1
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Malviya G, Lannagan TR, Johnson E, Mackintosh A, Bielik R, Peters A, Soloviev D, Brown G, Jackstadt R, Nixon C, Gilroy K, Campbell A, Sansom OJ, Lewis DY. Noninvasive Stratification of Colon Cancer by Multiplex PET Imaging. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:1518-1529. [PMID: 38493804 PMCID: PMC11016897 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The current approach for molecular subtyping of colon cancer relies on gene expression profiling, which is invasive and has limited ability to reveal dynamics and spatial heterogeneity. Molecular imaging techniques, such as PET, present a noninvasive alternative for visualizing biological information from tumors. However, the factors influencing PET imaging phenotype, the suitable PET radiotracers for differentiating tumor subtypes, and the relationship between PET phenotypes and tumor genotype or gene expression-based subtyping remain unknown. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In this study, we conducted 126 PET scans using four different metabolic PET tracers, [18F]fluorodeoxy-D-glucose ([18F]FDG), O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-l-tyrosine ([18F]FET), 3'-deoxy-3'-[18F]fluorothymidine ([18F]FLT), and [11C]acetate ([11C]ACE), using a spectrum of five preclinical colon cancer models with varying genetics (BMT, AKPN, AK, AKPT, KPN), at three sites (subcutaneous, orthograft, autochthonous) and at two tumor stages (primary vs. metastatic). RESULTS The results demonstrate that imaging signatures are influenced by genotype, tumor environment, and stage. PET imaging signatures exhibited significant heterogeneity, with each cancer model displaying distinct radiotracer profiles. Oncogenic Kras and Apc loss showed the most distinctive imaging features, with [18F]FLT and [18F]FET being particularly effective, respectively. The tissue environment notably impacted [18F]FDG uptake, and in a metastatic model, [18F]FET demonstrated higher uptake. CONCLUSIONS By examining factors contributing to PET-imaging phenotype, this study establishes the feasibility of noninvasive molecular stratification using multiplex radiotracer PET. It lays the foundation for further exploration of PET-based subtyping in human cancer, thereby facilitating noninvasive molecular diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Malviya
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow; Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Emma Johnson
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Agata Mackintosh
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Bielik
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Peters
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitry Soloviev
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Brown
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rene Jackstadt
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Heidelberg, Germany
- Cancer Progression and Metastasis Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Germany
| | - Colin Nixon
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Gilroy
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Campbell
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Owen J. Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow; Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David Y. Lewis
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow; Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Shegani A, Kealey S, Luzi F, Basagni F, Machado JDM, Ekici SD, Ferocino A, Gee AD, Bongarzone S. Radiosynthesis, Preclinical, and Clinical Positron Emission Tomography Studies of Carbon-11 Labeled Endogenous and Natural Exogenous Compounds. Chem Rev 2022; 123:105-229. [PMID: 36399832 PMCID: PMC9837829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The presence of positron emission tomography (PET) centers at most major hospitals worldwide, along with the improvement of PET scanner sensitivity and the introduction of total body PET systems, has increased the interest in the PET tracer development using the short-lived radionuclides carbon-11. In the last few decades, methodological improvements and fully automated modules have allowed the development of carbon-11 tracers for clinical use. Radiolabeling natural compounds with carbon-11 by substituting one of the backbone carbons with the radionuclide has provided important information on the biochemistry of the authentic compounds and increased the understanding of their in vivo behavior in healthy and diseased states. The number of endogenous and natural compounds essential for human life is staggering, ranging from simple alcohols to vitamins and peptides. This review collates all the carbon-11 radiolabeled endogenous and natural exogenous compounds synthesised to date, including essential information on their radiochemistry methodologies and preclinical and clinical studies in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Shegani
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Kealey
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Luzi
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Filippo Basagni
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater
Studiorum−University of Bologna, via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Joana do Mar Machado
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Sevban Doğan Ekici
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Ferocino
- Institute
of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, Italian National Research Council, via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Antony D. Gee
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom,A.G.: email,
| | - Salvatore Bongarzone
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom,S.B.:
email,
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3
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A robust [11C]acetate synthesis on a TRACERLab FX C pro module. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 188:110356. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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Wenz J, Arndt F, Samnick S. A new concept for the production of 11C-labelled radiotracers. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2022; 7:6. [PMID: 35347490 PMCID: PMC8960519 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-022-00159-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The GMP-compliant production of radiopharmaceuticals has been performed using disposable units (cassettes) with a dedicated synthesis module. To expand this “plug ‘n’ synthesize” principle to a broader scope of modules we developed a pressure controlled setup that offers an alternative to the usual stepper motor controlled rotary valves. The new concept was successfully applied to the synthesis of N-methyl-[11C]choline, L-S-methyl-[11C]methionine and [11C]acetate. Results The target gas purification of cyclotron produced [11C]CO2 and subsequent conversion to [11C]MeI was carried out on a TRACERlab Fx C Pro module. The labelling reactions were controlled with a TRACERlab Fx FE module. With the presented modular principle we were able to produce N-methyl-[11C]choline and L-S-methyl-[11C]methionine by loading a reaction loop with neat N,N'-dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) or an ethanol/water mixture of NaOH and L-homocysteine (L-HC), respectively and a subsequent reaction with [11C]MeI. After 18 min N-methyl-[11C]choline was isolated with 52% decay corrected yield and a radiochemical purity of > 99%. For L-S-methyl-[11C]methionine the total reaction time was 19 min reaction, yielding 25% of pure product (> 97%). The reactor design was used as an exemplary model for the technically challenging [11C]acetate synthesis. The disposable unit was filled with 1 mL MeMgCl (0.75 M) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) bevore [11C]CO2 was passed through. After complete release of [11C]CO2 the reaction mixture was quenched with water and guided through a series of ion exchangers (H+, Ag+ and OH−). The product was retained on a strong anion exchanger, washed with water and finally extracted with saline. The product mixture was acidified and degassed to separate excess [11C]CO2 before dispensing. Under these conditions the total reaction time was 18 ± 2 min and pure [11C]acetate (n = 10) was isolated with a decay corrected yield of 51 ± 5%. Conclusion Herein, we described a novel single use unit for the synthesis of carbon-11 labelled tracers for preclinical and clinical applications of N-methyl-[11C]choline, L-S-methyl-[11C]methionine and [11C]acetate. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41181-022-00159-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Wenz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Interdisciplinary PET Center, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Strasse 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Felix Arndt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Interdisciplinary PET Center, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Strasse 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Samnick
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Interdisciplinary PET Center, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Strasse 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
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5
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Maurer A, Bowden G, Cotton J, Parl C, Krueger MA, Pichler BJ. Acetuino-A Handy Open-Source Radiochemistry Module for the Preparation of [1- 11C]Acetate. SLAS Technol 2018; 24:321-329. [PMID: 30500308 DOI: 10.1177/2472630318812341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Radiosynthesis of [1-11C]acetate is well described in literature, but all syntheses either require adaptations in complex commercial synthesizers or rely on closed-source hardware and software control. Arduino microcontrollers are ideal for the compact, flexible, and inexpensive control of low-complexity hardware, making them particularly suited for radiochemistry where operation in space-limited shielded hot cells is mandatory. We established a [1-11C]acetate radiosynthesis module for combination with a [11C]MeI module available in almost every lab working with 11C. Its small footprint even enables back-to-back production in a hot cell already occupied by other modules. Using this setup, we achieved a reliable and flexible supply of this tracer, with radiochemical yields of 51.4 ± 28.2% and radiochemical purities (RCPs) of 94.4 ± 6.7% ( n = 9) in a synthesis time of 15 minutes. Positron emission tomography (PET) and biodistribution analysis demonstrated low background uptake in healthy mice, with highest uptake in liver and kidneys. Arduino microcontrollers have become valuable and versatile tools in our lab for the automatization of low-complexity procedures not requiring full-blown commercial radiochemistry synthesizers, as showcased here for the production of [1-11C]acetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Maurer
- 1 Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gregory Bowden
- 1 Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Cotton
- 1 Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Parl
- 1 Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcel A Krueger
- 1 Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd J Pichler
- 1 Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
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6
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Szydło M, Jadwiński M, Chmura A, Gorczewski K, Sokół M. Synthesis, isolation and purification of [(11)C]-choline. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2016; 20:229-36. [PMID: 27660552 PMCID: PMC5013686 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2016.61566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[(11)C]-choline is an effective PET tracer used for imaging of neoplastic lesions and metastases of the prostate cancer. However, its production can be a challenge for manufacturers, as it has not yet been described in Polish or European pharmacopoeia. In this study the technical aspects of [(11)C]-choline production are described and detailed process parameters are provided. The quality control procedures for releasing [(11)C]-choline as solutio iniectabilis are also presented. The purity and quality of the radiopharmaceutical obtained according to the proposed method were find to be high enough to safely administrate the radiopharmaceutical to patients. Application of an automated synthesizer makes it possible to carry out the entire process of [(11)C]-choline production, isolation and purification within 20 minutes. It is crucial to maintain all aspects of the process as short as possible, since the decay half-time of carbon-11 is 20.4 minutes. The resulting radiopharmaceutical is sterile and pyrogen-free and of a high chemical, radiochemical, and radionuclide purity proved by chromatographic techniques. The yield of the process is up to 20%. [(11)C]-choline PET scanning can be used as accurate and effective diagnostic tool in all centers equipped with [(11)C]-target containing cyclotron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Szydło
- PET Diagnostics Department, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Poland
| | - Michał Jadwiński
- PET Diagnostics Department, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Chmura
- PET Diagnostics Department, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Poland
| | - Kamil Gorczewski
- PET Diagnostics Department, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Poland
| | - Maria Sokół
- Department of Medical Physics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Poland
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7
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Jang HY, Kwon SY, Pyo A, Hur MG, Kim SW, Park JH, Kim HJ, Yang SD, Lee S, Kim DY, Min JJ. In-house development of an optimized synthetic module for routine [11C]acetate production. Nucl Med Commun 2015; 36:102-6. [PMID: 25244351 PMCID: PMC4243701 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000000213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
[11C]Acetate, a radiotracer for PET imaging, is a promising radiopharmaceutical for overcoming the limitation of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose in a number of cancers. Here, the optimized automatic synthesis of [11C]acetate using an in-house-developed module under different conditions has been reported for routine production. [11C]CO2 was produced in a 16.4 MeV PETtrace cyclotron, and methyl magnesium chloride was used for synthesis. For product purification, ion-exchange solid-phase extraction cartridges were used, connected in series. High-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography were used to measure radiochemical and chemical purity. The Limulus amebocyte lysate test and the fluid thioglycollate medium test were performed for quality control of [11C]acetate. The total reaction time of [11C]acetate was within 15 min, and the overall decay-corrected radiochemical yield was 84.33±8.85%. Radiochemical purity was greater than 98% when evaluated on an analytical high-performance liquid chromatography system. No endotoxins or anaerobic bacteria were seen on quality control checks. Optimized production of [11C]acetate was achieved by the in-house module. Radiochemical and biological properties of the [11C]acetate produced were appropriate for clinical PET study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Youn Jang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju
| | - Seong Young Kwon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun
| | - Ayoung Pyo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju
| | - Min Goo Hur
- Radiation Instrumentation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup
| | - Sang Wook Kim
- Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, College of Sciences & Technology, Dongguk University-GyeongJu, GyeongJu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hoon Park
- Radiation Instrumentation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup
| | - Hee-Jung Kim
- Radiation Instrumentation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup
| | - Seung Dae Yang
- Radiation Instrumentation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup
| | - Sunwoo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju
| | - Dong-Yeon Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun
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8
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Lewis DY, Boren J, Shaw GL, Bielik R, Ramos-Montoya A, Larkin TJ, Martins CP, Neal DE, Soloviev D, Brindle KM. Late Imaging with [1-(11)C]Acetate Improves Detection of Tumor Fatty Acid Synthesis with PET. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:1144-9. [PMID: 24777291 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.113.134437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tumors are often characterized by high levels of de novo fatty acid synthesis. The kinetics of acetate incorporation into tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and into lipids suggest that detection of tumors with [1-(11)C]acetate PET could be improved by imaging at later time points. METHODS The uptake and metabolism of [1-(11)C], [1-(13)C], and [1-(14)C]acetate were measured in mouse prostate and lung cancer models to investigate the time course of (11)C label incorporation into tumor metabolites. RESULTS Radioactivity in the lipid fraction, as compared with the aqueous fraction, in extracts of C4-2B human prostate xenografts peaked at 90 min after [1-(14)C]acetate injection, which coincided with peak (13)C label incorporation into the fatty acids palmitate and stearate. Contrast between the tumor and tissues, such as blood and muscle, increased in PET images acquired over a period of 120 min after [1-(11)C]acetate injection, and Patlak plots were linear from 17.5 min after injection. Similar results were obtained in a genetically engineered K-ras(G12D); p53(null) lung cancer model, in which the mean tumor-to-lung ratio at 90 min after [1-(14)C]acetate injection was 4.4-fold higher than at 15 min. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that when imaging de novo fatty acid synthesis with [1-(11)C]acetate it is preferable to measure uptake at later time points, when the effects of perfusion and (11)C incorporation into tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and bicarbonate are declining. The data presented here suggest that future clinical PET scans of tumors should be acquired later than 30 min, when tracer accumulation due to de novo fatty acid synthesis prevails.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y Lewis
- Cancer Research United Kingdom-Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joan Boren
- Cancer Research United Kingdom-Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Greg L Shaw
- Cancer Research United Kingdom-Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Bielik
- Cancer Research United Kingdom-Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Ramos-Montoya
- Cancer Research United Kingdom-Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Larkin
- Cancer Research United Kingdom-Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
| | - Carla P Martins
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David E Neal
- Cancer Research United Kingdom-Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitry Soloviev
- Cancer Research United Kingdom-Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin M Brindle
- Cancer Research United Kingdom-Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
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9
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Fully automated synthesis of 11C-acetate as tumor PET tracer by simple modified solid-phase extraction purification. Appl Radiat Isot 2013; 82:81-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Yoshii Y, Furukawa T, Oyama N, Hasegawa Y, Kiyono Y, Nishii R, Waki A, Tsuji AB, Sogawa C, Wakizaka H, Fukumura T, Yoshii H, Fujibayashi Y, Lewis JS, Saga T. Fatty acid synthase is a key target in multiple essential tumor functions of prostate cancer: uptake of radiolabeled acetate as a predictor of the targeted therapy outcome. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64570. [PMID: 23741342 PMCID: PMC3669310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid synthase (FASN) expression is elevated in several cancers, and this over-expression is associated with poor prognosis. Inhibitors of FASN, such as orlistat, reportedly show antitumor effects against cancers that over-express FASN, making FASN a promising therapeutic target. However, large variations in FASN expression levels in individual tumors have been observed, and methods to predict FASN-targeted therapy outcome before treatment are required to avoid unnecessary treatment. In addition, how FASN inhibition affects tumor progression remains unclear. Here, we showed the method to predict FASN-targeted therapy outcome using radiolabeled acetate uptake and presented mechanisms of FASN inhibition with human prostate cancer cell lines, to provide the treatment strategy of FASN-targeted therapy. We revealed that tumor uptake of radiolabeled acetate reflected the FASN expression levels and sensitivity to FASN-targeted therapy with orlistat in vitro and in vivo. FASN-targeted therapy was noticeably effective against tumors with high FASN expression, which was indicated by high acetate uptake. To examine mechanisms, we established FASN knockdown prostate cancer cells by transduction of short-hairpin RNA against FASN and investigated the characteristics by analyses on morphology and cell behavior and microarray-based gene expression profiling. FASN inhibition not only suppressed cell proliferation but prevented pseudopodia formation and suppressed cell adhesion, migration, and invasion. FASN inhibition also suppressed genes involved in production of intracellular second messenger arachidonic acid and androgen hormones, both of which promote tumor progression. Collectively, our data demonstrated that uptake of radiolabeled acetate is a useful predictor of FASN-targeted therapy outcome. This suggests that [1-(11)C]acetate positron emission tomography (PET) could be a powerful tool to accomplish personalized FASN-targeted therapy by non-invasive visualization of tumor acetate uptake and selection of responsive tumors. FASN-targeted therapy could be an effective treatment to suppress multiple steps related to tumor progression in prostate cancers selected by [1-(11)C]acetate PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukie Yoshii
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
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11
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Lodi F, Malizia C, Castellucci P, Cicoria G, Fanti S, Boschi S. Synthesis of oncological [11C]radiopharmaceuticals for clinical PET. Nucl Med Biol 2011; 39:447-60. [PMID: 22172394 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear medicine modality which provides quantitative images of biological processes in vivo at the molecular level. Several PET radiopharmaceuticals labeled with short-lived isotopes such as (18)F and (11)C were developed in order to trace specific cellular and molecular pathways with the aim of enhancing clinical applications. Among these [(11)C]radiopharmaceuticals are N-[(11)C]methyl-choline ([(11)C]choline), l-(S-methyl-[(11)C])methionine ([(11)C]methionine) and 1-[(11)C]acetate ([(11)C]acetate), which have gained an important role in oncology where the application of 2-[(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose ([(18)F]FDG) is suboptimal. Nevertheless, the production of these radiopharmaceuticals did not reach the same level of standardization as for [(18)F]FDG synthesis. This review describes the most recent developments in the synthesis of the above-mentioned [(11)C]radiopharmaceuticals aiming to increase the availability and hence the use of [(11)C]choline, [(11)C]methionine and [(11)C]acetate in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Lodi
- PET Radiopharmacy, Nuclear Medicine Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy.
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12
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Shao X, Hoareau R, Runkle AC, Tluczek LJM, Hockley BG, Henderson BD, Scott PJH. Highlighting the versatility of the Tracerlab synthesis modules. Part 2: fully automated production of [11C]-labeled radiopharmaceuticals using a Tracerlab FXC-Pro. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Shao
- Department of Radiology; The University of Michigan School of Medicine; Ann Arbor; MI; 48109; USA
| | - Raphaël Hoareau
- Department of Radiology; The University of Michigan School of Medicine; Ann Arbor; MI; 48109; USA
| | - Adam C. Runkle
- Department of Radiology; The University of Michigan School of Medicine; Ann Arbor; MI; 48109; USA
| | - Louis J. M. Tluczek
- Department of Radiology; The University of Michigan School of Medicine; Ann Arbor; MI; 48109; USA
| | - Brian G. Hockley
- Department of Radiology; The University of Michigan School of Medicine; Ann Arbor; MI; 48109; USA
| | - Bradford D. Henderson
- Department of Radiology; The University of Michigan School of Medicine; Ann Arbor; MI; 48109; USA
| | - Peter J. H. Scott
- Department of Radiology; The University of Michigan School of Medicine; Ann Arbor; MI; 48109; USA
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Runkle AC, Shao X, Tluczek LJM, Henderson BD, Hockley BG, Scott PJH. Automated production of [11C]acetate and [11C]palmitate using a modified GE Tracerlab FX(C-Pro). Appl Radiat Isot 2011; 69:691-8. [PMID: 21256039 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As researchers explore new applications for positron emission tomography radiopharmaceuticals, the demand for effective and readily available radiopharmaceuticals continues to increase. The syntheses of two such radiopharmaceuticals, [(11)C]acetate and [(11)C]palmitate, can be automated on the GE Tracerlab FX(C-Pro) by utilizing Grignard reactions. Radiochemical purities of the [(11)C]acetate and the [(11)C]palmitate products were high (>98% and >99.9%, respectively) with average non-corrected yields of 18% (n = 3) and 10% (n = 5), respectively. These data comprise the validation trials for site qualification of clinical production of both radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Runkle
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
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Buchegger F, Ratib O, Willi JP, Steiner C, Seimbille Y, Zaidi H, Graf V, Peter R, Jung M. [¹¹C]acetate PET/CT visualizes skeletal muscle exercise participation, impaired function, and recovery after hip arthroplasty; first results. Mol Imaging Biol 2010; 13:793-9. [PMID: 20809207 PMCID: PMC3128267 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-010-0415-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Based on skeletal muscle acetate physiology we aimed studying muscle function after hip arthroplasty with [11C]acetate PET. Procedures Two male patients were investigated 3 and 12 weeks after hip arthroplasty with muscle [11C]acetate PET/CT performed at rest and exercise. Median muscle SUVmean were calculated on three non-consecutive transverse PET slices. Results The four exercise PET/CT showed, compared with rest, consistent increase in [11C]acetate uptake in active muscles contralateral to surgery. On the arthroplasty side most muscles showed symmetric activity increase under exercise both at 3 and 12 weeks after surgery, but four muscles showed only minor activity increase at 3 weeks. At 3 months, functional recovery of the latter four muscles was observed. Conclusion Consistent increase in [11C]acetate uptake in healthy muscles under exercise compared with rest was observed by PET/CT. Transiently impaired muscle function 3 weeks after surgery recovered at 3 months. These first observations merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Buchegger
- Service of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Development of a modular system for the synthesis of PET [11C]labelled radiopharmaceuticals. Appl Radiat Isot 2009; 67:1869-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2009.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wester HJ, Schoultz BW, Hultsch C, Henriksen G. Fast and repetitive in-capillary production of [18F]FDG. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2008; 36:653-8. [PMID: 19037638 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-008-0985-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The increasing demand for radiopharmaceuticals to be provided reproducibly and flexibly with high frequency for clinical application and animal imaging would be better met by improved or even new strategies for automated tracer production. Radiosynthesis in microfluidic systems, i.e. narrow tubing with a diameter of approximately 50-500 microm, holds promise for providing the means for repetitive multidose and multitracer production. In this study, the performance of a conceptually simple microfluidic device integrated into a fully automated synthesis procedure for in-capillary radiosynthesis (ICR) of clinical grade [(18)F]FDG was evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS The instrumental set-up consisted of pumps for reagent and solvent delivery into small mixing chambers, micro-fluidic capillaries, in-process radioactivity monitoring, solid-phase extraction and on-column deprotection of the (18)F-labelled intermediate followed by on-line formulation of [(18)F]FDG. RESULTS In-capillary(18)F-fluorination of 2.1 micromol 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-O-trifluoromethanesulphonyl-beta-D-mannopyranose (TATM; precursor for [(18)F]FDG) in acetonitrile (MeCN) at a flow rate of 0.3 ml/min within 40 s and subsequent on-line hydrolysis of the intermediate by treatment with 0.3 M NaOH for 1 min at 40 degrees C resulted in a radiochemical yield of 88 +/- 4% within <7 min. Reproducibility, robustness and suitability as a fast and efficient radiopharmaceutical research tool for (18)F-fluorination was demonstrated by eight independent, sequentially performed ICRs which provided identical tracer quality (radiochemical purity >97%, MeCN <5 microg/ml) and similar absolute yields (approximately 1.4 GBq). CONCLUSION The described ICR process is a simple and efficient alternative to classic radiotracer production systems and provides a comparatively cheap instrumental methodology for the repetitive production of [(18)F]FDG with remarkably high efficiency and high yield under fully automated conditions. Although the results concerning the levels of activity need to be confirmed after installation of the equipment in a suitable GMP hot-cell environment, we expect the instrumental design to allow up-scaling without major difficulties or fundamental restrictions. Furthermore, we are convinced that similar or nearly identical procedures, and thus instrumentation, will allow ICR of other (18)F-labelled radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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Miller P, Long N, Vilar R, Gee A. Synthese von11C-,18F-,15O- und13N-Radiotracern für die Positronenemissionstomographie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200800222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Miller P, Long N, Vilar R, Gee A. Synthesis of11C,18F,15O, and13N Radiolabels for Positron Emission Tomography. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:8998-9033. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200800222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 726] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Michael R. Radiopharmacy. Recent Results Cancer Res 2008; 170:25-31. [PMID: 18019614 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-31203-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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Vees H, Buchegger F, Albrecht S, Khan H, Husarik D, Zaidi H, Soloviev D, Hany TF, Miralbell R. 18F-choline and/or 11C-acetate positron emission tomography: detection of residual or progressive subclinical disease at very low prostate-specific antigen values (<1 ng/mL) after radical prostatectomy. BJU Int 2007; 99:1415-20. [PMID: 17428249 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2007.06772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the value of positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) with either (18)F-choline and/or (11)C-acetate, of residual or recurrent tumour after radical prostatectomy (RP) in patients with a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level of <1 ng/mL and referred for adjuvant or salvage radiotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS In all, 22 PET/CT studies were performed, 11 with (18)F-choline (group A) and 11 with (11)C-acetate (group B), in 20 consecutive patients (two undergoing PET/CT scans with both tracers). The median (range) PSA level before PET/CT was 0.33 (0.08-0.76) ng/mL. Endorectal-coil magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used in 18 patients. Nineteen patients were eligible for evaluation of biochemical response after salvage radiotherapy. RESULTS There was abnormal local tracer uptake in five and six patients in group A and B, respectively. Except for a single positive obturator lymph node, there was no other site of metastasis. In the two patients evaluated with both tracers there was no pathological uptake. Endorectal MRI was locally positive in 15 of 18 patients; 12 of 19 responded with a marked decrease in PSA level (half or more from baseline) 6 months after salvage radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Although (18)F-choline and (11)C-acetate PET/CT studies succeeded in detecting local residual or recurrent disease in about half the patients with PSA levels of <1 ng/mL after RP, these studies cannot yet be recommended as a standard diagnostic tool for early relapse or suspicion of subclinical minimally persistent disease after surgery. Endorectal MRI might be more helpful, especially in patients with a low likelihood of distant metastases. Nevertheless, further research with (18)F-choline and/or (11)C-acetate PET with optimal spatial resolution might be needed for patients with a high risk of distant relapse after RP even at low PSA values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansjörg Vees
- Service of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Albrecht S, Buchegger F, Soloviev D, Zaidi H, Vees H, Khan HG, Keller A, Bischof Delaloye A, Ratib O, Miralbell R. (11)C-acetate PET in the early evaluation of prostate cancer recurrence. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2006; 34:185-96. [PMID: 16832632 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-006-0163-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2006] [Revised: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 04/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The first aim of the study was to investigate the diagnostic potential of (11)C-acetate PET in the early detection of prostate cancer recurrence. A second aim was the evaluation of early and late PET in this context. METHODS The study population comprised 32 prostate cancer patients with early evidence of relapse after initial radiotherapy (group A) or radical surgery (group B). The median PSA of group A (n=17) patients was 6 ng/ml (range 2.6-30.2) while that of group B (n=15) was 0.4 ng/ml (range 0.08-4.8). Pelvic-abdominal-thoracic PET was started 2 min after injection of (11)C-acetate and evaluated after fusion with CT. RESULTS Group A: Taking a SUV(max)> or =2 as the cut-off, PET showed local recurrences in 14/17 patients and two equivocal results. Distant disease was observed in six patients and an equivocal result was obtained in one. Endorectal MRI was positive in 12/12 patients. Biopsy confirmed local recurrence in six of six (100%) patients. PET was positive in five of the six patients with biopsy-proven recurrences, the result in the remaining patient being equivocal. Group B: Among the 15 patients, visual interpretation was positive for local recurrences in five patients and equivocal in four. One obturator lymph node was positive. Endorectal MRI was positive in 11/15 patients and equivocal in two. Positional correlation of positive/equivocal results on PET and endorectal MRI was observed in seven of nine patients. PSA decreased significantly after salvage radiotherapy in 8/14 patients, providing strong evidence for local recurrence. PET of the eight patients responding to RT was positive in three and equivocal in two. CONCLUSION (11)C-acetate PET was found to be valuable in the early evaluation of prostate cancer relapse. Optimising scanning time and use of modern PET-CT equipment might allow further improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Albrecht
- Service of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Rue Micheli-du-Crest 24, 1211, Geneva 14, Switzerland.
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