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Muslima U, Khandaker MU, Lam SE, Mat Nawi SN, Abdul Sani SF, Ung NM, Osman H, Hanfi MY, Sayyed MI, Alzimami K, Alqahtani A, Bradley DA. Exploring the thermoluminescence characteristics of smartphone screen safety glasses for retrospective dosimetry applications. Appl Radiat Isot 2024; 212:111457. [PMID: 39068692 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2024.111457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
In clinical settings, standard dosimeters might miss radiation mishaps. Retrospective dosimeters could help to track personnel (such as patients and other staff who don't wear dosimeters) exceeding safe limits and assess long-term exposure trends. This study has investigated key thermoluminescence (TL) dosimetric characteristics, including the glow curve structure, dose-response, energy dependence, sensitivity and fading of various safety glasses that are used as screen protectors of smartphones subjected to photon irradiation. Among the studied glasses, the HD Anti-Peep safety glass for iPhone has been found to exhibit a linear dose-response with a regression coefficient of 99% within the dose range of 2-10 Gy. Moreover, all the safety glasses showed independence with respect to photon energy of 6 MV and 10 MV. The TL glow curves of the samples showed a broad glow peak between 125 °C and 325 °C at 10 Gy. The TL kinetic parameters of the safety glasses were also studied by analyzing the glow curves using the peak shape and initial rise method. The geometric factor (μg) is found to be within the range of 0.43-0.53, which indicates the suitability of applying Chen's general-order formula to calculate the kinetic parameters such as activation energy, frequency factor and trap lifetime. The activation energy (E) and frequency factor (s) are found in the range of 0.31-0.54 eV and 4.55 × 103 to 2.12 × 106 s-1 respectively obtained via the peak shape method. The relatively long trap lifetime and observed thermoluminescence features indicate that the HD Anti-Peep safety glass offers a better option to estimate dose retrospectively to ensure the safety of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umme Muslima
- Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies Group, CCDCU, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies Group, CCDCU, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; Faculty of Graduate Studies, Daffodil International University, Daffodil Smart City, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka, 1216, Bangladesh.
| | - S E Lam
- Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies Group, CCDCU, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S N Mat Nawi
- Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies Group, CCDCU, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S F Abdul Sani
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - N M Ung
- Clinical Oncology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hamid Osman
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, 21944, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Y Hanfi
- Nuclear Materials Authority, P.O. Box 530 El-Maadi, Cairo, Egypt; Ural Federal University, St. Mira, 19, 620002, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - M I Sayyed
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Isra University, Amman, Jordan; Department of Physics and Technical Sciences, Western Caspian University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Khalid Alzimami
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, PO Box 10219, Riyadh, 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Alqahtani
- Department of Basic Sciences, Deanship of Preparatory Year and Supporting Studies, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - D A Bradley
- Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies Group, CCDCU, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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Ogundare FO, Mashaba M. On the thermoluminescence characteristics of NaF and KCl. Appl Radiat Isot 2024; 204:111127. [PMID: 38043247 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.111127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Thermoluminescence (TL) properties of NaF and KCl are investigated in order to assess their suitability as radiation dosemeters for retrospective dosimetry. TL measurements were made on samples irradiated to different doses (1-20 Gy) and heated at a rate ranging from 0.4 to 4 °C/s in a TL/OSL reader. The TL glow curves of NaF, readout at 1oCs-1, exhibited six apparent peaks around 38.7 ± 1.4, 63.5 ± 0.5, 105.5 ± 0.4, 237.5 ± 0.8, 299.0 ± 1.0 and 347.5 ± 0.7 °C with a shoulder around 168.0 ± 2.3 °C. Those of KCl have three clearly identifiable peaks around 44.0 ± 0.3, 95.3 ± 0.8 and 160.5 ± 0.7 °C. Glow curve deconvolution, however, revealed that the glow curves of NaF and KCl are best fitted with nine and five glow peaks respectively. In NaF, all the peaks exhibited linearity of dose-response in the entire dose range considered in this study. Only the peaks around 95.3 ± 0.8 and 160.5 ± 0.7 °C exhibited linear dose-response in the entire dose range for KCl. In NaF, there was thermal quenching of the TL responses of the peaks around 63.5 ± 0.5, 105.5 ± 0.4 and 237.5 ± 0.8 °C, and thermal enhancement of responses for peaks around 299.0 ± 1.0 and 347.5 ± 0.7 °C. With respect to KCl, the TL responses of all the peaks exhibited thermal enhancement as heating rate was increased. The activation energies associated with the thermal enhancement and quenching of the peaks' TL responses are presented. The repeated use of an aliquot of NaF five times for dose measurements resulted in an acceptable variation in sensitivity, on the other hand the sensitivity of KCl decreased with increasing number of repeat use. The activation energy of the electron traps associated with the glow peaks in both crystals calculated in this study are comparable to previously published values. Both crystals can be used for retrospective dosimetry however change in sensitivity with repeat use of an aliquot will have to be accounted for in the case of KCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- F O Ogundare
- Department of Physics, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 0022, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | - M Mashaba
- Department of Physics, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 0022, Gaborone, Botswana
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Rahat MR, Mimi HA, Islam SA, Kamruzzaman M, Ferdous J, Begum M, Hasnat MA, Abdul-Rashid HA, Muslima U, Khandaker MU, Bradley DA, Al-Mamun M, Rahman AKMM. Synthesis, characterization and thermoluminescence properties of LiCaPO 4 phosphor for ionizing radiation dosimetry. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 202:111047. [PMID: 37782983 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.111047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Many minerals and compounds show thermoluminescence (TL) properties but only a few of them can meet the requirements of an ideal dosimeter. Several phosphate materials have been studied for low-dose dosimetryin recent times. Among the various phosphates, ABPO4-type material shows interesting TL properties. In this study, an ABPO4-type (A = Lithium, B=Calcium) phosphor is synthesized using a modified solid-state diffusion method. Temperature is maintained below 800 °C in every step of phosphor preparation to obtain the pure phase of Lithium calcium phosphate (LiCaPO4). The purpose of this work is to synthesize LiCaPO4 using a simple method, examine its structural and luminescence properties in order to gain a deeper understanding of its TL characteristics. The general TL properties, such as TL glow curve, dose linearity, sensitivity, and fading, are investigated. Additionally, this study aims to determine various kinetic parameters through Glow Curve Deconvolution (GCD) method using the Origin Lab software together with the Chen model. XRD analysis confirmed the phase purity of the phosphor with a rhombohedral structure. Lattice parameters, unit cell volume, grain size, dislocated density, and microstrain were also calculated from XRD data. Raman analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared analysis were used to collect information about molecular bonds, vibrations, identity, and structure of the phosphor. To investigate TL properties and associated kinetic parameters, the phosphor was irradiated with 6.0 MV (photon energy) and 6.0 MeV (electron energy) from a linear accelerator for doses ranging from 0.5 Gy to 6.0 Gy. For both photon and electron energy, TL glow curves have two identical peaks near 200 °C and 240 °C.The TL glow curves for 0.5 Gy-6 Gy are deconvoluted, then fitted with the appropriate model and then calculated the kinetic parameters. Kinetic parameters such as geometric factor (μg), order of kinetics, activation energy (E), and frequency factor (s) are obtained from Chen's peak shape method. The dose against the TL intensity curve shows that the response is almost linear in the investigated dose range. For photon and electron energy, the phosphor is found to be the most sensitive at 2.0 Gy and 4.0 Gy, respectively. The phosphor shows a low fading and after 28 days of exposure, it shows a signal loss of better than 3%. The studied TL properties suggest the suitability of LiCaPO4 in radiation dosimetry and associated fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Raghib Rahat
- Department of Physics, Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Md Kamruzzaman
- Department of Physics, Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur, Bangladesh
| | - Jannatul Ferdous
- Health Physics Division, Atomic Energy Centre Dhaka, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, 4 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Mahfuza Begum
- Health Physics & Radioactive Waste Management Unit, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abul Hasnat
- Nuclear Medical Physics Institute, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - H A Abdul-Rashid
- Fiber Optics Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Malaysia
| | - Umme Muslima
- Center for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Center for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia; Faculty of Graduate Studies, Daffodil International University, Daffodil smart City, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka, 1216, Bangladesh
| | - D A Bradley
- Center for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Md Al-Mamun
- Materials Science Division, Atomic Energy Centre Dhaka, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, 4 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - A K M Mizanur Rahman
- Health Physics Division, Atomic Energy Centre Dhaka, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, 4 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
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Karampiperi M, Kazakis NA. Thermoluminescence characterization and kinetic parameters of eyeglass lenses for applications in retrospective/accidental dosimetry. RADIAT MEAS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2023.106934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
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Khandaker MU, Nawi SNM, Lam SE, Sani SFA, Islam MA, Islam MA, Naseer KA, Osman H, Bradley DA. Thermoluminescent characterization and defect studies of graphite-rich media under high dose neutron exposure. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 196:110771. [PMID: 36933313 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Thermoluminescence (TL) materials have a broad variety of uses in various fields, such as clinical research, individual dosimetry, and environmental dosimetry, amongst others. However, the use of individual neutron dosimetry has been developing more aggressively lately. In this regard, present study establishes a relationship between the neutron dosage and the optical property changes of graphite-rich materials caused by high doses of neutron radiation. This has been done with the intention of developing a novel, graphite-based radiation dosimeter. Herein, the TL yield of commercially graphite-rich materials (i.e. graphite sheet, 2B and HB grade pencils) irradiated by neutron radiation with doses ranging from 250 Gy to 1500 Gy has been investigated. The samples were bombarded with thermal neutrons as well as a negligible amount of gamma rays, from the nuclear reactor TRIGA-II installed at the Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission. The shape of the glow curves was observed to be independent of the given dosage, with the predominant TL dosimetric peak maintained within the region of 163 °C-168 °C for each sample. By studying the glow curves of the irradiated samples, some of the most well theoretical models and techniques were used to compute the kinetic parameters such as the order of kinetics (b), activation energy (E) or trap depth, frequency factor (s) or escape probability, and trap lifetime (τ). All of the samples were found to have a good linear response over the whole dosage range, with 2B grade of polymer pencil lead graphite (PPLGs) demonstrating a higher level of sensitivity than both HB grade and graphite sheet (GS) samples. Additionally, the level of sensitivity shown by each of them is highest at the lowest dosage that was given, and it decreases as the dose increases. Importantly, the phenomenon of dose-dependent structural modifications and internal annealing of defects has been observed by assessing the area of deconvoluted micro-Raman spectra of graphite-rich materials in high-frequency areas. This trend is consistent with the cyclical pattern reported in the intensity ratio of defect and graphite modes in previously investigated carbon-rich media. Such recurrent occurrences suggest the idea of employing Raman microspectroscopy as a radiation damage study tool for carbonaceous materials. The excellent responses of the key TL properties of the 2B grade pencil demonstrate its usefulness as a passive radiation dosimeter. As a consequence, the findings suggest that graphite-rich materials have the potential to be useful as a low-cost passive radiation dosimeter, with applications in radiotherapy and manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of General Educational Development, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, Daffodil International University, DIURd, Dhaka, 1341, Bangladesh; MEU Research Unit, Middle East University, Airport Rd., 11831, Amman, Jordan.
| | - S N Mat Nawi
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medical and Life Science, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S E Lam
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S F Abdul Sani
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Amirul Islam
- Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh
| | - M A Islam
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - K A Naseer
- Department of Physics, Farook College (Autonomous), Kozhikode, 673632, India
| | - Hamid Osman
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 2425, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - D A Bradley
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
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Rotti RB, Sunitha DV, Manjunath R, Roy A, Mayegowda SB, Gnanaprakash AP, Alghamdi S, Almehmadi M, Abdulaziz O, Allahyani M, Aljuaid A, Alsaiari AA, Ashgar SS, Babalghith AO, Abd El-Lateef AE, Khidir EB. Green synthesis of MgO nanoparticles and its antibacterial properties. Front Chem 2023; 11:1143614. [PMID: 37035117 PMCID: PMC10078987 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1143614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnesium oxide nanostructured particles (NP) were prepared using a simple solution combustion technique using different leaf extracts such as Mangifera indica (Mango - Ma), Azadirachta indica (Neem-Ne), and Carica papaya (Papaya-Pa) as surfactants. The highly crystalline phase of MgO nanostructures was confirmed by PXRD and FTIR studies for 2 h 500°C calcined samples. To analyze the characteristics of obtained material-MaNP, NeNP, and PaNP for dosimetry applications, thermoluminescence (TL) studies were carried out for Co-60 gamma rays irradiated samples in the dose range 10-50 KGy; PaNP and NeNP exhibited well-defined glow curve when compared with MaNP samples. In addition, it was observed that the TL intensity decreases, with increase in gamma dose and the glow peak temperature is shifted towards the higher temperature with the increase in heating rate. The glow peak was segregated using glow curve deconvolution and thermal cleaning method. Kinetic parameters estimated using Chen's method, trap depth (E), and frequency factor (s) were found to be 0.699, 7.408, 0.4929, and 38.71, 11.008, and 10.71 for PaNP, NeNP, and MaNP respectively. The well-resolved glow curve, good linear behavior in the dose range of 10-50, KGy, and less fading were observed in PaNP as compared with MaNP and NeNP. Further, the antibacterial activity was checked against human pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A visible zone of clearance was observed at 200 and 100 μg/mL by the PaNP and NeNP, indicating the death of colonies by the nanoparticles. Therefore, PaNP nanomaterial is a potential phosphor material for dosimetry and antibacterial application compared to NeNP and MaNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwari B. Rotti
- Department of Physics, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bangalore, India
| | - D. V. Sunitha
- Department of Physics, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bangalore, India
- *Correspondence: Arpita Roy, ; D. V. Sunitha,
| | - Ramya Manjunath
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bangalore, India
| | - Arpita Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
- *Correspondence: Arpita Roy, ; D. V. Sunitha,
| | | | | | - Saad Alghamdi
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazen Almehmadi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama Abdulaziz
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mamdouh Allahyani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulelah Aljuaid
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahad Amer Alsaiari
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami S. Ashgar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad O. Babalghith
- Medical Genetics Department, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Ezzat Abd El-Lateef
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elshiekh B. Khidir
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Khandaker MU, Mat Nawi S, Abdul Sani S, Karim JA, Almugren K, Bradley D. Defects and structural changes of graphite-rich media subjected to low-level neutron doses for radiation dosimetry. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Mat Nawi SN, Khandaker MU, Sani SFA, Lam SE, Ung NM, Almugren KS, Bradley DA. Low-cost commercial graphite-rich pencils subjected to electron irradiation for passive radiation dosimetry. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 188:110419. [PMID: 35988526 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Various thicknesses of 2B grade polymer pencil lead graphite (PPLG) were used in the present study, which focussed on the alteration in crystalline lattice and the structural defect caused by the electron irradiation dosage ranging from 0.5 to 20 Gy delivered by an Elekta HD Linac. The fundamental trap parameters i.e. kinetics order (b), activation energy (E), and frequency factor (s) of the PPLG samples have been estimated using the initial rise and peak shape approaches by fitting the thermoluminescence (TL) glow peaks of the PPLG samples exposed to 20 Gy. The lifetime of the TL glow peak is also presented, which provides information on the stability of the TL signal at maximum temperatures. Raman, Photoluminescence (PL), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra are being used to observe the structural changes that have occurred as a result of the radiation doses. These spectroscopies offer an understanding of the physical parameters that are related to the defects and taking part in the luminescence process. When all of the data are taken into account, it is anticipated that 0.3 mm PPLG is an effective material for dosimetry. The results of these lines of research are intended to educate the innovation of versatile graphite radiation dosimeters as a low-cost efficient system for radiation detection. The studied PPLG offers tissue equivalence as well as high spatial resolution, both are desirable criteria for a material to be used in the monitoring of ionising radiation or a variety of medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nurasiah Mat Nawi
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of General Educational Development, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, Daffodil International University, DIU Rd, Dhaka, 1341, Bangladesh.
| | - S F Abdul Sani
- Department of Physics, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S E Lam
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - N M Ung
- Clinical Oncology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - K S Almugren
- Department of Physics, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - D A Bradley
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
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