1
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Collins VJ, Ludwig KR, Nelson AE, Rajan SS, Yeung C, Vulikh K, Isanogle KA, Mendoza A, Difilippantonio S, Karim BO, Caplen NJ, Heske CM. Enhancing Standard of Care Chemotherapy Efficacy Using DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase (DNA-PK) Inhibition in Preclinical Models of Ewing Sarcoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2024; 23:1109-1123. [PMID: 38657228 PMCID: PMC11293986 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Disruption of DNA damage repair via impaired homologous recombination is characteristic of Ewing sarcoma (EWS) cells. We hypothesize that this disruption results in increased reliance on nonhomologous end joining to repair DNA damage. In this study, we investigated if pharmacologic inhibition of the enzyme responsible for nonhomologous end joining, the DNA-PK holoenzyme, alters the response of EWS cells to genotoxic standard of care chemotherapy. We used analyses of cell viability and proliferation to investigate the effects of clinical DNA-PK inhibitors (DNA-PKi) in combination with six therapeutic or experimental agents for EWS. We performed calculations of synergy using the Loewe additivity model. Immunoblotting evaluated treatment effects on DNA-PK, DNA damage, and apoptosis. Flow cytometric analyses evaluated effects on cell cycle and fate. We used orthotopic xenograft models to interrogate tolerability, drug mechanism, and efficacy in vivo. DNA-PKi demonstrated on-target activity, reducing phosphorylated DNA-PK levels in EWS cells. DNA-PKi sensitized EWS cell lines to agents that function as topoisomerase 2 (TOP2) poisons and enhanced the DNA damage induced by TOP2 poisons. Nanomolar concentrations of single-agent TOP2 poisons induced G2M arrest and little apoptotic response while adding DNA-PKi-mediated apoptosis. In vivo, the combination of AZD7648 and etoposide had limited tolerability but resulted in enhanced DNA damage, apoptosis, and EWS tumor shrinkage. The combination of DNA-PKi with standard of care TOP2 poisons in EWS models is synergistic, enhances DNA damage and cell death, and may form the basis of a promising future therapeutic strategy for EWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor J. Collins
- Translational Sarcoma Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Katelyn R. Ludwig
- Functional Genetics Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ariana E. Nelson
- Translational Sarcoma Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Soumya Sundara Rajan
- Functional Genetics Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Choh Yeung
- Translational Sarcoma Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ksenia Vulikh
- Molecular Histopathology Lab, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
| | - Kristine A. Isanogle
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Arnulfo Mendoza
- Translational Sarcoma Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Simone Difilippantonio
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Baktiar O. Karim
- Molecular Histopathology Lab, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
| | - Natasha J. Caplen
- Functional Genetics Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christine M. Heske
- Translational Sarcoma Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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2
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Camfield S, Chakraborty S, Dwivedi SKD, Pramanik PK, Mukherjee P, Bhattacharya R. Secrets of DNA-PKcs beyond DNA repair. NPJ Precis Oncol 2024; 8:154. [PMID: 39043779 PMCID: PMC11266574 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-024-00655-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The canonical role of the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) in repairing DNA double-strand breaks combined with its reported dysregulation in several malignancies has driven the development of DNA-PKcs inhibitors as therapeutics. However, until recently the relationship between DNA-PKcs and tumorigenesis has been primarily investigated with regard to its role in non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair. Emerging research has uncovered non-canonical DNA-PKcs functions involved with transcriptional regulation, telomere maintenance, metabolic regulation, and immune signaling all of which may also impinge on tumorigenesis. This review mainly discusses these non-canonical roles of DNA-PKcs in cellular biology and their potential contribution to tumorigenesis, as well as evaluating the implications of targeting DNA-PKcs for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Camfield
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sayan Chakraborty
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Shailendra Kumar Dhar Dwivedi
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Pijush Kanti Pramanik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Priyabrata Mukherjee
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Resham Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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3
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Wu J, Song L, Lu M, Gao Q, Xu S, Zhou P, Ma T. The multifaceted functions of DNA-PKcs: implications for the therapy of human diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e613. [PMID: 38898995 PMCID: PMC11185949 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), catalytic subunit, also known as DNA-PKcs, is complexed with the heterodimer Ku70/Ku80 to form DNA-PK holoenzyme, which is well recognized as initiator in the nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) repair after double strand break (DSB). During NHEJ, DNA-PKcs is essential for both DNA end processing and end joining. Besides its classical function in DSB repair, DNA-PKcs also shows multifaceted functions in various biological activities such as class switch recombination (CSR) and variable (V) diversity (D) joining (J) recombination in B/T lymphocytes development, innate immunity through cGAS-STING pathway, transcription, alternative splicing, and so on, which are dependent on its function in NHEJ or not. Moreover, DNA-PKcs deficiency has been proven to be related with human diseases such as neurological pathogenesis, cancer, immunological disorder, and so on through different mechanisms. Therefore, it is imperative to summarize the latest findings about DNA-PKcs and diseases for better targeting DNA-PKcs, which have shown efficacy in cancer treatment in preclinical models. Here, we discuss the multifaceted roles of DNA-PKcs in human diseases, meanwhile, we discuss the progresses of DNA-PKcs inhibitors and their potential in clinical trials. The most updated review about DNA-PKcs will hopefully provide insights and ideas to understand DNA-PKcs associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghong Wu
- Cancer Research CenterBeijing Chest HospitalCapital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Liwei Song
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryBeijing Chest HospitalCapital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Mingjun Lu
- Cancer Research CenterBeijing Chest HospitalCapital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Qing Gao
- Cancer Research CenterBeijing Chest HospitalCapital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Shaofa Xu
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryBeijing Chest HospitalCapital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Ping‐Kun Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for RadiobiologyBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Teng Ma
- Cancer Research CenterBeijing Chest HospitalCapital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijingChina
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4
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Ji J, Dragojevic S, Callaghan CM, Smith EJ, Talele S, Zhang W, Connors MA, Mladek AC, Hu Z, Bakken KK, Sarkaria PP, Carlson BL, Burgenske DM, Decker PA, Rashid MA, Jang MH, Gupta SK, Eckel-Passow JE, Elmquist WF, Sarkaria JN. Differential Distribution of the DNA-PKcs Inhibitor Peposertib Selectively Radiosensitizes Patient-derived Melanoma Brain Metastasis Xenografts. Mol Cancer Ther 2024; 23:662-671. [PMID: 38224566 PMCID: PMC11063760 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Radioresistance of melanoma brain metastases limits the clinical utility of conventionally fractionated brain radiation in this disease, and strategies to improve radiation response could have significant clinical impact. The catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs) is critical for repair of radiation-induced DNA damage, and inhibitors of this kinase can have potent effects on radiation sensitivity. In this study, the radiosensitizing effects of the DNA-PKcs inhibitor peposertib were evaluated in patient-derived xenografts of melanoma brain metastases (M12, M15, M27). In clonogenic survival assays, peposertib augmented radiation-induced killing of M12 cells at concentrations ≥100 nmol/L, and a minimum of 16 hours exposure allowed maximal sensitization. This information was integrated with pharmacokinetic modeling to define an optimal dosing regimen for peposertib of 125 mpk dosed just prior to and 7 hours after irradiation. Using this drug dosing regimen in combination with 2.5 Gy × 5 fractions of radiation, significant prolongation in median survival was observed in M12-eGFP (104%; P = 0.0015) and M15 (50%; P = 0.03), while more limited effects were seen in M27 (16%, P = 0.04). These data support the concept of developing peposertib as a radiosensitizer for brain metastases and provide a paradigm for integrating in vitro and pharmacokinetic data to define an optimal radiosensitizing regimen for potent DNA repair inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiang Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Sonja Dragojevic
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Emily J. Smith
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Surabhi Talele
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Ann C. Mladek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Zeng Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Brett L. Carlson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Paul A. Decker
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mohammad Abdur Rashid
- RWJ-Neurosurgery, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Mi-hyeon Jang
- RWJ-Neurosurgery, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Shiv K. Gupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - William F. Elmquist
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jann N. Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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5
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Laroche-Clary A, Josensi C, Derieppe MA, Belhomme S, Vendrely V, Perret R, Cadogan E, Italiano A. Selective DNA-PK Inhibition Enhances Chemotherapy and Ionizing Radiation Activity in Soft-Tissue Sarcomas. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:629-637. [PMID: 37982819 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-1531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with advanced soft-tissue sarcomas (STS) exhibit a poor prognosis and have few therapeutic options. DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) catalytic subunit is a multifunctional serine-threonine protein kinase that plays a crucial role in DNA double-strand damage repair via nonhomologous end joining. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To investigate the therapeutic potential of DNA-PK targeting in STS, we first evaluated the prognostic value of DNA-PK expression in two large cohorts of patients with STS. We then used the potent and selective DNA-PK inhibitor AZD7648 compound to investigate the antitumor effect of the pharmacologic inhibition of DNA-PK in vitro via MTT, apoptosis, cell cycle, and proliferation assays. In vivo studies were performed with patient-derived xenograft models to evaluate the effects of AZD7648 in combination with chemotherapy or ionizing radiation on tumor growth. The mechanisms of sensitivity and resistance to DNA-PK inhibition were investigated by using a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 positive screen. RESULTS DNA-PK overexpression is significantly associated with poor prognosis in patients with sarcomas. Selective pharmacologic inhibition of DNA-PK strongly synergizes with radiation- and doxorubicin-based regimen in sarcoma models. By using a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 positive screen, we identified genes involved in sensitivity to DNA-PK inhibition. CONCLUSIONS DNA-PK inhibition deserves clinical investigation to improve response to current therapies in patients with sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Laroche-Clary
- Sarcoma Unit, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, U1312, Bordeaux, France
| | - Coralie Josensi
- Sarcoma Unit, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, U1312, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Sarah Belhomme
- Department of Radiation Therapy, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Raul Perret
- Department of Pathology, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Antoine Italiano
- Sarcoma Unit, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, U1312, Bordeaux, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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6
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Liu K, Yuan X, Yang T, Deng D, Chen Y, Tang M, Zhang C, Zou Y, Zhang S, Li D, Shi M, Guo Y, Zhou Y, Zhao M, Yang Z, Chen L. Discovery, Optimization, and Evaluation of Potent and Selective DNA-PK Inhibitors in Combination with Chemotherapy or Radiotherapy for the Treatment of Malignancies. J Med Chem 2024; 67:245-271. [PMID: 38117951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Given the multifaceted biological functions of DNA-PK encompassing DNA repair pathways and beyond, coupled with the susceptibility of DNA-PK-deficient cells to DNA-damaging agents, significant strides have been made in the pursuit of clinical potential for DNA-PK inhibitors as synergistic adjuncts to chemo- or radiotherapy. Nevertheless, although substantial progress has been made with the discovery of potent inhibitors of DNA-PK, the clinical trial landscape requires even more potent and selective molecules. This necessitates further endeavors to expand the repertoire of clinically accessible DNA-PK inhibitors for the ultimate benefit of patients. Described herein are the obstacles that were encountered and the solutions that were found, which eventually led to the identification of compound 31t. This compound exhibited a remarkable combination of robust potency and exceptional selectivity along with favorable in vivo profiles as substantiated by pharmacokinetic studies in rats and pharmacodynamic assessments in H460, BT474, and A549 xenograft models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongjun Liu
- Laboratory of Natural and Targeted Small Molecule Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xue Yuan
- Laboratory of Natural and Targeted Small Molecule Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Laboratory of Natural and Targeted Small Molecule Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dexin Deng
- Laboratory of Natural and Targeted Small Molecule Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Laboratory of Natural and Targeted Small Molecule Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Minghai Tang
- Laboratory of Natural and Targeted Small Molecule Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chufeng Zhang
- Laboratory of Natural and Targeted Small Molecule Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yurong Zou
- Laboratory of Natural and Targeted Small Molecule Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shunjie Zhang
- Laboratory of Natural and Targeted Small Molecule Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dan Li
- Laboratory of Natural and Targeted Small Molecule Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mingsong Shi
- Laboratory of Natural and Targeted Small Molecule Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Laboratory of Natural and Targeted Small Molecule Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yanting Zhou
- Laboratory of Natural and Targeted Small Molecule Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Laboratory of Natural and Targeted Small Molecule Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhuang Yang
- Laboratory of Natural and Targeted Small Molecule Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Laboratory of Natural and Targeted Small Molecule Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Chengdu Zenitar Biomedical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610041, China
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7
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Amin H, Zahid S, Hall C, Chaplin AK. Cold snapshots of DNA repair: Cryo-EM structures of DNA-PKcs and NHEJ machinery. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 186:1-13. [PMID: 38036101 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2023.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The proteins and protein assemblies involved in DNA repair have been the focus of a multitude of structural studies for the past few decades. Historically, the structures of these protein complexes have been resolved by X-ray crystallography. However, more recently with the advancements in cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) ranging from optimising the methodology for sample preparation to the development of improved electron detectors, the focus has shifted from X-ray crystallography to cryo-EM. This methodological transition has allowed for the structural determination of larger, more complex protein assemblies involved in DNA repair pathways and has subsequently led to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms utilised by these fascinating molecular machines. Here, we review some of the key structural advancements that have been gained in the study of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) by the use of cryo-EM, with a focus on assemblies composed of DNA-PKcs and Ku70/80 (Ku) and the various methodologies utilised to obtain these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himani Amin
- Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Sayma Zahid
- Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Chloe Hall
- Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Amanda K Chaplin
- Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
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8
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Huang X, You L, Nepovimova E, Psotka M, Malinak D, Valko M, Sivak L, Korabecny J, Heger Z, Adam V, Wu Q, Kuca K. Inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase-related protein kinase family (PIKK). J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2237209. [PMID: 37489050 PMCID: PMC10392309 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2237209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase-related protein kinases (PIKK) are two structurally related families of kinases that play vital roles in cell growth and DNA damage repair. Dysfunction of PIKK members and aberrant stimulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway are linked to a plethora of diseases including cancer. In recent decades, numerous inhibitors related to the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling have made great strides in cancer treatment, like copanlisib and sirolimus. Notably, most of the PIKK inhibitors (such as VX-970 and M3814) related to DNA damage response have also shown good efficacy in clinical trials. However, these drugs still require a suitable combination therapy to overcome drug resistance or improve antitumor activity. Based on the aforementioned facts, we summarised the efficacy of PIKK, PI3K, and AKT inhibitors in the therapy of human malignancies and the resistance mechanisms of targeted therapy, in order to provide deeper insights into cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Huang
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Li You
- College of Physical Education and Health, Chongqing College of International Business and Economics, Chongqing, China
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Psotka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - David Malinak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Valko
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ladislav Sivak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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9
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Tan J, Sun X, Zhao H, Guan H, Gao S, Zhou P. Double-strand DNA break repair: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e388. [PMID: 37808268 PMCID: PMC10556206 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Double-strand break (DSB), a significant DNA damage brought on by ionizing radiation, acts as an initiating signal in tumor radiotherapy, causing cancer cells death. The two primary pathways for DNA DSB repair in mammalian cells are nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR), which cooperate and compete with one another to achieve effective repair. The DSB repair mechanism depends on numerous regulatory variables. DSB recognition and the recruitment of DNA repair components, for instance, depend on the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex and the Ku70/80 heterodimer/DNA-PKcs (DNA-PK) complex, whose control is crucial in determining the DSB repair pathway choice and efficiency of HR and NHEJ. In-depth elucidation on the DSB repair pathway's molecular mechanisms has greatly facilitated for creation of repair proteins or pathways-specific inhibitors to advance precise cancer therapy and boost the effectiveness of cancer radiotherapy. The architectures, roles, molecular processes, and inhibitors of significant target proteins in the DSB repair pathways are reviewed in this article. The strategy and application in cancer therapy are also discussed based on the advancement of inhibitors targeted DSB damage response and repair proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Tan
- Hengyang Medical CollegeUniversity of South ChinaHengyangHunan ProvinceChina
- Department of Radiation BiologyBeijing Key Laboratory for RadiobiologyBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Xingyao Sun
- Hengyang Medical CollegeUniversity of South ChinaHengyangHunan ProvinceChina
- Department of Radiation BiologyBeijing Key Laboratory for RadiobiologyBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Hongling Zhao
- Department of Radiation BiologyBeijing Key Laboratory for RadiobiologyBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Hua Guan
- Department of Radiation BiologyBeijing Key Laboratory for RadiobiologyBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Shanshan Gao
- Department of Radiation BiologyBeijing Key Laboratory for RadiobiologyBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Ping‐Kun Zhou
- Hengyang Medical CollegeUniversity of South ChinaHengyangHunan ProvinceChina
- Department of Radiation BiologyBeijing Key Laboratory for RadiobiologyBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
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10
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Chen S, Wang M, Lu T, Liu Y, Hong W, He X, Cheng Y, Liu J, Wei Y, Wei X. JMJD6 in tumor-associated macrophage regulates macrophage polarization and cancer progression via STAT3/IL-10 axis. Oncogene 2023; 42:2737-2750. [PMID: 37567973 PMCID: PMC10491492 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02781-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) is the most abundant group of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), which plays a critical role in the regulation of tumor progression and treatment resistance. Based on different polarization status, TAMs may also induce antitumor immune responses or immunosuppression. The present study identified JMJD6 (Jumonji domain-containing 6) as a novel modulator of TAM activation, the upregulation of which was associated with the immunosuppressive activities of TAMs. JMJD6 deficiency attenuated the growth of both Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) tumors and B16F10 melanomas by reversing M2-like activation of macrophages, and sensitized tumors to immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs). Moreover, the JMJD6-induced inhibition of M2 polarization was potentially mediated by the STAT3/IL-10 signaling. These findings highlight the regulatory activities of JMJD6 in TAM polarization, and the therapeutic potential of JMJD6/STAT3/IL-10 axis blockades to enhance the efficacy of ICBs in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.17, Block3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Manni Wang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.17, Block3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianqi Lu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.17, Block3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.17, Block3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqi Hong
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.17, Block3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei He
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.17, Block3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.17, Block3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Liu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.17, Block3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.17, Block3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.17, Block3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Wang T, Kyle AH, Baker JHE, Liu NA, Banáth JP, Minchinton AI. DNA-PK inhibition extends the therapeutic effects of Top2 poisoning to non-proliferating cells, increasing activity at a cost. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12429. [PMID: 37528151 PMCID: PMC10394067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39649-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Type II topoisomerase (Top2) poisoning therapy is used to treat a broad range of cancers via induction of double strand breaks (DSBs) in cells undergoing replication and transcription. Preventing the repair of DSBs via inhibition of DNA-PK, an inhibitor of non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), increases cell kill with Top2 poisons and has led to the initiation of several clinical trials. To elucidate the cellular mechanisms leading to synergistic activity of dual DNA-PK/Top2 inhibition we looked at their effects in cycling versus non-cycling cells, in 3D spheroids and in xenograft models. Combined DNA-PK/Top2 inhibition was found to not only increase the cell kill in proliferating cells, the cell population that is typically most vulnerable to Top2 poisoning, but also in non-proliferative but transcriptionally active cells. This effect was observed in both cancer and normal tissue models, killing more cells than high concentrations of etoposide alone. The combination treatment delayed tumor growth in mice compared to Top2 poisoning alone, but also led to increased toxicity. These findings demonstrate sensitization of Top2β-expressing, non-cycling cells to Top2 poisoning by DNA-PK inhibition. Expansion of the target cell population of Top2 poison treatment to include non-proliferating cells via combination with DNA damage repair inhibitors has implications for efficacy and toxicity of these combinations, including for inhibitors of DNA-PK currently in clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taixiang Wang
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, 675 W 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Alastair H Kyle
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, 675 W 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Jennifer H E Baker
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, 675 W 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Nannan A Liu
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, 675 W 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Judit P Banáth
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, 675 W 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Andrew I Minchinton
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, 675 W 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.
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12
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Gu L, Hickey RJ, Malkas LH. Therapeutic Targeting of DNA Replication Stress in Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1346. [PMID: 37510250 PMCID: PMC10378776 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the currently used therapeutic strategies to target DNA replication stress for cancer treatment in the clinic, highlighting their effectiveness and limitations due to toxicity and drug resistance. Cancer cells experience enhanced spontaneous DNA damage due to compromised DNA replication machinery, elevated levels of reactive oxygen species, loss of tumor suppressor genes, and/or constitutive activation of oncogenes. Consequently, these cells are addicted to DNA damage response signaling pathways and repair machinery to maintain genome stability and support survival and proliferation. Chemotherapeutic drugs exploit this genetic instability by inducing additional DNA damage to overwhelm the repair system in cancer cells. However, the clinical use of DNA-damaging agents is limited by their toxicity and drug resistance often arises. To address these issues, the article discusses a potential strategy to target the cancer-associated isoform of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (caPCNA), which plays a central role in the DNA replication and damage response network. Small molecule and peptide agents that specifically target caPCNA can selectively target cancer cells without significant toxicity to normal cells or experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Gu
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Robert J Hickey
- Department of Cancer Biology & Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Linda H Malkas
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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13
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Tirilomi A, Elakad O, Yao S, Li Y, Hinterthaner M, Danner BC, Ströbel P, Tirilomis T, Bohnenberger H, von Hammerstein-Equord A. Expression and prognostic impact of DNA-PK in human lung cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33143. [PMID: 36862864 PMCID: PMC9981429 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Among all cancer patient's lung cancer is the leading cause of death. Prognostic biomarkers continue to be investigated for the detection and stratification of lung cancer for clinical use. The DNA-dependent protein kinase is involved in mechanisms of DNA damage repair. Deregulation and overexpression of DNA-dependent protein kinase is associated with poor prognosis in various tumor entities. In this study, we investigated the expression of DNA-dependent protein kinase in relation to clinicopathological features and overall survival in patients with lung cancer. By immunohistochemistry, expression of DNA-dependent protein kinase was analyzed in 205 cases of lung cancer; 95 cases of adenocarcinoma, 83 cases of squamous cell lung carcinoma and 27 cases of small cell lung cancer and correlated with clinicopathological characteristics as well as patient's overall survival. In patients with adenocarcinoma, a significant correlation between strong expression of DNA-dependent protein kinase and worse overall survival was found. No significant association was observed in patients with squamous cell lung carcinoma and small cell lung cancer. Strong detection of DNA-dependent protein kinase expression was most evident in small cell lung cancer (81.48 %), followed by squamous cell lung carcinoma (62.65 %) and adenocarcinoma (61.05 %). In our study, expression of DNA-dependent protein kinase was associated with poor overall survival in patients with adenocarcinoma. DNA-dependent protein kinase could serve as a new prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tirilomi
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Omar Elakad
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sha Yao
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yuchan Li
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marc Hinterthaner
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard C. Danner
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Ströbel
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Theodor Tirilomis
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Alexander von Hammerstein-Equord
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
- * Correspondence: Alexander von Hammerstein-Equord, Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Göttingen 37075, Germany (e-mail: )
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14
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TRIM6 Reduces Ferroptosis and Chemosensitivity by Targeting SLC1A5 in Lung Cancer. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:9808100. [PMID: 36654781 PMCID: PMC9842414 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9808100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective Ferroptosis, a newly identified form of cell death, plays critical roles in the development and chemoresistance of lung cancer. Tripartite motif 6 (TRIM6) acts as an E3-ubiquitin ligase and can promote the progression of human colorectal cancer. The present study is aimed at investigating its role and potential mechanisms in lung cancer. Methods Lentiviral vectors were used to overexpress or knock down TRIM6 in human lung cancer cells. Cell survival, colony formation, lipid peroxidation, intracellular iron levels, and other ferroptotic markers were examined. The role of TRIM6 on ferroptosis and chemosensitivity was further tested in mouse tumor xenograft models. Results TRIM6 was highly expressed in human lung cancer tissues and cells, and its expression in the lung cancer cells was further increased by ferroptotic stimulation. TRIM6 overexpression inhibited, while TRIM6 silence promoted erastin- and RSL3-induced glutaminolysis and ferroptosis in the lung cancer cells. Mechanistically, TRIM6 directly interacted with solute carrier family 1 member 5 to promote its ubiquitination and degradation, thereby inhibiting glutamine import, glutaminolysis, lipid peroxidation, and ferroptotic cell death. Moreover, we observed that TRIM6 overexpression reduced the chemotherapeutic effects of cisplatin and paclitaxel. In contrast, TRIM6 silence sensitized human lung cancer cells to cisplatin and paclitaxel in vivo and in vitro. Conclusion Our findings for the first time define TRIM6 as a negative regulator of ferroptosis in the lung cancer cells, and TRIM6 overexpression enhances the resistance of human lung cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. Overall, targeting TRIM6 may help to establish novel strategies to treat lung cancer.
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15
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Venugopala KN. Targeting the DNA Damage Response Machinery for Lung Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121475. [PMID: 36558926 PMCID: PMC9781725 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is considered the most commonly diagnosed cancer and one of the leading causes of death globally. Despite the responses from small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients to conventional chemo- and radiotherapies, the current outcomes are not satisfactory. Recently, novel advances in DNA sequencing technologies have started to take off which have provided promising tools for studying different tumors for systematic mutation discovery. To date, a limited number of DDR inhibition trials have been conducted for the treatment of SCLC and NSCLC patients. However, strategies to test different DDR inhibitor combinations or to target multiple pathways are yet to be explored. With the various biomarkers that have either been recently discovered or are the subject of ongoing investigations, it is hoped that future trials would be designed to allow for studying targeted treatments in a biomarker-enriched population, which is defensible for the improvement of prognosis for SCLC and NSCLC patients. This review article sheds light on the different DNA repair pathways and some of the inhibitors targeting the proteins involved in the DNA damage response (DDR) machinery, such as ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR), DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP). In addition, the current status of DDR inhibitors in clinical settings and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharigatta N. Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa
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16
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Peng X, Pan W, Jiang F, Chen W, Qi Z, Peng W, Chen J. Selective PARP1 Inhibitors, PARP1-based Dual-Target Inhibitors, PROTAC PARP1 Degraders, and Prodrugs of PARP1 Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy. Pharmacol Res 2022; 186:106529. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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An mTOR and DNA-PK dual inhibitor CC-115 hinders non-small cell lung cancer cell growth. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:293. [PMID: 35717530 PMCID: PMC9206683 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Molecularly-targeted agents are still urgently needed for better non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) therapy. CC-115 is a potent DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) dual blocker. We evaluated its activity in different human NSCLC cells. In various primary human NSCLC cells and A549 cells, CC-115 potently inhibited viability, cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and hindered cell migration/invasion. Apoptosis was provoked in CC-115-stimulated NSCLC cells. The dual inhibitor, however, was unable to induce significant cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic activity in the lung epithelial cells. In primary NSCLC cells, CC-115 blocked activation of mTORC1/2 and DNA-PK. Yet, CC-115-induced primary NSCLC cell death was more potent than combined inhibition of DNA-PK plus mTOR. Further studies found that CC-115 provoked robust oxidative injury in primary NSCLC cells, which appeared independent of mTOR-DNA-PK dual blockage. In vivo studies showed that CC-115 oral administration in nude mice remarkably suppressed primary NSCLC cell xenograft growth. In CC-115-treated NSCLC xenograft tissues, mTOR-DNA-PK dual inhibition and oxidative injury were detected. Together, CC-115 potently inhibits NSCLC cell growth.
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18
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Matsumoto Y. Development and Evolution of DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase Inhibitors toward Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084264. [PMID: 35457081 PMCID: PMC9032228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand break (DSB) is considered the most deleterious type of DNA damage, which is generated by ionizing radiation (IR) and a subset of anticancer drugs. DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), which is composed of a DNA-PK catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and Ku80-Ku70 heterodimer, acts as the molecular sensor for DSB and plays a pivotal role in DSB repair through non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Cells deficient for DNA-PKcs show hypersensitivity to IR and several DNA-damaging agents. Cellular sensitivity to IR and DNA-damaging agents can be augmented by the inhibition of DNA-PK. A number of small molecules that inhibit DNA-PK have been developed. Here, the development and evolution of inhibitors targeting DNA-PK for cancer therapy is reviewed. Significant parts of the inhibitors were developed based on the structural similarity of DNA-PK to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) and PI3K-related kinases (PIKKs), including Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM). Some of DNA-PK inhibitors, e.g., NU7026 and NU7441, have been used extensively in the studies for cellular function of DNA-PK. Recently developed inhibitors, e.g., M3814 and AZD7648, are in clinical trials and on the way to be utilized in cancer therapy in combination with radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Matsumoto
- Laboratory for Zero-Carbon Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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