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AlHokbany N, AlJammaz I, AlOtaibi B, AlMalki Y, AlJammaz B, Okarvi SM. Development of new copper-64 labeled rhodamine: a potential PET myocardial perfusion imaging agent. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2022; 7:19. [PMID: 35870027 PMCID: PMC9308844 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-022-00171-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is one of the most commonly performed investigations in nuclear medicine procedures. Due to the longer half-life of the emerging positron emitter copper-64 and its availability from low energy cyclotron, together with its well-known coordination chemistry, we have synthesized 64Cu-labeled NOTA- and 64Cu-NOTAM-rhodamine conjugates as potential cardiac imaging agents using PET. Results 64Cu-NOTA- and 64Cu-NOTAM-rhodamine conjugates were synthesized using a traightforward and one-step simple reaction. Radiochemical yields were greater than 97% (decay corrected), with a total synthesis time of less than 25 min. Radiochemical purities were always greater than 98% as assessed by TLC and HPLC. These synthetic approaches hold considerable promise as a simple method for 64Cu-rhodamine conjugates synthesis, with high radiochemical yield and purity. Biodistribution studies in normal Fischer rats at 60 min post-injection, demonstrated significant heart uptake and a good biodistribution profile for both the radioconjugates. However, the 64Cu-NOTAM-rhodamine conjugate has shown more heart uptake (~ 10% ID/g) over the 64Cu-NOTA-rhodamine conjugate (5.6% ID/g). Conclusions These results demonstrate that these radioconjugates may be useful probes for the PET evaluation of MPI.
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2
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Kanagasundaram T, Laube M, Wodtke J, Kramer CS, Stadlbauer S, Pietzsch J, Kopka K. Radiolabeled Silicon-Rhodamines as Bimodal PET/SPECT-NIR Imaging Agents. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1155. [PMID: 34832938 PMCID: PMC8623702 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiolabeled fluorescent dyes are decisive for bimodal imaging as well as highly in demand for nuclear- and optical imaging. Silicon-rhodamines (SiRs) show unique near-infrared (NIR) optical properties, large quantum yields and extinction coefficients as well as high photostability. Here, we describe the synthesis, characterization and radiolabeling of novel NIR absorbing and emitting fluorophores from the silicon-rhodamine family for use in optical imaging (OI) combined with positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), respectively. The presented photostable SiRs were characterized using NMR-, UV-Vis-NIR-spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Moreover, the radiolabeling conditions using fluorine-18 or iodine-123 were extensively explored. After optimization, the radiofluorinated NIR imaging agents were obtained with radiochemical conversions (RCC) up to 70% and isolated radiochemical yields (RCY) up to 54% at molar activities of g.t. 70 GBq/µmol. Radioiodination delivered RCCs over 92% and allowed to isolate the 123I-labeled product in RCY of 54% at a molar activity of g.t. 7.6 TBq/µmol. The radiofluorinated SiRs exhibit in vitro stabilities g.t. 70% after two hours in human serum. The first described radiolabeled SiRs are a promising step toward their further development as multimodal PET/SPECT-NIR imaging agents for planning and subsequent imaging-guided oncological surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thines Kanagasundaram
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (T.K.); (M.L.); (J.W.); (S.S.); (J.P.)
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 223, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Markus Laube
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (T.K.); (M.L.); (J.W.); (S.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Johanna Wodtke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (T.K.); (M.L.); (J.W.); (S.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Carsten Sven Kramer
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 223, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Sven Stadlbauer
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (T.K.); (M.L.); (J.W.); (S.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (T.K.); (M.L.); (J.W.); (S.S.); (J.P.)
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (T.K.); (M.L.); (J.W.); (S.S.); (J.P.)
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 223, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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3
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Munch M, Rotstein BH, Ulrich G. Fluorine-18-Labeled Fluorescent Dyes for Dual-Mode Molecular Imaging. Molecules 2020; 25:E6042. [PMID: 33371284 PMCID: PMC7766373 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25246042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress realized in the development of optical imaging (OPI) probes and devices has made this technique more and more affordable for imaging studies and fluorescence-guided surgery procedures. However, this imaging modality still suffers from a low depth of penetration, thus limiting its use to shallow tissues or endoscopy-based procedures. In contrast, positron emission tomography (PET) presents a high depth of penetration and the resulting signal is less attenuated, allowing for imaging in-depth tissues. Thus, association of these imaging techniques has the potential to push back the limits of each single modality. Recently, several research groups have been involved in the development of radiolabeled fluorophores with the aim of affording dual-mode PET/OPI probes used in preclinical imaging studies of diverse pathological conditions such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, or cardiovascular diseases. Among all the available PET-active radionuclides, 18F stands out as the most widely used for clinical imaging thanks to its advantageous characteristics (t1/2 = 109.77 min; 97% β+ emitter). This review focuses on the recent efforts in the synthesis and radiofluorination of fluorescent scaffolds such as 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-diazaindacenes (BODIPYs), cyanines, and xanthene derivatives and their use in preclinical imaging studies using both PET and OPI technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Munch
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada;
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Benjamin H. Rotstein
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada;
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Gilles Ulrich
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Énergie, l’Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), UMR CNRS 7515, École Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), 25 rue Becquerel, CEDEX 02, 67087 Strasbourg, France;
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Klenner MA, Pascali G, Massi M, Fraser BH. Fluorine‐18 Radiolabelling and Photophysical Characteristics of Multimodal PET–Fluorescence Molecular Probes. Chemistry 2020; 27:861-876. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell A. Klenner
- Human Health and National Deuteration Facility (NDF) Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) New Illawarra Road Lucas Heights NSW 2234 Australia
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University Kent Street Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Giancarlo Pascali
- Human Health and National Deuteration Facility (NDF) Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) New Illawarra Road Lucas Heights NSW 2234 Australia
- Prince of Wales Hospital Barker St Randwick NSW 2031 Australia
- University of New South Wales Sydney (UNSW) Kensington NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Massimiliano Massi
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University Kent Street Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Benjamin H. Fraser
- Human Health and National Deuteration Facility (NDF) Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) New Illawarra Road Lucas Heights NSW 2234 Australia
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Slikboer SR, Pitchumony TS, Banevicius L, Mercanti N, Edem PE, Valliant JF. Imidazole fused phenanthroline (PIP) ligands for the preparation of multimodal Re(I) and 99mTc(I) probes. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:14826-14836. [PMID: 33034336 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02829k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A small library of [2 + 1] 99mTc(i) complexes based on phenyl-imidazole-fused phenanthroline (PIP) ligands were synthesized and evaluated as multimodal molecular imaging probes. Using either a two-step or a one-pot synthesis method, 99mTc-PIP complexes containing N-methylimidazole as the monodentate ligand were prepared and isolated in good (54 to 89%) radiochemical yield, with the exception of one derivative bearing a strongly electron-withdrawing substituent. The stability of the [2 + 1] complexes was assessed in saline and in cysteine and histidine challenge studies, showing 6 hours stability, making them suitable for in vivo studies. In parallel, the Re(i) analogues were prepared as reference standards to verify the structure of the 99mTc complexes. The optical properties were consistent with other previously reported [2 + 1] type Re(i) complexes that have been used as cellular dyes and sensors. To facilitate the development of targeted derivatives, a tetrazine-PIP ligand was also synthesized. The 99mTc complex of the tetrazine PIP ligand effectively coupled to compounds containing a trans-cyclooctene (TCO) group including a TCO-albumin derivative, which was prepared as a model targeting molecule. An added benefit of the Re-PIP-Tz construct is that the emission from the metal complex was quenched by the presence of the tetrazine. Following the addition of TCO, there was a 70-fold increase in fluorescence emission, which can in future be leveraged during in vitro studies to reduce background signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Slikboer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4 M1, Canada.
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Synthesis of novel gallium-68 labeled rhodamine: A potential PET myocardial perfusion agent. Appl Radiat Isot 2019; 144:29-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Price TW, Firth G, Eling CJ, Kinnon M, Long NJ, Sturge J, Stasiuk GJ. A 18F radiolabelled Zn(ii) sensing fluorescent probe. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018. [PMID: 29528355 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc00687c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A selective fluorescent probe for Zn(ii), AQA-F, has been synthesized. AQA-F exhibits a ratiometric shift in emission of up to 80 nm upon binding Zn(ii) ([AQA-F] = 0.1 mM, [Zn(ii)Cl2] = 0-300 μM). An enhancement of quantum yield from Φ = 4.2% to Φ = 35% is also observed. AQA-F has a binding constant, Kd = 15.2 μM with Zn(ii). This probe has been shown to respond to endogenous Zn(ii) levels in vitro in prostate and prostate cancer cell lines. [18F]AQA-F has been synthesized with a radiochemical yield of 8.6% and a radiochemical purity of 97% in 88 minutes. AQA-F shows the potential for a dual modal PET/fluorescence imaging probe for Zn(ii).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Price
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK.
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8
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Shekhar A, Heeger P, Reutelingsperger C, Arbustini E, Narula N, Hofstra L, Bax JJ, Narula J. Targeted Imaging for Cell Death in Cardiovascular Disorders. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2018; 11:476-493. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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9
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Kreimerman I, Porcal W, Olivera S, Oliver P, Savio E, Engler H. Synthesis of [18F]2B-SRF101: A Sulfonamide Derivative of the Fluorescent Dye Sulforhodamine 101. Curr Radiopharm 2017; 10:212-220. [PMID: 28956517 PMCID: PMC5740491 DOI: 10.2174/1874471010666170928112853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The red fluorescent dye Sulforhodamine 101 (SR101) has been used in neuroscience research as a useful tool for staining of astrocytes, since it has been reported as a marker of astroglia in the neocortex of rodents in vivo. The aim of this work is to label SR101 with positron emission radionuclides, in order to provide a radiotracer to study its biological behavior. This is the first attempt to label SR101 by [18F], using a chemical derivatization via a sulfonamidelinker and a commercially available platform. METHODS The synthesis of SR101 N-(3-Bromopropyl) sulfonamide and SR101 N-(3- Fluoropropyl) sulfonamide (2B-SRF101) was carried out. The radiosynthesis of SR101 N-(3- [18F]Fluoropropyl) sulfonamide ([18F]2B-SRF101) was performed in a TRACERlab® FX-FN. Different labeling conditions were tested. Three pilot batches were produced and quality control was performed. Lipophilicity, plasma protein binding and radiochemical stability of [18F]2BSRF101 in final formulation and in plasma were determined. RESULTS SR101 N-(3-Bromopropyl) sulfonamide was synthetized as a precursor for radiolabeling with [18F]. 2B-SRF101 was prepared for analytical purpose. [18F]2B-SRF101 was obtained with radiochemical purity of (97.0 ± 0.6%). The yield of the whole synthesis was (11.9 ± 1.7 %), nondecay corrected. [18F]2B-SRF101 was found to be stable in final formulation and in plasma. The octanol-water partition coefficient was (Log POCT = 1.88 ± 0.14). The product showed a high percentage of plasma protein binding. CONCLUSIONS The derivatization of SR101 via sulfonamide-linker and the first radiosynthesis of [18 F]2B-SRF101 were performed. It was obtained in accordance with quality control specifications. In vitro stability studies verified that [18F]2B-SRF101 was suitable for preclinical evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Kreimerman
- Uruguayan Centre of Molecular Imaging (CUDIM) Radiopharmacy Department, Montevideo. Uruguay
| | - Williams Porcal
- Uruguayan Centre of Molecular Imaging (CUDIM) Radiopharmacy Department, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Facultad de Quimica, Universidad de la República - (UdelaR) Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Silvia Olivera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biologicas, Clemente Estable, Montevideo. Uruguay
| | - Patricia Oliver
- Uruguayan Centre of Molecular Imaging (CUDIM) Radiopharmacy Department, Montevideo. Uruguay
| | - Eduardo Savio
- Ricaldoni 2010, Postal Code 11.600, Montevideo. Uruguay
| | - Henry Engler
- Uruguayan Centre of Molecular Imaging (CUDIM) Radiopharmacy Department, Montevideo. Uruguay
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10
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Inkster JAH, Zhang S, Akurathi V, Belanger A, Dubey S, Treves T, Packard AB. New chemical and radiochemical routes to [ 18F]Rho6G-DEG-F, a delocalized lipophilic cation for myocardial perfusion imaging with PET. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:1891-1896. [PMID: 29276578 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00326a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New chemical and radiochemical syntheses are described for the preparation of [18F]Rho6G-DEG-F, an 18F-labeled analogue of the fluoresecent dye rhodamine 6G, which has shown promise as myocardidal perfusion imaging agent. Tosylated precursors of [18F]Rho6G-DEG-F amenable to 18F-labeling were obtained either through a two-step synthesis from rhodamine 6G lactone (33% yield), or in one step from rhodamine 575 (64% yield), then purified by preparative C18 chromatography. Manual synthesis of [18F]Rho6G-DEG-F was achieved in a single radiochemical step from either the tosylate salt or the tosylate/formate double salt in DMSO under standard nucleophillic aliphatic 18F-fluorination conditions (K[18F]F/K2CO3/Kryptofix 2.2.2.). Incorporation of the [18F]F- was found to be satisfactory (≥34% by TLC), despite the protic character of the precursor molecules. [18F]Rho6G-DEG-F was manually synthesized in final decay-corrected radiochemical yields of 11-26% (tosylate salt) and 9-21% (tosylate/formate double salt). The protocol was transferred to an automated synthesis unit, where the product was obtained in 3-9% radiochemical yield (n=3) decay corrected to start-of-synthesis, >99% radiochemical purity, and a molar activity of 122-267 GBq/μmol (3.3-7.2 Ci/μmol).
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Affiliation(s)
- J A H Inkster
- Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - S Zhang
- Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - V Akurathi
- Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - A Belanger
- Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - S Dubey
- Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - T Treves
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - A B Packard
- Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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11
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Abstract
The present study aimed to discuss the role of mitochondrion in cardiac function and disease. The mitochondrion plays a fundamental role in cellular processes ranging from metabolism to apoptosis. The mitochondrial-targeted molecular imaging could potentially illustrate changes in global and regional cardiac dysfunction. The collective changes that occur in mitochondrial-targeted molecular imaging probes have been widely explored and developed. As probes currently used in the preclinical setting still have a lot of shortcomings, the development of myocardial metabolic activity, viability, perfusion, and blood flow molecular imaging probes holds great potential for accurately evaluating the myocardial viability and functional reserve. The advantages of molecular imaging provide a perspective on investigating the mitochondrial function of the myocardium in vivo noninvasively and quantitatively. The molecular imaging tracers of single-photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography could give more detailed information on myocardial metabolism and restoration. In this study, series mitochondrial-targeted 99mTc-, 123I-, and 18F-labeled tracers displayed broad applications because they could provide a direct link between mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiac disease.
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12
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Yazdani A, Janzen N, Czorny S, Valliant JF. Technetium(I) Complexes of Bathophenanthrolinedisulfonic Acid. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:2958-2965. [PMID: 28199089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b03058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bathophenanthrolinedisulfonate (BPS) complexes of technetium(I) of the type [Tc(CO)3(BPS)(L)]n (L = imidazole derivatives) were synthesized and evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. [99mTc(CO)3(BPS)(MeIm)]- (MeIm = 1-methyl-1H-imidazole) was prepared in near-quantitative yield using a convenient two-step, one-pot labeling procedure. A targeted analogue capable of binding regions of calcium turnover associated with bone metabolism was also prepared. Here, a bisphosphonate was linked to the metal through an imidazole ligand to give [99mTc(CO)3(BPS)(ImAln)]2- (ImAln = an imidazole-alendronate ligand) in high yield. The technetium(I) complexes were stable in vitro, and in biodistribution studies, [99mTc(CO)3(BPS)(ImAln)]2- exhibited rapid clearance from nontarget tissues and significant accumulation in the shoulder (7.9 ± 0.2% ID/g) and knees (15.1 ± 0.9% ID/g) by 6 h, with the residence time in the skeleton reaching 24 h. A rhenium analogue, which is luminescent and has the same structure, was also prepared and used for fluorescence labeling of cells in vitro. The data reported demonstrate the potential of this class of compounds for use in creating isostructural optical and nuclear probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Yazdani
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and ‡Centre for Probe Development and Commercialization, McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Nancy Janzen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and ‡Centre for Probe Development and Commercialization, McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Shannon Czorny
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and ‡Centre for Probe Development and Commercialization, McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - John F Valliant
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and ‡Centre for Probe Development and Commercialization, McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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van der Born D, Pees A, Poot AJ, Orru RVA, Windhorst AD, Vugts DJ. Fluorine-18 labelled building blocks for PET tracer synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:4709-4773. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00492j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review presents a comprehensive overview of the synthesis and application of fluorine-18 labelled building blocks since 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dion van der Born
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Anna Pees
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Alex J. Poot
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Romano V. A. Orru
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules
- Medicines & Systems (AIMMS)
- VU University Amsterdam
- Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Albert D. Windhorst
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Danielle J. Vugts
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
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14
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Al-Karmi S, Albu SA, Vito A, Janzen N, Czorny S, Banevicius L, Nanao M, Zubieta J, Capretta A, Valliant JF. Preparation of an18F-Labeled Hydrocyanine Dye as a Multimodal Probe for Reactive Oxygen Species. Chemistry 2016; 23:254-258. [PMID: 27768812 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salma Al-Karmi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Silvia A. Albu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Alyssa Vito
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Nancy Janzen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Shannon Czorny
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Laura Banevicius
- Centre for Probe Development and Commercialization; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Max Nanao
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory; Grenoble Outstation; 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Jon Zubieta
- Department of Chemistry; Syracuse University; Syracuse NY 13244 USA
| | - Alfredo Capretta
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - John F. Valliant
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
- Centre for Probe Development and Commercialization; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
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15
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Mou T, Zhao Z, You L, Li Y, Wang Q, Fang W, Lu J, Peng C, Zhang X. Synthesis and Evaluation of (18)F-labeled Pyridaben Analogues for Myocardial Perfusion Imaging in Mice, Rats and Chinese mini-swine. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33450. [PMID: 27646847 PMCID: PMC5028837 DOI: 10.1038/srep33450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports three novel 18F-labeled pyridaben analogues for potential myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). Three precursors and the corresponding nonradioactive compounds were synthesized and characterized. The radiolabeled tracers were obtained by substituting tosyl with 18F. The total radiosynthesis time of these tracers was 70–90 min. Typical decay-corrected radiochemical yields were 47–58%, with high radiochemical purities (>98%). Tracers were evaluated as MPI agents in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo. In the mouse biodistribution study, all three radiotracers showed high initial heart uptake (34–54% ID/g at 2 min after injection) and fast liver clearance. In the microPET imaging study, [18F]Fmpp2 produced heart images with good quality in both mice and rats. In the whole-body PET/CT images of mini-swine, [18F]Fmpp2 showed excellent initial heart standardized uptake value (SUV) (7.12 at 5 min p.i.) and good retention (5.75 at 120 min p.i.). The heart/liver SUV ratios were 4.12, 5.42 and 5.99 at 30, 60 and 120 min after injection, respectively. The favorable biological properties of [18F]Fmpp2 suggest that it is worth further investigation as a potential MPI agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Mou
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zuoquan Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute and Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Linyi You
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yesen Li
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wei Fang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute and Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- PET Center, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Xianzhong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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16
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Synthesis and evaluation of [18F]-fluoromethyl triphenylphosphonium cation as a novel mitochondria-specific positron emission tomography tracer. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 118:90-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Chansaenpak K, Wang H, Wang M, Giglio B, Ma X, Yuan H, Hu S, Wu Z, Li Z. Synthesis and Evaluation of [(18) F]-Ammonium BODIPY Dyes as Potential Positron Emission Tomography Agents for Myocardial Perfusion Imaging. Chemistry 2016; 22:12122-9. [PMID: 27405398 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated the potential of a [(18) F]-trimethylammonium BODIPY dye for cardiac imaging. This is the first example of the use of the [(18) F]-ammonium BODIPY dye for positron emission tomography (PET) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). In this report, we extend our study to other ammonium BODIPY dyes with different nitrogen substituents. These novel ammonium BODIPY dyes were successfully prepared and radiolabeled by the SnCl4 -assisted (18) F-(19) F isotopic exchange method. The microPET results and the biodistribution data reveal that nitrogen substituent changes have a significant effect on the in vivo and pharmacological properties of the tracers. Of the novel [(18) F]-ammonium BODIPY dyes prepared in this work, the [(18) F]-dimethylethylammonium BODIPY is superior in terms of myocardium uptake and PET imaging contrast. These results support our hypothesis that the ammonium BODIPY dyes have a great potential for use as PET/optical dual-modality MPI probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kantapat Chansaenpak
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27514, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27514, USA
| | - Mengzhe Wang
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27514, USA
| | - Benjamin Giglio
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27514, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Ma
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27514, USA
| | - Hong Yuan
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27514, USA
| | - Shuo Hu
- PET Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Zhanhong Wu
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27514, USA.
| | - Zibo Li
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27514, USA
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18
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Mou T, Zhao Z, You L, Wang Q, Fang W, Lu J, Peng C, Zhang X. Synthesis and bioevaluation of 4-chloro-2-tert-butyl-5-[2-[[1-[2-[(18) F]fluroethyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]methyl]phenylmethoxy]-3(2H)-pyridazinone as potential myocardial perfusion imaging agent with PET. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2015; 58:349-54. [PMID: 26094722 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the synthesis and characterization of 4-chloro-2-tert-butyl-5-[2-[[1-[2-[(18) F]fluroethyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]methyl]phenylmethoxy]-3(2H)-pyridazinone ([(18) F]Fmp2) for myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). The tosylate precursor and non-radioactive compound [(19) F]Fmp2 were synthesized and characterized by infrared, (1) H-NMR, (13) C-NMR, and mass spectra (MS). The radiotracer [(18) F]Fmp2 was obtained by one-step nucleophilic substitution of tosyl with (18) F, and evaluated as an MPI agent in vitro and in vivo. Starting from [(18) F]KF/K222 solution, the typical decay-corrected radiochemical yield (RCY) was 38 ± 8.8% with high radiochemical purity (>98%). The specific activity was calculated as 10 GBq/µmol at the end of synthesis determined by HPLC analysis. In the mice biodistribution, [(18) F]Fmp2 showed very high initial heart uptake (53.35 ± 5.47 %ID/g at 2 min after injection) and remarkable retention. The heart/liver, heart/lung, and heart/blood ratios were 7.98, 8.20, and 53.13, respectively at 2 min post-injection. In the Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging study of Chinese mini-swine, the standardized uptake value of the liver decreased modestly during the 2 h post-injection, while the heart uptake and heart/liver ratios continued to increase with time. [(18) F]Fmp2 exhibited good stability, high heart uptake and low lung uptake in mice and Chinese mini-swine. It may be worthy of further modification to improve liver clearance for MPI in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Mou
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zuoquan Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute and Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Linyi You
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wei Fang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute and Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- PET Center, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Xianzhong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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19
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AlJammaz I, Al-Otaibi B, AlHindas H, Okarvi SM. Novel synthesis and initial preclinical evaluation of (18)F-[FDG] labeled rhodamine: a potential PET myocardial perfusion imaging agent. Nucl Med Biol 2015; 42:804-8. [PMID: 26160144 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial perfusion imaging is one of the most commonly performed investigations in nuclear medicine studies. Due to the clinical importance of [(18)F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([(18)F]-FDG) and its availability in almost every PET center, a new radiofluorinated [(18)F]-FDG-rhodamine conjugate was synthesized using [(18)F]-FDG as a prosthetic group. In a convenient and simple one-step radiosynthesis, [(18)F]-FDG-rhodamine conjugate was prepared in quantitative radiochemical yields, with total synthesis time of nearly 20 min and radiochemical purity of greater than 98%, without the need for HPLC purification, which make these approaches amenable for automation. Biodistribution studies in normal rats at 60 min post-injection demonstrated a high uptake in the heart (>11% ID/g) and favorable pharmacokinetics. Additionally, [(18)F]-FDG-rhodamine showed an extraction value of 27.63%±5.12% in rat hearts. These results demonstrate that [(18)F]-FDG-rhodamine conjugate may be useful as an imaging agent for the positron emission tomography evaluation of myocardial perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim AlJammaz
- Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceuticals and Cell Biology Departments, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Basim Al-Otaibi
- Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceuticals and Cell Biology Departments, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussein AlHindas
- Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceuticals and Cell Biology Departments, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Subhani M Okarvi
- Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceuticals and Cell Biology Departments, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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20
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Bartholomä MD, Zhang S, Akurathi V, Pacak CA, Dunning P, Fahey FH, Cowan DB, Treves ST, Packard AB. (18)F-labeled rhodamines as potential myocardial perfusion agents: comparison of pharmacokinetic properties of several rhodamines. Nucl Med Biol 2015. [PMID: 26205075 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We recently reported the development of the [(18)F]fluorodiethylene glycol ester of rhodamine B as a potential positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). This compound was developed by optimizing the ester moiety on the rhodamine B core, and its pharmacokinetic properties were found to be superior to those of the prototype ethyl ester. The goal of the present study was to optimize the rhodamine core while retaining the fluorodiethyleneglycol ester prosthetic group. METHODS A series of different rhodamine cores (rhodamine 6G, rhodamine 101, and tetramethylrhodamine) were labeled with (18)F using the corresponding rhodamine lactones as the precursors and [(18)F]fluorodiethylene glycol ester as the prosthetic group. The compounds were purified by semipreparative HPLC, and their biodistribution was measured in rats. Additionally, the uptake of the compounds was evaluated in isolated rat cardiomyocytes. RESULTS As was the case with the different prosthetic groups, we found that the rhodamine core has a significant effect on the in vitro and in vivo properties of this series of compounds. Of the rhodamines evaluated to date, the pharmacologic properties of the (18)F-labeled diethylene glycol ester of rhodamine 6G are superior to those of the (18)F-labeled diethylene glycol esters of rhodamine B, rhodamine 101, and tetramethylrhodamine. As with (18)F-labeled rhodamine B, [(18)F]rhodamine 6G was observed to localize in the mitochondria of isolated rat cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSIONS Based on these results, the (18)F-labeled diethylene glycol ester of rhodamine 6G is the most promising potential PET MPI radiopharmaceutical of those that have evaluated to date, and we are now preparing to carry out first-in-human clinical studies with this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Bartholomä
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Shaohui Zhang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Vamsidhar Akurathi
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Christina A Pacak
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Patricia Dunning
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Frederic H Fahey
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Douglas B Cowan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - S Ted Treves
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alan B Packard
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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21
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Trencsényi G, Kertész I, Krasznai ZT, Máté G, Szalóki G, Szabó Judit P, Kárpáti L, Krasznai Z, Márián T, Goda K. 2'[(18)F]-fluoroethylrhodamine B is a promising radiotracer to measure P-glycoprotein function. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 74:27-35. [PMID: 25857708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In vivo detection of the emergence of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) mediated multidrug resistance in tumors could be beneficial for patients treated with anticancer drugs. PET technique in combination with appropriate radiotracers could be the most convenient method for detection of Pgp function. Rhodamine derivatives are validated fluorescent probes for measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential and also Pgp function. The aim of this study was to investigate whether 2'[(18)F]-fluoroethylrhodamine B ((18)FRB) a halogenated rhodamine derivative previously synthesized for PET assessment of myocardial perfusion preserved its Pgp substrate character. ATPase assay as well as accumulation experiments carried out using Pgp(+) and Pgp(-) human gynecologic (A2780/A2780(AD) and KB-3-1/KB-V1) and a mouse fibroblast cell pairs (NIH 3T3 and NIH 3T3 MDR1) were applied to study the interaction of (18)FRB with Pgp. ATPase assay proved that (18)FRB is a high affinity substrate of Pgp. Pgp(-) cells accumulated the (18)FRB rapidly in accordance with its lipophilic character. Dissipation of the mitochondrial proton gradient by a proton ionophore CCCP decreased the accumulation of rhodamine 123 (R123) and (18)FRB into Pgp(-) cells. Pgp(+) cells exhibited very low R123 and (18)FRB accumulation (around 1-8% of the Pgp(-) cell lines) which was not sensitive to the mitochondrial proton gradient; rather it was increased by the Pgp inhibitor cyclosporine A (CsA). Based on the above data we conclude that (18)FRB is a high affinity Pgp substrate and consequently a potential PET tracer to detect multidrug resistant tumors as well as the function of physiological barriers expressing Pgp.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Trencsényi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Kertész
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoárd T Krasznai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Máté
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Szalóki
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - P Szabó Judit
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Levente Kárpáti
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Krasznai
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Teréz Márián
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Katalin Goda
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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22
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Yazdani A, Janzen N, Banevicius L, Czorny S, Valliant JF. Imidazole-Based [2 + 1] Re(I)/99mTc(I) Complexes as Isostructural Nuclear and Optical Probes. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:1728-36. [PMID: 25634699 DOI: 10.1021/ic502663p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Yazdani
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Nancy Janzen
- Centre for Probe Development and Commercialization, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Laura Banevicius
- Centre for Probe Development and Commercialization, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Shannon Czorny
- Centre for Probe Development and Commercialization, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - John F. Valliant
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
- Centre for Probe Development and Commercialization, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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23
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Mou T, Zhao Z, Zhang P, Fang W, Peng C, Lu J, Wang Q, Ma Y, Zhang X. Synthesis and Bio-Evaluation of New18F-Labeled Pyridaben Analogs with Improved Stability for Myocardial Perfusion Imaging in Mice. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 86:351-61. [PMID: 25529021 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Mou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Beijing Anzhen Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing 100029 China
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals; Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Beijing Normal University; Beijing 100875 China
| | - Zuoquan Zhao
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; School of Public Health; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361102 China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Cardiovascular Institute and Fuwai Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing 100037 China
| | - Pu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals; Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Beijing Normal University; Beijing 100875 China
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; School of Public Health; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361102 China
| | - Wei Fang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Cardiovascular Institute and Fuwai Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing 100037 China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Beijing PET Center of Xuanwu Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing 100053 China
| | - Jie Lu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals; Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Beijing Normal University; Beijing 100875 China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Beijing Anzhen Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Yunchuan Ma
- Beijing PET Center of Xuanwu Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing 100053 China
| | - Xianzhong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; School of Public Health; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361102 China
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24
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Kniess T, Laube M, Brust P, Steinbach J. 2-[18F]Fluoroethyl tosylate – a versatile tool for building18F-based radiotracers for positron emission tomography. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00303b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The review highlights the role of 2-[18F]fluoroethyltosylate ([18F]FETs) in PET radiotracer design since it is a preferred labeling reagent according to its high reactivity to phenolic, amine, thiophenolic and carboxylic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Kniess
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research
- Dresden
- Germany
| | - Markus Laube
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research
- Dresden
- Germany
| | - Peter Brust
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research
- Dresden
- Germany
| | - Jörg Steinbach
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research
- Dresden
- Germany
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25
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Haslop A, Wells L, Gee A, Plisson C, Long N. One-Pot Multi-Tracer Synthesis of Novel 18F-Labeled PET Imaging Agents. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:3818-22. [DOI: 10.1021/mp500324n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Haslop
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Lisa Wells
- Imanova,
Ltd., Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, U.K
| | - Antony Gee
- Division
of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St. Thomas’ Hospital, The Rayne Institute, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, U.K
| | | | - Nicholas Long
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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26
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Zhao Z, Yu Q, Mou T, Liu C, Yang W, Fang W, Peng C, Lu J, Liu Y, Zhang X. Highly Efficient One-Pot Labeling of New Phosphonium Cations with Fluorine-18 as Potential PET Agents for Myocardial Perfusion Imaging. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:3823-31. [DOI: 10.1021/mp500216g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuoquan Zhao
- Key
Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College
of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Outer Street, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Key
Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College
of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Outer Street, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Tiantian Mou
- Key
Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College
of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Outer Street, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College
of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Outer Street, Beijing 100875, China
- Center
for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory
of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public
Health, Xiamen University, Xiang’an South Road, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Wenjiang Yang
- Key
Laboratory of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute
of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Fang
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute and FuWai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- PET Center
of Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Key
Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College
of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Outer Street, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute
of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xianzhong Zhang
- Center
for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory
of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public
Health, Xiamen University, Xiang’an South Road, Xiamen 361102, China
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Direct fluorination of phenolsulfonphthalein: a method for synthesis of positron-emitting indicators for in vivo pH measurement. Cell Biochem Biophys 2013; 66:1-5. [PMID: 22790882 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-012-9390-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a reaction of direct electrophilic fluorination of phenolsulfonphthalein at mild conditions. This reaction affords the synthesis of novel positron-emitting (18)F-labeled pH indicators. These compounds are useful for non-invasive in vivo pH measurement in biological objects.
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Zeng QH, Zhang XW, Xu KP, Jiang JG. Application of fluorescently labeled tracer technique for detection of natural active macromolecules in Chinese medicine. Drug Metab Rev 2013; 46:57-71. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2013.839699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Bartholomä MD, He H, Pacak CA, Dunning P, Fahey FH, McGowan FX, Cowan DB, Treves ST, Packard AB. Biological characterization of F-18-labeled rhodamine B, a potential positron emission tomography perfusion tracer. Nucl Med Biol 2013; 40:1043-8. [PMID: 24011396 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myocardial infarction is the leading cause of death in western countries, and positron emission tomography (PET) plays an increasing role in the diagnosis and treatment planning for this disease. However, the absence of an (18)F-labeled PET myocardial perfusion tracer hampers the widespread use of PET in myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). We recently reported a potential MPI agent based on (18)F-labeled rhodamine B. The goal of this study was to more completely define the biological properties of (18)F-labeled rhodamine B with respect to uptake and localization in an animal model of myocardial infarction and to evaluate the uptake (18)F-labeled rhodamine B by cardiomyocytes. METHODS A total of 12 female Sprague Dawley rats with a permanent ligation of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) were studied with small-animal PET. The animals were injected with 100-150 μCi of (18)F-labeled rhodamine B diethylene glycol ester ([(18)F]RhoBDEGF) and imaged two days before ligation. The animals were imaged again two to ten days post-ligation. After the post-surgery scans, the animals were euthanized and the hearts were sectioned into 1mm slices and myocardial infarct size was determined by phosphorimaging and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining (TTC). In addition, the uptake of [(18)F]RhoBDEGF in isolated rat neonatal cardiomyocytes was determined by fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS Small-animal PET showed intense and uniform uptake of [(18)F]RhoBDEGF throughout the myocardium in healthy rats. After LAD ligation, well defined perfusion defects were observed in the PET images. The defect size was highly correlated with the infarct size as determined ex vivo by phosphorimaging and TTC staining. In vitro, [(18)F]RhoBDEGF was rapidly internalized into rat cardiomyocytes with ~40 % of the initial activity internalized within the 60 min incubation time. Fluorescence microscopy clearly demonstrated localization of [(18)F]RhoBDEGF in the mitochondria of rat cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION Fluorine-18-labeled rhodamine B diethylene glycol ester ([(18)F]RhoBDEGF) provides excellent image quality and clear delineation of myocardial infarcts in a rat infarct model. In vitro studies demonstrate localization of the tracer in the mitochondria of cardiac myocytes. In combination, these results support the continued evaluation of this tracer for the PET assessment of myocardial perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Bartholomä
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston; Harvard Medical School, Boston
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Bartholomä MD, Gottumukkala V, Zhang S, Baker A, Dunning P, Fahey FH, Treves ST, Packard AB. Effect of the prosthetic group on the pharmacologic properties of 18F-labeled rhodamine B, a potential myocardial perfusion agent for positron emission tomography (PET). J Med Chem 2012; 55:11004-12. [PMID: 23210516 DOI: 10.1021/jm301453p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported the development of the 2-[(18)F]fluoroethyl ester of rhodamine B as a potential positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for myocardial perfusion imaging. This compound, which was prepared using a [(18)F]fluoroethyl prosthetic group, has significant uptake in the myocardium in rats but also demonstrates relatively high liver uptake and is rapidly hydrolyzed in vivo in mice. We have now prepared (18)F-labeled rhodamine B using three additional prosthetic groups (propyl, diethylene glycol, and triethylene glycol) and found that the prosthetic group has a significant effect on the in vitro and in vivo properties of these compounds. Of the esters prepared to date, the diethylene glycol ester is superior in terms of in vitro stability and pharmacokinetics. These observations suggest that the prosthetic group plays a significant role in determining the pharmacological properties of (18)F-labeled compounds. They also support the value of continued investigation of (18)F-labeled rhodamines as PET radiopharmaceuticals for myocardial perfusion imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Bartholomä
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Priem T, Bouteiller C, Camporese D, Brune X, Hardouin J, Romieu A, Renard PY. A novel sulfonated prosthetic group for [18F]-radiolabelling and imparting water solubility of biomolecules and cyanine fluorophores. Org Biomol Chem 2012. [PMID: 23203293 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26659h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and some applications of a novel [(18)F]-fluorinated prosthetic group based on the promising sultone radiochemistry and suitable for the labelling of amine-containing (bio)chemical compounds are described. The combined sequential use of two easy and efficient conjugation reactions namely the fluoride ring-opening of a 1,3-propanesultone moiety and the aminolysis of an N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester is the key component of this original radiolabelling strategy. The mild reaction conditions and the release of a free sulfonic acid moiety as a result of the [(18)F]-induced sultone ring-opening reaction, both make this [(18)F]-conjugation method suitable for the radiofluorination of fragile and hydrophobic biomolecules and fluorophores, particularly by making the separation of the targeted [(18)F]-tagged sulfonated compound from its starting precursor easier and thus faster. The ability of this unusual prosthetic group to readily introduce the radioisotope within complex (bio)molecular architectures has been demonstrated by (1) the preparation of the first [(18)F]-labelled cyanine 5.5 (Cy 5.5) dye, a suitable precursor for the construction of hybrid positron emission tomography/near-infrared fluorescence (PET/NIRF) imaging probes and (2) the radiolabelling of a biologically relevant peptide bearing a single lysine residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Priem
- Advanced Accelerator Applications, 20 Rue Diesel, 01630 Saint-Genis-Pouilly, France
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Mou T, Zhao Z, Fang W, Peng C, Guo F, Liu B, Ma Y, Zhang X. Synthesis and Preliminary Evaluation of 18F-Labeled Pyridaben Analogues for Myocardial Perfusion Imaging with PET. J Nucl Med 2012; 53:472-9. [PMID: 22302832 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.111.088096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Mou
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Zhou Y, Kim YS, Yan X, Jacobson O, Chen X, Liu S. 64Cu-labeled lissamine rhodamine B: a promising PET radiotracer targeting tumor mitochondria. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:1198-208. [PMID: 21545131 DOI: 10.1021/mp200025m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced mitochondrial potential in carcinoma cells is an important characteristic of cancer. It is of great current interest to develop a radiotracer that is sensitive to mitochondrial potential changes at the early stage of tumor growth. In this report, we present the synthesis and evaluation of (64)Cu-labeled Lissamine rhodamine B (LRB), (64)Cu(DOTA-LRB) (DOTA-LRB = 2-(6-(diethylamino)-3-(diethyliminio)-3H-xanthen-9-yl)-5-(N-(2-(2-(4,7,10-tris(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclo-dodecan-1-yl)acetamido)ethyl)sulfamoyl)benzenesulfonate) as a new radiotracer for imaging tumors in athymic nude mice bearing U87MG human glioma xenografts by positron emission tomography (PET). We also explored its localization mechanism using Cu(DOTA-LRB) as the fluorescent probe in both the U87MG human glioma cell line and the cultured primary U87MG glioma cells. It was found that (64)Cu(DOTA-LRB) had the highest tumor uptake (6.54 ± 1.50, 6.91 ± 1.26, 5.68 ± 1.13, 7.58 ± 1.96, and 5.14 ± 1.50%ID/g at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 24 h postinjection, respectively) among many (64)Cu-labeled organic cations evaluated in the same animal model. The cellular staining study indicated that Cu(DOTA-LRB) was able to localize in mitochondria of U87MG glioma cells due to the enhanced negative mitochondrial potential. This statement is completely supported by the results from decoupling experiment with carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). MicroPET data showed that the U87MG glioma tumors were clearly visualized as early as 30 min postinjection with (64)Cu(DOTA-LRB). (64)Cu(DOTA-LRB) remained stable during renal excretion, but underwent extensive degradation during hepatobiliary excretion. On the basis of the results from this study, it was concluded that (64)Cu(DOTA-LRB) represents a new class of promising PET radiotracers for noninvasive imaging of the MDR-negative tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Heterocyclic Dyes: Preparation, Properties, and Applications. PROGRESS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(11)22002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Biodistribution and stability studies of [18F]fluoroethylrhodamine B, a potential PET myocardial perfusion agent. Nucl Med Biol 2010; 37:365-70. [PMID: 20346876 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fluorine-18-labeled rhodamine B was developed as a potential positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for the evaluation of myocardial perfusion, but preliminary studies in mice showed no accumulation in the heart suggesting that it was rapidly hydrolyzed in vivo in mice. A study was therefore undertaken to further evaluate this hypothesis. METHODS [(18)F]Fluoroethylrhodamine B was equilibrated for 2 h at 37 degrees C in human, rat and mouse serum and in phosphate-buffered saline. Samples were removed periodically and assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Based on the results of the stability study, microPET imaging and a biodistribution study were carried out in rats. RESULTS In vitro stability studies demonstrated that [(18)F]fluoroethylrhodamine B much more stable in rat and human sera than in mouse serum. After 2 h, the compound was >80% intact in rat serum but <30% intact in mouse serum. The microPET imaging and biodistribution studies in rats confirmed this result showing high and persistent tracer accumulation in the myocardium compared with the absence of uptake by the myocardium in mice thereby validating our original hypothesis that (18)F-labeled rhodamines should accumulate in the heart. CONCLUSIONS [(18)F]Fluoroethylrhodamine B is more stable in rat and human sera than it is in mouse serum. This improved stability is demonstrated by the high uptake of the tracer in the rat heart in comparison to the absence of visible uptake in the mouse heart. These observations suggest that (18)F-labeled rhodamines are promising candidates for more extensive evaluation as PET tracers for the evaluation of myocardial perfusion.
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