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Guan X, Zhu S, Song J, Liu K, Liu M, Xie L, Wang Y, Wu J, Xu X, Pang T. Microglial CMPK2 promotes neuroinflammation and brain injury after ischemic stroke. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101522. [PMID: 38701781 PMCID: PMC11148565 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a significant role in ischemic injury, which can be promoted by oxidized mitochondrial DNA (Ox-mtDNA). Cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 2 (CMPK2) regulates mtDNA replication, but its role in neuroinflammation and ischemic injury remains unknown. Here, we report that CMPK2 expression is upregulated in monocytes/macrophages and microglia post-stroke in humans and mice, respectively. Microglia/macrophage CMPK2 knockdown using the Cre recombination-dependent adeno-associated virus suppresses the inflammatory responses in the brain, reduces infarcts, and improves neurological outcomes in ischemic CX3CR1Cre/ERT2 mice. Mechanistically, CMPK2 knockdown limits newly synthesized mtDNA and Ox-mtDNA formation and subsequently blocks NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia/macrophages. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), as a CMPK2 inhibitor, is discovered to reduce neuroinflammation and ischemic injury in mice and prevent the inflammatory responses in primary human monocytes from ischemic patients. Thus, these findings identify CMPK2 as a promising therapeutic target for ischemic stroke and other brain disorders associated with neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, New Drug Screening Center, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Sitong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, New Drug Screening Center, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Jinqian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, New Drug Screening Center, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Kui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, New Drug Screening Center, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, P.R. China
| | - Luyang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, New Drug Screening Center, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Yifang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, P.R. China
| | - Jin Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, P.R. China.
| | - Xiaojun Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Center for Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine Target and New Drug Research, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, Zhejiang Province 322000, P.R. China.
| | - Tao Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, New Drug Screening Center, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China.
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Jia J, Jiao W, Wang G, Wu J, Huang Z, Zhang Y. Drugs/agents for the treatment of ischemic stroke: Advances and perspectives. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:975-1012. [PMID: 38126568 DOI: 10.1002/med.22009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) poses a significant threat to global human health and life. In recent decades, we have witnessed unprecedented progresses against IS, including thrombolysis, thrombectomy, and a few medicines that can assist in reopening the blocked brain vessels or serve as standalone treatments for patients who are not eligible for thrombolysis/thrombectomy therapies. However, the narrow time windows of thrombolysis/thrombectomy, coupled with the risk of hemorrhagic transformation, as well as the lack of highly effective and safe medications, continue to present big challenges in the acute treatment and long-term recovery of IS. In the past 3 years, several excellent articles have reviewed pathophysiology of IS and therapeutic medicines for the treatment of IS based on the pathophysiology. Regretfully, there is no comprehensive overview to summarize all categories of anti-IS drugs/agents designed and synthesized based on molecular mechanisms of IS pathophysiology. From medicinal chemistry view of point, this article reviews a multitude of anti-IS drugs/agents, including small molecule compounds, natural products, peptides, and others, which have been developed based on the molecular mechanism of IS pathophysiology, such as excitotoxicity, oxidative/nitrosative stresses, cell death pathways, and neuroinflammation, and so forth. In addition, several emerging medicines and strategies, including nanomedicines, stem cell therapy and noncoding RNAs, which recently appeared for the treatment of IS, are shortly introduced. Finally, the perspectives on the associated challenges and future directions of anti-IS drugs/agents are briefly provided to move the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Novel Technology Center of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd., China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijie Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Novel Technology Center of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd., China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianbing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhangjian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Hansen FM, Kremer LS, Karayel O, Bludau I, Larsson NG, Kühl I, Mann M. Mitochondrial phosphoproteomes are functionally specialized across tissues. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302147. [PMID: 37984987 PMCID: PMC10662294 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles whose dysfunction causes human pathologies that often manifest in a tissue-specific manner. Accordingly, mitochondrial fitness depends on versatile proteomes specialized to meet diverse tissue-specific requirements. Increasing evidence suggests that phosphorylation may play an important role in regulating tissue-specific mitochondrial functions and pathophysiology. Building on recent advances in mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics, we here quantitatively profile mitochondrial tissue proteomes along with their matching phosphoproteomes. We isolated mitochondria from mouse heart, skeletal muscle, brown adipose tissue, kidney, liver, brain, and spleen by differential centrifugation followed by separation on Percoll gradients and performed high-resolution MS analysis of the proteomes and phosphoproteomes. This in-depth map substantially quantifies known and predicted mitochondrial proteins and provides a resource of core and tissue-specific mitochondrial proteins (mitophos.de). Predicting kinase substrate associations for different mitochondrial compartments indicates tissue-specific regulation at the phosphoproteome level. Illustrating the functional value of our resource, we reproduce mitochondrial phosphorylation events on dynamin-related protein 1 responsible for its mitochondrial recruitment and fission initiation and describe phosphorylation clusters on MIGA2 linked to mitochondrial fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fynn M Hansen
- https://ror.org/04py35477 Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Laura S Kremer
- https://ror.org/056d84691 Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ozge Karayel
- https://ror.org/04py35477 Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Isabell Bludau
- https://ror.org/04py35477 Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Nils-Göran Larsson
- https://ror.org/056d84691 Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inge Kühl
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell, UMR9198, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Matthias Mann
- https://ror.org/04py35477 Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
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Guan X, Wu J, Geng J, Ji D, Wei D, Ling Y, Zhang Y, Jiang G, Pang T, Huang Z. A Novel Hybrid of Telmisartan and Borneol Ameliorates Neuroinflammation and White Matter Injury in Ischemic Stroke Through ATF3/CH25H Axis. Transl Stroke Res 2024; 15:195-218. [PMID: 36577854 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01121-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic stroke causes substantial white matter injury, which is further aggravated by neuroinflammation mediated by microglia/astrocytes. Given the anti-neuroinflammatory action of telmisartan and the enhancing blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability potential of resuscitation-inducing aromatic herbs, 13 hybrids (3a-m) of telmisartan (or its simplified analogues) with resuscitation-inducing aromatic agents were designed, synthesized, and biologically evaluated. Among them, the optimal compound 3a (the ester hybrid of telmisartan and (+)-borneol) potently inhibited neuroinflammation mediated by microglia/astrocytes and ameliorated ischemic stroke. Particularly, 3a significantly conferred protection for white matter integrity after cerebral ischemic stroke via decreasing abnormally dephosphorylated neurofilament protein, upregulating myelin basic protein, and attenuating oligodendrocyte damage. Further RNA-sequencing data revealed that 3a upregulated expression of transcriptional regulator ATF3 to reduce the expression of CH25H, prevented proinflammatory state of lipid-droplet-accumulating microglia/astrocytes to limit excessive inflammation, and eventually protected neighboring oligodendrocytes to prevent white matter injury. Taken with the desirable pharmacokinetics behavior and improved brain distribution, 3a may be a feasible therapeutic agent for ischemic stroke and other neurological disorders with white matter injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang Street, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang Street, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang Street, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Duorui Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang Street, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Dasha Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang Street, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Ling
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang Street, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Guojun Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou, 311201, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang Street, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhangjian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang Street, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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Wang G, Li Z, Lin P, Zhang H, Wang Y, Zhang T, Wang H, Li H, Lin L, Zhao Y, Jia L, Chen Y, Ji H, Zhao W, Fu Z, Zhong Z. Knockdown of Smox protects the integrity of the blood-brain barrier through antioxidant effect and Nrf2 pathway activation in stroke. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 126:111183. [PMID: 37984250 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Once an ischemic stroke occurs, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress degrade the tight connections between cerebral endothelial cells resulting in their damage. The expression of antioxidant genes may be enhanced, and ROS formation may be reduced following Nrf2 activation, which is associated with protection against ischemic stroke. Overexpression of spermine oxidase (Smox) in the neocortex led to increased H2O2 production. However, how Smox impacts the regulation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) through antioxidants has not been examined yet. We conducted experiments both in the cell level and in the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model to evaluate the effect of Smox siRNA lentivirus (si-Smox) knockdown on BBB protection against ischemic stroke. Mice treated with si-Smox showed remarkably decreased BBB breakdown and reduced endothelial inflammation following stroke. The treatment with si-Smox significantly elevated the Bcl-2 to Bax ratio and decreased the production of cleaved caspase-3 in the tMCAO model. Further investigation revealed that the neuroprotective effect was the result of the antioxidant properties of si-Smox, which reduced oxidative stress and enhanced CD31+ cells in the peri-infarct cortical areas. Of significance, si-Smox activated Nrf2 in both bEnd.3 cells and tMCAO animals, and blocking Nrf2 with brusatol diminished the protective effects of si-Smox. The study findings suggest that si-Smox exerts neuroprotective effects and promotes angiogenesis by activating the Nrf2 pathway, thus decreasing oxidative stress and apoptosis caused by tMCAO. As a result, si-Smox may hold potential as a therapeutic candidate for preserving BBB integrity while treating ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangtian Wang
- Teaching Center of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Huishu Zhang
- Teaching Center of Biotechnology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Teaching Center of Morphology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Tongshuai Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Teaching Center of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Heming Li
- Teaching Center of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Lexun Lin
- Teaching Center of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Yuehui Zhao
- Teaching Center of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Lina Jia
- Teaching Center of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Teaching Center of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Hong Ji
- Teaching Center of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Wenran Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Zhongqiu Fu
- Department of Neonatology, Zhuhai Women and Children's Hospital, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China.
| | - Zhaohua Zhong
- Teaching Center of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China.
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Tao H, Li L, Dong L, Chen H, Shan X, Zhuge L, Lou H. Growth differentiation factor 7 pretreatment enhances the therapeutic capacity of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 386:110779. [PMID: 37879595 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) transplantation is a promising therapeutic strategy for cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury; however, the clinical outcome is barely satisfactory and demands further improvement. The present study aimed to investigate whether preconditioning of BMSCs by recombinant human growth differentiation factor 7 (rhGDF7) could enhance its therapeutic capacity against cerebral I/R injury. Mouse BMSCs and primary neurons were co-cultured and exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) stimulation. To investigate the role of exosomal microRNA-369-3p (miR-369-3p), inhibitors, RNAi and the miR-369-3p antagomir were used. Meanwhile, mice were intravenously injected with rhGDF7-preconditioned BMSCs and then received cerebral I/R surgery. Markers of inflammation, oxidative stress and neural damage were evaluated. To inhibit AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), compound C was used in vivo and in vitro. Compared with cell-free transwell or vehicle-preconditioned BMSCs, rhGDF7-preconditioned BMSCs significantly prevented OGD/R-induced inflammation, oxidative stress and neural damage in vitro. Meanwhile, rhGDF7-preconditioned BMSCs could prevent I/R-induced cerebral inflammation and oxidative stress in vivo. Mechanistically, rhGDF7 preconditioning significantly increased exosomal miR-369-3p expression in BMSCs and then transferred exosomal miR-369-3p to primary neurons, where it bound to phosphodiesterase 4 D (Pde4d) 3'-UTR and downregulated PDE4D expression, thereby preventing I/R-induced inflammation, oxidative stress and neural damage through activating AMPK pathway. Our study identify GDF7 pretreatment as a promising adjuvant reagent to improve the therapeutic potency of BMSCs for cerebral I/R injury and ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmiao Tao
- Medical College, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, 321017, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lin Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lihua Dong
- Medical College, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, 321017, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haohao Chen
- Medical College, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, 321017, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyun Shan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lujie Zhuge
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongqiang Lou
- Medical College, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, 321017, Zhejiang, China.
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Sun X, Liu Z, Zhou L, Ma R, Zhang X, Wang T, Fu F, Wang Y. Escin avoids hemorrhagic transformation in ischemic stroke by protecting BBB through the AMPK/Cav-1/MMP-9 pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 120:155071. [PMID: 37716034 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) seriously affects the clinical application of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA). The main strategy for combating HT is to keep the blood-brain barrier (BBB) stable. Escin is the active ingredient of Aesculus hippocastanum and a natural mixture of triterpene saponins, and may play a part in mitigation of HT. PURPOSE This study sought to investigate the effect of Escin in improving rt-PA-induced HT, explore possible mechanisms, and provide new ideas for the treatment of clinical HT. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS In in vivo experiments, transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) was undertaken in 6-week-old and 12-month-old mice, and rt-PA was administered to induce HT injury. The inhibitory effect of Escin on HT and its protective effect on neurobehavior, the BBB, and cerebrovascular endothelial cells was determined. In in vitro experiments, bEnd.3 cells were injured by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) and rt-PA. The protective effect of Escin was measured by the CCK8 assay, release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins. In mechanistic studies, the effect of Escin on the adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase / caveolin-1 / matrix metalloprotease-9 (AMPK/Cav-1/MMP-9) pathway was investigated by employing AMPK inhibitor and Cav-1 siRNA. RESULTS In mice suffering from ischemia, rt-PA caused HT as well as damage to the BBB and cerebrovascular endothelial cells. Escin reduced the infarct volume, cerebral hemorrhage, improved neurobehavioral deficits, and maintained BBB integrity in rt-PA-treated tMCAO mice while attenuating bEnd.3 cells damage caused by rt-PA and OGD/R injury. Under physiological and pathological conditions, Escin increased the expression of p-AMPK and Cav-1, leading to decreased expression of MMP-9, which further attenuated damage to cerebrovascular endothelial cells, and these effects were verified with AMPK inhibitor and Cav-1 siRNA. CONCLUSION We revealed important details of how Escin protects cerebrovascular endothelial cells from HT, these effects were associated with the AMPK/Cav-1/MMP-9 pathway. This study provides experimental foundation for the development of new drugs to mitigate rt-PA-induced HT and the discovery of new clinical application for Escin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Qingquan Road 30, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Zhaofeng Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Qingquan Road 30, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Lin Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Qingquan Road 30, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Runchen Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Qingquan Road 30, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Xiaofan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Qingquan Road 30, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Tian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Qingquan Road 30, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Fenghua Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Qingquan Road 30, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Yunjie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Qingquan Road 30, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China.
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Guan X, Wei D, Liang Z, Xie L, Wang Y, Huang Z, Wu J, Pang T. FDCA Attenuates Neuroinflammation and Brain Injury after Cerebral Ischemic Stroke. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:3839-3854. [PMID: 37768739 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a deleterious cerebrovascular disease with few therapeutic options, and its functional recovery is highly associated with the integrity of the blood-brain barrier and neuroinflammation. The Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor fasudil (F) and the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) inhibitor dichloroacetate (DCA) have been demonstrated to exhibit neuroprotection in a series of neurological disorders. Hence, we synthesized and biologically examined the new salt fasudil dichloroacetate (FDCA) and validated that FDCA was eligible for attenuating ischemic volume and neurological deficits in the rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model. Additionally, FDCA exerted superior effects than fasudil and dichloroacetate alone or in combination in reducing cerebral ischemic injury. Particularly, FDCA could maintain the blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) protein expression and the degradation of zonula occludens (ZO-1) and Occludin protein. Meanwhile, FDCA could mitigate the neuroinflammation induced by microglia. The in vivo and in vitro experiments further demonstrated that FDCA disrupted the phosphorylations of myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, including p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and limited excessive lactic acid metabolites, resulting in inhibition of BBB disruption and neuroinflammation. In addition, FDCA potently mitigated inflammatory response in human monocytes isolated from ischemic stroke patients, which provides the possibilities of a clinical translation perspective. Overall, these findings provided a therapeutic potential for FDCA as a candidate agent for ischemic stroke and other neurological diseases associated with BBB disruption and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Drug Discovery, New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Dasha Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Drug Discovery, New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Drug Discovery, New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Luyang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Drug Discovery, New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yifang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, P. R. China
| | - Zhangjian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Drug Discovery, New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jin Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, P. R. China
| | - Tao Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Drug Discovery, New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
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9
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Liu K, Hao Z, Zheng H, Wang H, Zhang L, Yan M, Tuerhong R, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Pang T, Shi L. Repurposing of rilpivirine for preventing platelet β3 integrin-dependent thrombosis by targeting c-Src active autophosphorylation. Thromb Res 2023; 229:53-68. [PMID: 37413892 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2023.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-infected individuals are known to be at higher risk for thrombotic cardiovascular disease (CVD), which may also be differentially affected by components of anti-HIV drugs. To identify the effects of a series of FDA-approved anti-HIV drugs on platelet aggregation in humans, focusing on the novel pharmacological effects of rilpivirine (RPV), a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, on platelet function both in vitro and in vivo and the mechanisms involved. METHODS AND RESULTS In vitro studies showed that RPV was the only anti-HIV reagent that consistently and efficiently inhibited aggregation elicited by different agonists, exocytosis, morphological extension on fibrinogen, and clot retraction. Treatment of mice with RPV significantly prevented thrombus formation in FeCl3-injured mesenteric vessels, postcava with stenosis surgery, and ADP -induced pulmonary embolism models without defects in platelet viability, tail bleeding, and coagulation activities. RPV also improved cardiac performance in mice with post-ischemic reperfusion. A mechanistic study revealed that RPV preferentially attenuated fibrinogen-stimulated Tyr773 phosphorylation of β3-integrin by inhibiting Tyr419 autophosphorylation of c-Src. Molecular docking and surface plasmon resonance analyses showed that RPV can bind directly to c-Src. Further mutational analysis showed that the Phe427 residue of c-Src is critical for RPV interaction, suggesting a novel interaction site for targeting c-Src to block β3-integrin outside-in signaling. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that RPV was able to prevent the progression of thrombotic CVDs by interrupting β3-integrin-mediated outside-in signaling via inhibiting c-Src activation without hemorrhagic side effects, highlighting RPV as a promising reagent for the prevention and therapy of thrombotic CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Liu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 2999 Jinshan Road, Xiamen 361000, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, New Drug Screening Center, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhen Hao
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 2999 Jinshan Road, Xiamen 361000, China; College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section, South Lv shun Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section, South Lv shun Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Haojie Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Luying Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section, South Lv shun Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Minghui Yan
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section, South Lv shun Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Reyisha Tuerhong
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section, South Lv shun Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yuling Zhou
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 2999 Jinshan Road, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 2999 Jinshan Road, Xiamen 361000, China.
| | - Tao Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, New Drug Screening Center, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Lei Shi
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 2999 Jinshan Road, Xiamen 361000, China; College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section, South Lv shun Road, Dalian 116044, China.
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10
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Tao H, Dong L, Shan X, Li L, Chen H. MicroRNA-32-3p facilitates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through inhibiting Cab39/AMPK. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110504. [PMID: 37379707 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a key pathogenic factor of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. MicroRNA-32-3p (miR-32-3p) plays critical roles in regulating ischemic diseases; however, its role in oxidative stress and cerebral I/R injury remains elusive. Primary cortical neurons and rats were treated with the agomir, antagomir and matched controls of miR-32-3p, and then received oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) or I/R stimulation. To investigate the involvement of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and calcium-binding protein 39 (Cab39), a pharmacological inhibitor and small interfering RNA were used in vivo and in vitro. Herein, we found that miR-32-3p was upregulated in OGD/R-treated neurons and I/R-injured brains, and that inhibiting miR-32-3p by the miR-32-3p antagomir dramatically alleviated oxidative stress and neural death in OGD/R-stimulated primary cortical neurons. Conversely, overexpressing miR-32-3p by the miR-32-3p agomir further aggravated OGD/R-induced neural death and oxidative damage in primary cortical neurons. Meanwhile, we observed that the miR-32-3p antagomir prevented, while the miR-32-3p agomir facilitated neural death, oxidative damage and cerebral I/R injury in vivo. Mechanistically, miR-32-3p bound to the 3'-untranslated regions of Cab39, inhibited its protein level and subsequently inactivated AMPK. Conversely, treatment with the miR-32-3p antagomir upregulated Cab39 and activated AMPK, thereby attenuating oxidative damage and cerebral I/R injury. Moreover, inhibiting AMPK or Cab39 dramatically blocked the miR-32-3p antagomir-mediated beneficial effects against cerebral I/R injury in vivo and in vitro. miR-32-3p plays critical roles in neural death and oxidative damage upon I/R stimulation, and it is a novel target to treat cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmiao Tao
- Medical College, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua 321017, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Lihua Dong
- Medical College, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua 321017, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyun Shan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lin Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haohao Chen
- Medical College, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua 321017, Zhejiang, China
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11
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Dai C, Qu B, Peng B, Liu B, Li Y, Niu C, Peng B, Li D. Phosphoglycerate mutase 5 facilitates mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation in spinal tissues after spinal cord injury. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 116:109773. [PMID: 36773566 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a high incidence worldwide that causes a heavy physical and psychological burden to patients. It is urgent to further reveal the pathological mechanism and effective treatment of SCI. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in the disease progression of SCI. As a mitochondrial membrane protein, phosphoglycerate mutase 5 (PGAM5) is mainly involved in mitochondrial function and mitosis to modulate cellular physiological functions, but the roles of PGAM5 in spinal tissues remain to be unreported after SCI. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of PGAM5 in SCI mice and its relationship with neuroinflammation. The results showed that the mitochondrial membrane protein PGAM5 was involved in microglia activation after SCI, and PGAM5 deletion could improve mitochondrial dysfunction (including abnormal mtDNA, ATP synthases, and ATP levels, Cyt C expression, and ROS and rGSH levels) in spinal cord tissue after SCI, Arg1/iNOS mRNA level, iNOS expression, and pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-18 levels. In vitro, H2O2 increased TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-18 levels in BV2 cells, and PGAM5-sh and Nrf2 activators significantly reversed H2O2-induced iNOS expression and proinflammatory cytokine production. Furthermore, IP/Western blotting results revealed that PGAM5-sh treatment significantly reduced the interaction of PGAM5 with Nrf2 and enhanced the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in BV2 cells. The data suggested that PGAM5 was involved in the cascade of oxidative stress and inflammatory response in microglia via facilitating the expression level of Nrf2 in the nucleus after SCI. It provided a reference for clarifying the pathological mechanism and therapeutic target of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Dai
- Orthopedics and Trauma Department, The 963rd (224th) Hospital of People's Liberation Army, 963rd Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, China; Department of Orthopedics, The Third Medical Center, General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Bo Qu
- Tianjin University, Tianjin Key Laboratory for Disaster and Emergency Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Bibo Peng
- Outpatient Department, The Third Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, No.83, Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yongchao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Medical Center, General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Chunlei Niu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Medical Center, General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Baogan Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Medical Center, General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Duanming Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Medical Center, General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100039, China.
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12
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Guo Y, Chen X, Gong P, Li G, Yao W, Yang W. The Gut-Organ-Axis Concept: Advances the Application of Gut-on-Chip Technology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044089. [PMID: 36835499 PMCID: PMC9962350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestine is considered to be a vital digestive organ to absorb nutrients and is the largest immune organ, while numerous microorganisms coexist with the host. It is well known that the complex interactions between the gut microbiota and the host's immune system inevitably affect the function of other organs, creating an "axis" between them. During the past few years, a new technique based mainly on microfluidics and cell biology has been developed to emulate the structure, function, and microenvironment of the human gut, called the "gut-on-chip". This microfluidic chip provides insight into key aspects of gut function in health and disease, such as the gut-brain axis, gut-liver axis, gut-kidney axis, and gut-lung axis. In this review, we first describe the basic theory of the gut axis and the various composition and parameter monitoring of the gut microarray systems, as well as summarize the development and emerging advances in the gut-organ-on-chip, with a focus on the host-gut flora and nutrient metabolism, and highlight their role in pathophysiological studies. In addition, this paper discusses the challenges and prospects for the current development and further use of the gut-organ-on-chip platform.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pin Gong
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13772196479
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13
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Zhong F, Gan Y, Song J, Zhang W, Yuan S, Qin Z, Wu J, Lü Y, Yu W. The inhibition of PGAM5 suppresses seizures in a kainate-induced epilepsy model via mitophagy reduction. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1047801. [PMID: 36618822 PMCID: PMC9813404 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1047801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epilepsy is a common neurological disease, and excessive mitophagy is considered as one of the major triggers of epilepsy. Mitophagy is a crucial pathway affecting reactive oxygen species. Phosphoglycerate mutase 5 (PGAM5) is a protein phosphatase present in mitochondria that regulates many biological processes including mitophagy and cell death. However, the mechanism of PGAM5 in epilepsy remains unclear. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether PGAM5 affects epilepsy through PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)-mediated mitophagy. Methods After the knockdown of PGAM5 expression by the adeno-associated virus, an epilepsy model was created by kainic acid. Next, the seizure activity was recorded by local field potentials before evaluating the level of mitochondrial autophagy marker proteins. Lastly, the ultrastructure of mitochondria, neuronal damage and oxidative stress levels were further observed. Results A higher PGAM5 level was found in epilepsy, and its cellular localization was in neurons. The interactions between PGAM5 and PINK1 in epilepsy were further found. After the knockdown of PGAM5, the level of PINK1 and light chain 3B was decreased and the expression of the translocase of the inner mitochondrial membrane 23 and translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane 20 were both increased. Knockdown of PGAM5 also resulted in reduced neuronal damage, decreased malondialdehyde levels, decreased reactive oxygen species production and increased superoxide dismutase activity. In addition, the duration of spontaneous seizure-like events (SLEs), the number of SLEs and the time spent in SLEs were all reduced in the epilepsy model after inhibition of PGAM5 expression. Conclusion Inhibition of PGAM5 expression reduces seizures via inhibiting PINK1-mediated mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxin Zhong
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunhao Gan
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaqi Song
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiyun Yuan
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhangjin Qin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiani Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Lü
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weihua Yu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,*Correspondence: Weihua Yu,
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14
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Shilovsky GA, Ashapkin VV. Transcription Factor Nrf2 and Mitochondria - Friends or Foes in the Regulation of Aging Rate. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:1477-1486. [PMID: 36717441 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922120057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
At the first sight, the transcription factor Nrf2 as a master regulator of cellular antioxidant systems, and mitochondria as the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), should play the opposite roles in determining the pace of aging. However, since the causes of aging cannot be confined to the oxidative stress, the role of Nrf2 role cannot be limited to the regulation of antioxidant systems, and moreover, the role of mitochondria is not confined to the ROS production. In this review, we discussed only one aspect of this problem, namely, the molecular mechanisms of interaction between Nrf2 and mitochondria that influence the rate of aging and the lifespan. Experimental data accumulated so far show that the Nrf2 activity positively affects both the mitochondrial dynamics and mitochondrial quality control. Nrf2 influences the mitochondrial function through various mechanisms, e.g., regulation of nuclear genome-encoded mitochondrial proteins and changes in the balance of ROS or other metabolites that affect the functioning of mitochondria. In turn, multiple regulatory proteins functionally associated with the mitochondria affect the Nrf2 activity and even form mutual regulatory loops with Nrf2. We believe that these loops enable the fine-tuning of the cellular redox balance and, possibly, of the cellular metabolism as a whole. It has been commonly accepted for a long time that all mitochondrial regulatory signals are mediated by the nuclear genome-encoded proteins, whereas the mitochondrial genome encodes only a few respiratory chain proteins and two ribosomal RNAs. Relatively recently, mtDNA-encoded signal peptides have been discovered. In this review, we discuss the data on their interactions with the nuclear regulatory systems, first of all, Nrf2, and their possible involvement in the regulation of the aging rate. The interactions between regulatory cascades that link the programs ensuring the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and cellular responses to the oxidative stress are a significant part of both aging and anti-aging programs. Therefore, understanding these interactions will be of great help in searching for the molecular targets to counteract aging-associated diseases and aging itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Shilovsky
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia.,Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 127051, Russia
| | - Vasily V Ashapkin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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15
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Morin offsets PTZ-induced neuronal degeneration and cognitive decrements in rats: The modulation of TNF-α/TNFR-1/RIPK1,3/MLKL/PGAM5/Drp-1, IL-6/JAK2/STAT3/GFAP and Keap-1/Nrf-2/HO-1 trajectories. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 931:175213. [PMID: 35981604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Morin is a bioactive flavonoid with prominent neuroprotective potentials, however, its impact on epilepsy-provoked cognitive dysregulations has not been revealed. Hence, the present investigation aims to divulge the potential anticonvulsant/neuroprotective effects of morin in rats using a pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling model with an emphasis on the possible signaling trajectories involved. Kindling was induced using a sub-convulsive dose of PTZ (35 mg/kg, i.p.), once every other day for 25 days (12 injections). The expression of targeted biomarkers and molecular signals were examined in hippocampal tissues by ELISA, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and histopathology. Contrary to PTZ effects, administration of morin (10 mg/kg, i.p., from day 15 of PTZ injection to the end of the experiment) significantly reduced the severity of seizures coupled with a delay in kindling acquisition. It also preserved hippocampal neurons, and diminished astrogliosis to counteract cognitive deficits, exhibited by the enhanced performance in MWM and PA tests. These favorable impacts of morin were mediated via the abrogation of the PTZ-induced necroptotic changes and mitochondrial fragmentation proven by the suppression of p-RIPK-1/p-RIPK-3/p-MLKL and PGAM5/Drp-1 cues alongside the enhancement of caspase-8. Besides, morin inhibited the inflammatory cascade documented by the attenuation of the pro-convulsant receptor/cytokines TNFR-1, TNF-α, I L-1β, and IL-6 and the marked reduction of hippocampal IL-6/p-JAK2/p-STAT3/GFAP cue. In tandem, morin signified its anti-oxidant capacity by lowering the hippocampal contents of MDA, NOX-1, and Keap-1 with the restoration of the impaired Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway. Together, these versatile neuro-modulatory effects highlight the promising role of morin in the management of epilepsy.
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16
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Panieri E, Pinho SA, Afonso GJM, Oliveira PJ, Cunha-Oliveira T, Saso L. NRF2 and Mitochondrial Function in Cancer and Cancer Stem Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152401. [PMID: 35954245 PMCID: PMC9367715 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The NRF2–KEAP1 system is a fundamental component of the cellular response that controls a great variety of transcriptional targets that are mainly involved in the regulation of redox homeostasis and multiple cytoprotective mechanisms that confer adaptation to the stress conditions. The pleiotropic response orchestrated by NRF2 is particularly relevant in the context of oncogenic activation, wherein this transcription factor acts as a key driver of tumor progression and cancer cells’ resistance to treatment. For this reason, NRF2 has emerged as a promising therapeutic target in cancer cells, stimulating extensive research aimed at the identification of natural, as well as chemical, NRF2 inhibitors. Excitingly, the influence of NRF2 on cancer cells’ biology extends far beyond its mere antioxidant function and rather encompasses a functional crosstalk with the mitochondrial network that can influence crucial aspects of mitochondrial homeostasis, including biogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation, metabolic reprogramming, and mitophagy. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge of the reciprocal interrelation between NRF2 and mitochondria, with a focus on malignant tumors and cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Panieri
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Section of Hazardous Substances, Environmental Education and Training for the Technical Coordination of Management Activities (DGTEC), Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, 00144 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.P.); (T.C.-O.); Tel.: +39-06-5007-2131 (E.P.); +351-231249195 (T.C.-O.)
| | - Sónia A. Pinho
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- IIIUC—Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
- PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), IIIUC—Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo J. M. Afonso
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- IIIUC—Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
- PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), IIIUC—Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo J. Oliveira
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- IIIUC—Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa Cunha-Oliveira
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- IIIUC—Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: (E.P.); (T.C.-O.); Tel.: +39-06-5007-2131 (E.P.); +351-231249195 (T.C.-O.)
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Jung HY, Kwon HJ, Kim W, Hahn KR, Moon SM, Yoon YS, Kim DW, Hwang IK. The neuroprotective effects of phosphoglycerate mutase 5 are mediated by decreasing oxidative stress in HT22 hippocampal cells and gerbil hippocampus. Neurochem Int 2022; 157:105346. [PMID: 35513204 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoglycerate mutase 5 (PGAM5), a glycolytic enzyme, plays an important role in cell death and regulation of mitochondrial dynamics. In this study, we investigated the effects of PGAM5 on oxidative stress in HT22 hippocampal cells and ischemic damage in the gerbil hippocampus to elucidate the role of PGAM5 in oxidative and ischemic stress. Constructs were designed with a PEP-1 expression vector to facilitate the intracellular delivery of PGAM5 proteins. We observed time- and concentration-dependent increases in the intracellular delivery of the PEP-1-PGAM5 protein, but not its control protein (PGAM5), in HT22 cells, and morphologically demonstrated the localization of the transduced protein, which was stably expressed in the cytoplasm after 12 h of PEP-1-PGAM5 treatment. PEP-1-PGAM5 treatment significantly ameliorated cell death, reactive oxygen species formation, DNA fragmentation, and the reduction of cell proliferation induced by H2O2 treatment in HT22 cells. In addition, PEP-1-PGAM5 was effectively delivered to the gerbil hippocampus 8 h after treatment, and ischemia-induced hyperlocomotion and neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 region were significantly alleviated 1 and 4 days after ischemia, respectively. Ischemia-induced microglial activation was also mitigated by treatment with 1.0 mg/kg PEP-1-PGAM5. At 3 h after ischemia, PEP-1-PGAM5 treatment significantly ameliorated the increase in lipid peroxidation, as assessed by malondialdehyde and hydroperoxide levels, and decreased glutathione levels (increases in glutathione disulfide, the oxidized form of glutathione) in the hippocampus. Two days after ischemia, treatment with PEP-1-PGAM5 significantly alleviated the ischemia-induced reduction in glutathione peroxidase activity and further increased superoxide dismutase activity in the hippocampus. The neuroprotective effects of PEP-1-PGAM5 are partially mediated by a reduction in oxidative stress, such as the formation of reactive oxygen species, and increases in the activity of antioxidants such as glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Young Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea; Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, South Korea; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, 25457, South Korea
| | - Woosuk Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea; Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Science Research Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05030, South Korea
| | - Kyu Ri Hahn
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Seung Myung Moon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Hwaseong, 18450, South Korea; Research Institute for Complementary & Alternative Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24253, South Korea
| | - Yeo Sung Yoon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, 25457, South Korea.
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
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Liang MZ, Ke TL, Chen L. Mitochondrial Protein PGAM5 Emerges as a New Regulator in Neurological Diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:730604. [PMID: 34630036 PMCID: PMC8496500 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.730604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As mitochondrial dysfunction has increasingly been implicated in neurological diseases, much of the investigation focuses on the response of the mitochondria. It appears that mitochondria can respond to external stimuli speedy fast, in seconds. Understanding how mitochondria sense the signal and communicate with cytosolic pathways are keys to understand mitochondrial regulation in diseases or in response to trauma. It was not until recently that a novel mitochondrial protein, phosphoglycerate mutase family member 5 (PGAM5) has emerged to be a new regulator of mitochondrial homeostasis. Although controversial results reveal beneficial as well as detrimental roles of PGAM5 in cancers, these findings also suggest PGAM5 may have diverse regulation on cellular physiology. Roles of PGAM5 in neuronal tissues remain to be uncovered. This review discusses current knowledge of PGAM5 in neurological diseases and provides future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Zong Liang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ling Ke
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Linyi Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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