Molecular identification of an androgen receptor and the influence of long-term aggressive interaction on hypothalamic genes expression in black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii). J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2021; 207:401-413. [PMID: 33774729 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-021-01480-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to explore the mechanism on how aggressive interaction alters reproductive physiology by testing whether aggressive interaction can activate the reproductive neuroendocrine function via the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii). The expressions of the androgen receptor gene (ar) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone genes (gnrhs), the concentration of plasma androgens, and GSI (the ratio of testes mass to body mass) were compared between the interaction group (dominant males or subordinate males) and the isolation group in male black rockfish after 3 weeks. A full-length cDNA encoding an androgen receptor (AR) of 766 amino acids was isolated. Transcripts encoding this AR were detected at a high relative abundance in the liver, kidney, testis, ovary, muscle, and intestine tissue. Further evaluation of brain genes transcripts abundance revealed that the mRNA levels of gnrh I and ar genes were significantly different between the interaction group and the isolation group in the hypothalamus. However, no significant difference was detected in testosterone, 11-keto-testosterone, and GSI between these two groups. This study indicates that a long-term aggressive interaction affect the expression of hypothalamic gnrh I and ar but may not change the physiological function of the HPG axis in an all-male condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwen Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xin Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Qingqing Bai
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jianguang Qin
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Xiumei Zhang
- Fisheries College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China. .,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Murtaza MUH, Zuberi A, Ahmad M, Amir I, Kamran M, Ahmad M. Influence of early rearing environment on water-borne cortisol and expression of stress-related genes in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:5051-5060. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05574-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
12
|
da Silva A, Lima MR, Meletti PC, Jerep FC. Impact of environmental enrichment and social group size in the aggressiveness and foraging activity of Serrapinnus notomelas. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2020.104943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|