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Wang X, Di W, Wang Z, Qi P, Liu Z, Zhao H, Ding W, Di S. Cadmium stress alleviates lipid accumulation caused by chiral penthiopyrad through regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in zebrafish liver. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 478:135560. [PMID: 39173367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
The coexistence of cadmium (Cd) can potentiate (synergism) or reduce (antagonism) the pesticide effects on organisms, which may change with chiral pesticide enantiomers. Previous studies have reported the toxic effects of chiral penthiopyrad on lipid metabolism in zebrafish (Danio rerio) liver. The Cd effects and toxic mechanism on lipid accumulation were investigated from the perspective of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. The coexistence of Cd increased the concentrations of penthiopyrad and its metabolites in zebrafish. Penthiopyrad exposure exhibited significant effects on lipid metabolism and mitochondrial function-related indicators, which were verified by lipid droplets and mitochondrial damage in subcellular structures. Moreover, penthiopyrad activated the genes of ER unfolded protein reaction (UPR) and Ca2+ permeable channels, and S-penthiopyrad exhibited more serious effects on ER stress with ER hyperplasia than R-penthiopyrad. As a mitochondrial uncoupler, the coexistence of Cd could decrease lipid accumulation by alleviating ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, and these effects were the most significant for R-penthiopyrad. There were antagonistic effects between Cd and penthiopyrad, which could reduce the damage caused by penthiopyrad in zebrafish, thus increasing the bioaccumulation of penthiopyrad in zebrafish. These findings highlighted the importance and necessity of evaluating the ecological risks of metal-chiral pesticide mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Weixuan Di
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; College of Plant Protection, Northeast agricultural university, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Peipei Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Huiyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Wei Ding
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast agricultural university, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Shanshan Di
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China.
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D'Iglio C, Famulari S, Capparucci F, Gervasi C, Cuzzocrea S, Spanò N, Di Paola D. Toxic Effects of Gemcitabine and Paclitaxel Combination: Chemotherapy Drugs Exposure in Zebrafish. TOXICS 2023; 11:544. [PMID: 37368644 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11060544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are widely recognized as potentially hazardous to aquatic ecosystems. In the last two decades, the constant intake of biologically active chemicals used in human healthcare has been related to the growing release of these agents into natural environments. As reported by several studies, various pharmaceuticals have been detected, mainly in surface water (seas, lakes, and rivers), but also in groundwater and drinking water. Moreover, these contaminants and their metabolites can show biological activity even at very low concentrations. This study aimed to evaluate the developmental toxicity of exposure to the chemotherapy drugs gemcitabine and paclitaxel in aquatic environments. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to doses of gemcitabine 15 μM in combination with paclitaxel 1 μM from 0 to 96 h post-fertilization (hpf) using a fish embryo toxicity test (FET). This study highlights that both gemcitabine and paclitaxel exposure at single non-toxic concentrations affected survival and hatching rate, morphology score, and body length after exposure in combination. Additionally, exposure significantly disturbed the antioxidant defense system and increased ROS in zebrafish larvae. Gemcitabine and paclitaxel exposure caused changes in the expression of inflammation-related, endoplasmic reticulum stress-related (ERS), and autophagy-related genes. Taken together, our findings underline that gemcitabine and paclitaxel increase developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos in a time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio D'Iglio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Sergio Famulari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Fabiano Capparucci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Claudio Gervasi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Nunziacarla Spanò
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Davide Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
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Jeon HJ, Cho Y, Kim K, Kim C, Lee SE. Combined toxicity of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol and 2-(bromomethyl)naphthalene in the early stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos: Abnormal heart development at lower concentrations via differential expression of heart forming-related genes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 325:121450. [PMID: 36940914 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Combined toxicity can occur in the environment according to the combination of single substances, and the combination works additively or in a synergistic or antagonistic mode. In our study, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) and 2-(bromomethyl)naphthalene (2-BMN) were used to measure combined toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. As the lethal concentration (LC) values were obtained through single toxicity, the lethal effects at all combinational concentrations were considered synergistic by the Independent Action model. At 96 hpf, the combined toxicity of TCP LC10 + 2-BMN LC10, the lowest combinational concentration, resulted in high mortality, strong inhibition of hatching, and various morphological changes in zebrafish embryos. Combined treatment resulted in the downregulation of cyp1a, leading to reduced detoxification of the treated chemicals in embryos. These combinations may enhance endocrine-disrupting properties via upregulation of vtg1 in embryos, and inflammatory responses and endoplasmic reticulum stress were found to upregulate il-β, atf4, and atf6. These combinations might induce severe abnormal cardiac development in embryos via downregulation of myl7, cacna1c, edn1, and vmhc expression, and upregulation of the nppa gene. Therefore, the combined toxicity of these two chemicals was observed in zebrafish embryos, which proves that similar substances can exhibit stronger combined toxicity than single toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwang-Ju Jeon
- Red River Research Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Bossier City, LA, USA
| | - Yerin Cho
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongnam Kim
- Institute of Quality and Safety Evaluation of Agricultural Products, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaeeun Kim
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Lee
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea; Institute of Quality and Safety Evaluation of Agricultural Products, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea; Department of Integrative Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Chaumont L, Collet B, Boudinot P. Protein kinase double-stranded RNA-dependent (PKR) in antiviral defence in fish and mammals. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 145:104732. [PMID: 37172664 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The interferon-inducible double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) is one of the key antiviral arms of the innate immune system. Upon binding of viral double stranded RNA, a viral Pattern Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP), PKR gets activated and phosphorylates the eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) resulting in a protein shut-down that limits viral replication. Since its discovery in the mid-seventies, PKR has been shown to be involved in multiple important cellular processes including apoptosis, proinflammatory and innate immune responses. Viral subversion mechanisms of PKR underline its importance in the antiviral response of the host. PKR activation pathways and its mechanisms of action were previously identified and characterised mostly in mammalian models. However, fish Pkr and fish-specific paralogue Z-DNA-dependent protein kinase (Pkz) also play key role in antiviral defence. This review gives an update on the current knowledge on fish Pkr/Pkz, their conditions of activation and their implication in the immune responses to viruses, in comparison to their mammalian counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Chaumont
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Bertrand Collet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Pierre Boudinot
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France.
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Chen P, Chen J, Zhang W, Tang L, Cheng G, Li H, Fan T, Wang J, Zhong W, Song Y. Biochemical mechanisms of tributyltin chloride-induced cell toxicity in Sertoli cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 255:114725. [PMID: 36924558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tributyltin chloride (TBTCL) is a widely used fungicide and heat stabilizer in compositions of PVC. TBTCL has been detected in human bodies and potentially causes harmful effects on humans' thyroid, cardiovascular and other organs. As one of the first examples of endocrine disruptors, the toxicity effects of TBTCL on the male reproduction system have aroused concerns. However, the potential cellular mechanisms are not fully explored. In the current study, by using Sertoli cells, a critical regulator of spermatogenesis as a cell model, we showed that with 200 nM exposure for 24 h, TBTCL causes apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. RNA sequencing analyses suggested that TBTCL probably activates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and disrupts autophagy. Biochemical analysis showed that TBTCL indeed induces ER stress and the dysregulation of autophagy. Interestingly, activation of ER stress and inhibition of autophagy is responsible for TBTCL-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Our results thus uncovered a novel insight into the cellular mechanisms for TBTCL-induced toxicology in Sertoli cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchen Chen
- Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base of Southern Medical University, Dongguan 523125, Guangdong, China; Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Junhui Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Li Tang
- Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base of Southern Medical University, Dongguan 523125, Guangdong, China
| | - Guangqing Cheng
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Huiying Li
- Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base of Southern Medical University, Dongguan 523125, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianyun Fan
- Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base of Southern Medical University, Dongguan 523125, Guangdong, China
| | - Jigang Wang
- Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base of Southern Medical University, Dongguan 523125, Guangdong, China; Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China; Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Wenbin Zhong
- Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base of Southern Medical University, Dongguan 523125, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yali Song
- Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base of Southern Medical University, Dongguan 523125, Guangdong, China.
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Wang W, Li Z, Zhang X, Zhang J, Ru S. Bisphenol S Impairs Behaviors through Disturbing Endoplasmic Reticulum Function and Reducing Lipid Levels in the Brain of Zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:582-594. [PMID: 36520979 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The number of neurotoxic pollutants is increasing, but their mechanism of action is unclear. Here, zebrafish were exposed to 0, 1, 10, and 100 μg/L bisphenol S (BPS) for different durations beginning at 2 h postfertilization (hpf) to explore the neurotoxic mechanisms of BPS. Zebrafish larvae exposed to BPS displayed abnormal neurobehaviors. At 48 and 120 hpf, BPS inhibited yolk lipid consumption and reduced the lipid distribution in the zebrafish brain. Moreover, BPS downregulated the mRNA levels of genes involved in fatty acid elongation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and activated ER stress pathways at 48 and 120 hpf, and KEGG analysis after RNA-seq showed that the protein processing pathway in the ER was significantly enriched after BPS exposure. Exposure to ER toxicants (thapsigargin and tunicamycin), two positive controls, induced neurotoxic effects on zebrafish embryos and larvae similar to those of BPS exposure. These data suggested that BPS and ER toxicants disturbed ER function and reduced brain lipid levels. Continued exposure to BPS into adulthood not only inhibited brain fatty acid elongation and ER function but also caused abnormal swelling of the ER in zebrafish. Our data provide new insights into the neurotoxic mechanism of BPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ze Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaona Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shaoguo Ru
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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Li H, Kang M, Sun S, Gao J, Jia Z, Cao X. Cloning and expressions of chop in loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) and its response to hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2) stress. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:659-668. [PMID: 35396647 PMCID: PMC8993585 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01067-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
C/EBP [CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein]-homologous protein gene (chop) which plays an important role in endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis was investigated here by RACE and qPCR in an aquaculture animal for the first time. The full-length cDNA sequence of loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) chop was 2533 bp, encoding 266 amino acids. The expression level of loach chop changed during different early life stages, with the highest expression at the 8-cell stage. Among different tissues, loach chop predominantly was expressed in gill, spleen, and gonad. We performed a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, a common-used disinfectant) stress trial to explore the role of loach chop, with three different concentrations (0 μM, 50 μM, and 100 μM) of H2O2. The 100-μM dose was lethal for half the population but the other concentrations did not result in mortality. The activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in loach gill, liver, and spleen decreased with extended stress time and increased H2O2 concentration. The expression levels of gill chop in loaches from the 100-μM group were significantly higher than those from the other two treatment groups at 12 and 24 h of exposure. atf4 and bax, two proapoptotic genes, were significantly upregulated in gills of loaches from the 100-μM group compared to the other two groups 18 h and 24 h after treatment. bcl2, an antiapoptotic gene, presented an opposite trend. These results indicated a close relationship between H2O2 stress and fish apoptosis with loach chop playing an important role in H2O2 stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Minxin Kang
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shouxiang Sun
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jian Gao
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhiying Jia
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS, No. 42 Songfa Street, Daoli District, Harbin, 150070, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Xiaojuan Cao
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China.
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eIF2α Phosphorylation in Response to Nutritional Deficiency and Stressors in the Aquaculture Fish, Rachycentron canadum. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10050709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigates the response of the marine fish cobia, Rachycentron canadum, to stressors as measured by phosphorylation of the α-subunit of the translational initiation factor, eIF2. eIF2α is the target of phosphorylation by a family of kinases that respond to a range of physiological stressors. Phosphorylation of eIF2α inhibits overall protein synthesis, but also facilitates the reprogramming of gene expression to adapt to, and recover from, stress. The deduced coding sequence of cobia eIF2α has 94% identity to both zebrafish (Danio rerio) and human eIF2α sequences with identical phosphorylation and kinase docking sites. Here we use cobia larvae and a cobia cell line derived from muscle (Cm cells) to investigate the response of cobia eIF2α to various stressors. In Cm cells, phosphorylation of eIF2α is increased by nutrient deficiency and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress), consistent with the activation of the eIF2 kinases, GCN2, and PERK. In cobia juveniles, diet and water temperature affect the phosphorylation state of eIF2α. We conclude that evaluation of eIF2α phosphorylation could function as an early marker to evaluate diet, environmental stressors, and disease in cobia and may be of particular use in optimizing conditions for rearing cobia larvae and juveniles.
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Di Paola D, Natale S, Iaria C, Cordaro M, Crupi R, Siracusa R, D’Amico R, Fusco R, Impellizzeri D, Cuzzocrea S, Spanò N, Gugliandolo E, Peritore AF. Intestinal Disorder in Zebrafish Larvae (Danio rerio): The Protective Action of N-Palmitoylethanolamide-oxazoline. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12010125. [PMID: 35054518 PMCID: PMC8778351 DOI: 10.3390/life12010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IBD (Inflammatory Bowel Disease) is an inflammatory disease affecting the gastrointestinal tract that is common in both humans and veterinarians. Several studies have revealed the pharmacological properties of the oxazoline of palmitoylethanolamide (PEAOXA). Zebrafish larvae were exposed to sodium dextran sulphate (DSS) to induce enterocolitis and study the protective action of PEAOXA. After repetitive exposure with 0.25% DSS, larvae presented gut alteration with an increase in mucus production. Furthermore, DSS exposure induced an increase in the inflammatory pathway in the intestine, related to an increase in the Endoplasmic-reticulum (ER) stress genes. PEAOXA exposure at a concentration of 10 mg/L decreased the DSS-induced gut damage and mucus production, as well as being able to reduce the inflammatory and ER stress-related genes expression. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the alterations induced by repeated exposure to DSS were counteracted by PEAOXA action that was able to inhibit the increase in inflammation and ER stress involved in the progression of enterocolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (C.I.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Sabrina Natale
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (C.I.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Carmelo Iaria
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (C.I.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy;
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (C.I.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Ramona D’Amico
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (C.I.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (C.I.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (C.I.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (C.I.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (A.F.P.)
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (N.S.); Tel.: +39-90-6765208 (S.C.); +39-90-6765210 (N.S.)
| | - Nunziacarla Spanò
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy;
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (N.S.); Tel.: +39-90-6765208 (S.C.); +39-90-6765210 (N.S.)
| | - Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Alessio Filippo Peritore
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (C.I.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (A.F.P.)
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10
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Jin H, Hou J, Meng X, Ma T, Wang B, Liu Z, Sha X, Ding J, Han X. Microcystin-leucine arginine induced the apoptosis of GnRH neurons by activating the endoplasmic reticulum stress resulting in a decrease of serum testosterone level in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111748. [PMID: 33396074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) is a kind of toxin produced by cyanobacterial, resulting in decrease of testosterone levels in serum and leading to impaired spermatogenesis. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons play crucial roles in the regulation of testosterone release. Meanwhile, it has been demonstrated that MC-LR is capable of entering the GnRH neurons and inducing apoptosis. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism of MC-LR induced apoptosis of GnRH neurons remains elusive. In present study, we found that MC-LR inhibited the cell viability of GT1-7 cells. In addition, we discovered apoptosis of GnRH neurons and GT1-7 cells treated with MC-LR. And increased intracellular ROS production and the release of intracellular Ca2+ were all observed following exposure to MC-LR. Furthermore, we also found the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERs) and autophagy were activated by MC-LR. Additionally, pretreatment of the ERs inhibitor (4-Phenyl butyric acid) reduced the apoptotic rate of GT1-7 cells comparing with MC-LR exposure alone. Comparing with MC-LR treatment alone, apoptotic cell death was increased by pretreatment of GT1-7 cells with an autophagy inhibitor (3-methyladenine). Together, our data implicated that the treatment of MC-LR induced the apoptosis of GnRH neurons by activating the ERs resulting in a decrease of serum testosterone level in mice. Autophagy is a protective cellular process which was activated by ER stress and thus protected cells from apoptosis upon MC-LR exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Jin
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Jiwei Hou
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Xiannan Meng
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Tan Ma
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Bo Wang
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Xiaoxuan Sha
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Jie Ding
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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11
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Li P, Li ZH. Neurotoxicity and physiological stress in brain of zebrafish chronically exposed to tributyltin. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2021; 84:20-30. [PMID: 33016251 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1828209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tributyltin (TBT), an organotin compound, is hazardous in aquatic ecosystems. However, the mechanisms underlying TBT-induced central nervous system (CNS) toxicity remain to be determined especially in freshwater aquatic vertebrates. The aim of present study was to investigate the effects of chronic exposure to TBT on brain functions in a freshwater teleost the adult wild-type zebrafish (Danio rerio). Fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations of TBT (10, 100 or 300 ng/L) for 6 weeks. The influence of long-term TBT exposure was assessed in the brain of zebrafish with antioxidant related indices including malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and total antioxidant capacity, neurological parameters such as activities of acetylcholinesterase, and monoamine oxidase as well as levels of nitric oxide, dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine. In addition indices related to sensitivity of toxic insult such as cytochrome P450 1 regulation and heat shock protein 70 were determined. The regulation of related genes involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), apoptosis and Nrf2 pathway were measured. Adverse physiological and biochemical responses were significantly enhanced in a concentration-dependent manner reflecting neurotoxicity attributed to TBT exposure. Our findings provide further insight into TBT-induced toxicity in wild-type zebrafish. and enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying TBT-initiated CNS effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Marine College, Shandong University , Weihai, Shandong, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Li
- Marine College, Shandong University , Weihai, Shandong, China
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Wuhan, China
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12
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Evaluation of toxicity and anti-osteoporosis effect in rats treated with the flavonoids of Psoraleae Fructus. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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13
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Morita K, Mizuno T, Kusuhara H. Decomposition profile data analysis of multiple drug effects identifies endoplasmic reticulum stress-inducing ability as an unrecognized factor. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13139. [PMID: 32753643 PMCID: PMC7403579 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemicals have multiple effects in biological systems. Because their on-target effects dominate the output, their off-target effects are often overlooked and can sometimes cause dangerous adverse events. Recently, we developed a novel decomposition profile data analysis method, orthogonal linear separation analysis (OLSA), to analyse multiple effects. In this study, we tested whether OLSA identified the ability of drugs to induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress as a previously unrecognized factor. After analysing the transcriptome profiles of MCF7 cells treated with different chemicals, we focused on a vector characterized by well-known ER stress inducers, such as ciclosporin A. We selected five drugs predicted to be unrecognized ER stress inducers, based on their inducing ability scores derived from OLSA. These drugs actually induced X-box binding protein 1 splicing, an indicator of ER stress, in MCF7 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Two structurally different representatives of the five test compounds exhibited similar results in HepG2 and HuH7 cells, but not in PXB primary hepatocytes derived from human-liver chimeric mice. These results indicate that our decomposition strategy using OLSA uncovered the ER stress-inducing ability of drugs as an unrecognized effect, the manifestation of which depended on the background of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Morita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tadahaya Mizuno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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14
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Su H, Fan C, Liao Z, Yang C, Clarke JL, Zhang Y, Su J. Grass Carp Reovirus Major Outer Capsid Protein VP4 Interacts with RNA Sensor RIG-I to Suppress Interferon Response. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040560. [PMID: 32268551 PMCID: PMC7226501 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases caused by viruses threaten the production industry and food safety of aquaculture which is a great animal protein source. Grass carp reovirus (GCRV) has caused tremendous loss, and the molecular function of viral proteins during infection needs further research, as for most aquatic viruses. In this study, interaction between GCRV major outer capsid protein VP4 and RIG-I, a critical viral RNA sensor, was screened out by GST pull-down, endogenous immunoprecipitation and subsequent LC-MS/MS, and then verified by co-IP and an advanced far-red fluorescence complementation system. VP4 was proved to bind to the CARD and RD domains of RIG-I and promoted K48-linked ubiquitination of RIG-I to degrade RIG-I. VP4 reduced mRNA and promoter activities of key genes of RLR pathway and sequential IFN production. As a consequence, antiviral effectors were suppressed and GCRV replication increased, resulting in intensified cytopathic effect. Furthermore, results of transcriptome sequencing of VP4 stably expressed CIK (C. idella kidney) cells indicated that VP4 activated the MyD88-dependent TLR pathway. Knockdown of VP4 obtained opposite effects. These results collectively revealed that VP4 interacts with RIG-I to restrain interferon response and assist GCRV invasion. This study lays the foundation for anti-dsRNA virus molecular function research in teleost and provides a novel insight into the strategy of immune evasion for aquatic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Su
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.S.); (C.F.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Norwegian Institute for Bioeconomy Research, 1430 Ås, Norway;
| | - Chengjian Fan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.S.); (C.F.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zhiwei Liao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.S.); (C.F.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Chunrong Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan,430070, China;
| | | | - Yongan Zhang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.S.); (C.F.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jianguo Su
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.S.); (C.F.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-27-87282227
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15
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Wu C, Zhang Y, Hu C. PKZ, a Fish-Unique eIF2α Kinase Involved in Innate Immune Response. Front Immunol 2020; 11:585. [PMID: 32296447 PMCID: PMC7137213 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PKZ is a novel and unique eIF2α protein kinase identified in fish. Although PKZ is most homologous to PKR, particularly in the C-terminal catalytic domain, it contains two N-terminal Z-DNA-binding domains (Zα1 and Zα2) instead of the dsRNA binding domains (dsRBDs) in PKR. As a novel member of eIF2α kinase family, the available data suggest that PKZ has some distinct mechanisms for recognition, binding, and B-Z DNA transition. Functionally, PKZ seems to be activated by the binding of Zα to Z-DNA and participates in innate immune responses. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on fish PKZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuxin Wu
- Department of Natural Sciences, Yuzhang Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yibing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengyu Hu
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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16
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Li P, Li ZH, Zhong L. Triphenyltin exposure alters the antioxidant system, energy metabolism and the expression of genes related to physiological stress in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 225:108581. [PMID: 31374296 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The adverse influences of triphenyltin (TPT) on aquatic system have been of great concern due to their widespread use and ubiquity in water environment. Here, zebrafish larvae (7 days after hatching) were exposed to TPT for 14 days to study its toxicity on the antioxidant system, energy metabolism and the expression of genes related to physiological stress. Results shows that the oxidative stress was generated in fish larvae exposed to TPT with higher concentrations (10 and/or 100 ng/l), and the energy metabolic parameters (RNA/DNA ratio, Na + -K + -ATPase) were significantly inhibited in fish exposed to 100 ng/l TPT. Additional, the expression levels of genes related to physiological stress were up-regulated in a dose-dependent manner, including heat shock protein70 (hsp70) and metallothionein (mt). Moreover, the PERK-eIF2α pathway was found as the main branch activated by TPT exposure in fish larvae. Thus, TPT-induced antioxidant responses, energy metabolism disorder and physiological stress in fish larvae were reflected by the parameters measured, which could provide some useful information for full understanding the exact mechanisms of TPT toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China.
| | - Liqiao Zhong
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
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17
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Komoike Y, Matsuoka M. In vitro and in vivo studies of oxidative stress responses against acrylamide toxicity in zebrafish. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 365:430-439. [PMID: 30453236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide (AA) is widely used in soil stabilization, water treatment, and industrial products and found in certain foods; however, its toxicity is an expanding global concern. Thus, to reveal the mechanisms involved in the development of, or protection from AA-induced toxicity has important significance. For this purpose, here we explored the intracellular stress response signaling pathways activated by AA exposure in zebrafish model. BRF41 cells derived from zebrafish were exposed to AA, and changes in the expression levels of 31 genes, including endoplasmic reticulum stress response-, oxidative stress response-, osmotic stress response-, and DNA damage and repair-related genes, were analyzed by PCR array. 12 genes upregulated in AA-exposed BRF41 cells were analyzed in zebrafish larvae by quantitative real time PCR, and the expression of all tested oxidative stress response-related genes was upregulated. Spatial expression patterns of these genes were visualized and found that their expression was upregulated and ectopically induced. In addition, AA-induced toxicity in BRF41 cells and the expression of glutathione S-transferase pi 1 (gstp1) in zebrafish larvae were reduced by N-acetylcysteine. Furthermore, inhibition of Gst activity enhanced AA toxicity. From these results, we concluded that the elicited oxidative stress response critically contributes to the protection from AA-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Komoike
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawadacho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan.
| | - Masato Matsuoka
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawadacho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan.
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18
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Zhou T, Wei J, Su Y, Hu Z, Li Y, Yuan H, Zhao K, Liu C, Zhang H. Triclocarban at environmentally relevant concentrations induces the endoplasmic reticulum stress in zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:223-232. [PMID: 30592132 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC) is an antibacterial agent commonly found in environmental, wildlife, and human samples. However, with in-depth study of TCC, its negative effects are increasingly presented. Toxicological studies of TCC at environmentally relevant concentrations have been conducted in zebrafish embryos and indicated that TCC leads to deformity of development causes developmental deformities. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity of TCC in zebrafish embryos have not been entirely elucidated. We investigated whether exposure to TCC at environmentally relevant concentrations induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) in zebrafish. Zebrafish embryos were grown to 32 hours post fertilization and exposed to 2.5, 5, and 10 μg/L TCC and used in whole-mount in situ hybridization to visualize the expression of ER chaperone hspa5 and ER stress-related apoptosis factor chop. Zebrafish livers were exposed to different concentrations of TCC to elaborate the relationships between fatty degeneration and ER stress. Then, a human hepatic cell line (HL-7702) was used to test whether TCC induced ER stress in human livers similar to those of zebrafish. In zebrafish embryos, TCC induced high hspa5 expression, which could defend against external stimulations. Furthermore, hapa5, hsp90b1, and chop exhibited ectopic expressions in the neuromast, intestinal tract, and tail tip of zebrafish embryos. On the one hand, significant differences were observed in the mRNA and protein expressions of the ER stress molecular chaperone pPERK-pEIF2a-ATF4 and ATF6 pathways in HL-7702 cells exposed to TCC. On the other hand, lipid droplet accumulation slightly increased in zebrafish livers exposed to 10 μg/L TCC in vitro. These results demonstrate that TCC not only damages the development of zebrafish embryos and structure of zebrafish liver but also influences human hepatic cells by activating ER stress and the UPR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhou
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Jiajing Wei
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Yufang Su
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Zhiyong Hu
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Li
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Hongfang Yuan
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
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19
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Li J, Zhang Y, Liu K, He Q, Sun C, Han J, Han L, Tian Q. Xiaoaiping Induces Developmental Toxicity in Zebrafish Embryos Through Activation of ER Stress, Apoptosis and the Wnt Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1250. [PMID: 30459614 PMCID: PMC6233021 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the developmental toxicity of the traditional Chinese medicine Xiaoaiping (XAP) and to investigate its underlying mechanism of action. Zebrafish embryos were incubated with 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, and 1.6 mg/mL XAP. Endpoints such as mortality, hatching rate, malformation, body length, morphology score, swimming behavior, histological changes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity, and the mRNA expression of genes related to oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, apoptosis, and the Wnt pathway were evaluated. Our results demonstrated that XAP exposure increased mortality and malformation and reduced the hatching rate. XAP resulted in severe malformation, including swim bladder deficiency, yolk retention, pericardial edema, and tail curvature. Histopathological analysis showed that XAP induced liver, heart and muscle injury. High doses (≥1.2 mg/mL) of XAP notably decreased the locomotor capacity of zebrafish. ROS generation was remarkably increased and T-SOD activity was decreased, confirming that oxidative stress was induced by XAP. The mRNA expression levels of ER stress-related genes (chop, hspa5, hsp90b1, and perk), apoptosis-related genes (caspase-3, bax, and p53) and wnt11 were significantly upregulated by XAP exposure. The expression levels of the oxidative stress-related genes (cat, sod1, and gstp2), Wnt pathway-related genes (β-catenin, wnt3a, and wnt8a) and bcl-2 initially increased and then decreased as the XAP exposure dose increased. In conclusion, we provide evidence for the first time that XAP can induce dose-related developmental toxicity, and ER stress, apoptosis and the Wnt pathway participate in the toxicity regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Kechun Liu
- Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Qiuxia He
- Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Chen Sun
- Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Jian Han
- Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Liwen Han
- Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Qingping Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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20
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Su Y, Li H, Xu C, Wang X, Xie J, Qin JG, Chen L, Li E. Endoplasmic reticulum stress mediates 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (DCOIT)-induced toxicity and liver lipid metabolism changes in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:1981-1987. [PMID: 30097282 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
DCOIT (4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one) is the main active ingredient in an emerging water environment antifoulant, the toxicity and environmental impacts of which need to be further investigated. Thus, this study examined the toxicity of DCOIT on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), including its effects on behavior, respiration and energy metabolism as well as the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) in mediating its toxicity and metabolic changes. The changes in fish behavior, respiration, neuronal signal transmission, energy metabolism, ER stress, and liver histology were examined via acute (4 days) and chronic (28 days) exposures to 0, 3, 15, 30 μg/L DCOIT in vivo. Additionally, ER stress levels were measured in 24-h periods of hepatocyte exposure to 0, 3, 15, 30 and 300 μg/L DCOIT in vitro. The hyper-locomotor activities decreased, but the respiration rate increased after a 4-day acute exposure period, indicating that DCOIT exposure altered fish energy metabolism. After acute exposure at a low DCOIT concentration, the activation of ER stress induced triglyceride accumulation in the liver. After chronic exposure for 28 days, the prolonged ER stress induced a series of pathological cellular changes. At the cellular level, exposure to a high DCOIT concentration induced ER stress in the hepatocytes. In addition, as a neurotoxin, DCOIT has the potential to disrupt the neurotransmission of the cholinergic system, resulting in motor behavior disruption. This study demonstrates that DCOIT plays a role in time- and concentration-dependent toxicity and that changes in lipid metabolism are directly related to endoplasmic reticulum function after exposure to an antifouling agent. This work advances the understanding of the toxic mechanism of DCOIT, which is necessary for its evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Su
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Huifeng Li
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jia Xie
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Jian G Qin
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Liqiao Chen
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Erchao Li
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Department of Aquaculture, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China.
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21
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Zhang Y, Li S, Li J, Han L, He Q, Wang R, Wang X, Liu K. Developmental toxicity induced by PM2.5 through endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy pathway in zebrafish embryos. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 197:611-621. [PMID: 29407824 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate the mechanism underlying the developmental toxicity of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and provide a more thorough understanding of the toxicity of PM2.5 in an ecological environment. Zebrafish embryos at 4 h post-fertilization were exposed to PM2.5 at doses of 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 and 800 μg/mL for 120 h. The mortality, hatching rate, morphology score, body length, locomotor capacity, histological changes, antioxidant defense system, leukocyte migration, inflammation-related gene mRNA expression, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and autophagy were evaluated to study PM2.5-induced developmental toxicity and its underlying mechanisms. PM2.5 exposure significantly increased the mortality and malformations and reduced the hatching rate and body length of the zebrafish. PM2.5 significantly reduced the locomotor capacity of zebrafish larvae, increased the levels of ROS and disturbed the antioxidant defense system in zebrafish larvae. In addition, a histological examination showed that the heart, liver, intestines and muscle of the PM2.5-treated zebrafish exhibited abnormal changes and a significant increase in cellular autophagic accumulation. RT-PCR showed that the expression of genes related to inflammation (tgfβ and cox2), ERS (hspa5, chop, ire1, xbp1s, and atf6) and autophagy (lc3, beclin1 and atg3) pathways was significantly increased in the PM2.5-treated zebrafish, indicating that PM2.5 induced inflammation and promoted ERS and autophagy responses via the activation of the IRE1-XBP1 and ATF6 pathways. Together, our data indicate that PM2.5 induced a dose- and time-dependent increase in developmental toxicity to zebrafish embryos. Additionally, ERS and autophagy may play important roles in PM2.5-induced developmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Biological Testing Technology, 28789 Jingshidong Road, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China.
| | - Saiyu Li
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, 19 Keyuan Road, Lixia District, Jinan, 250014, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Juanjuan Li
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Biological Testing Technology, 28789 Jingshidong Road, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China; Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjiannan Road, Yingze District, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, PR China
| | - Liwen Han
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Biological Testing Technology, 28789 Jingshidong Road, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Qiuxia He
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Biological Testing Technology, 28789 Jingshidong Road, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Rongchun Wang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Biological Testing Technology, 28789 Jingshidong Road, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Ximin Wang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Biological Testing Technology, 28789 Jingshidong Road, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Kechun Liu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Biological Testing Technology, 28789 Jingshidong Road, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China.
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22
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Zhang T, Li D, Wan L, Chen X, Wang X, Zhong B, Wu Z, Mao H, Hu C. Ctenopharyngodon idella PERK (EIF2AK3) decreases cell viability by phosphorylating eIF2α under ER stress. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 70:568-574. [PMID: 28935601 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As an upstream kinase of eIF2α, protein kinase RNA-like ER (endoplasmic reticulum) kinase (PERK) is a type I transmembrane protein located in ER in eukaryotic cells. PERK is mainly composed of two domains, the intracavitary domain for BIP protein combination and the dissociative C-terminal region containing a typical serine/threonine kinase domain which promotes the phosphorylation of eIF2α. In this study, we cloned a PERK (also known as EIF2AK3) gene from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). The full-length cDNA of grass carp PERK (CiPERK) is 5192 bp including a 176 bp of 5' untranslated region, a 1719 bp of 3' untranslated region and a 3297 bp of the longest open reading frame (ORF) encoding 1098 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis exhibits that CiPERK shares a high degree of sequence homology to the counterparts in other teleosts. RT-PCR indicated that CiPERK expression was significantly up-regulated following the stimulation with TM (tunicamycin). To study the function of CiPERK, the N-terminal sequence of CiPERK and CiGRP78 sequence were separately subcloned into the expression vectors pCMV-HA and pCMV-Flag for co-immunoprecipitation and GST-Pulldown assays. The assays indicated that CiPERK and CiGRP78 can combine with each other in normal conditions. However, under ER stress (TM stimulation) CiPERK can improve the eIF2α phosphorylation level. In addition, CCK assay showed the overexpression of CiPERK in CIK cells decreases the cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Poyang Lake Key Laboratory of Environment and Resource Utilization (Nanchang University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Dongming Li
- Fuzhou Medical College, Nanchang University, Fuzhou 344000, China
| | - Lijuan Wan
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Poyang Lake Key Laboratory of Environment and Resource Utilization (Nanchang University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Xin Chen
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Poyang Lake Key Laboratory of Environment and Resource Utilization (Nanchang University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Xiangqin Wang
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Poyang Lake Key Laboratory of Environment and Resource Utilization (Nanchang University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Bin Zhong
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Poyang Lake Key Laboratory of Environment and Resource Utilization (Nanchang University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Poyang Lake Key Laboratory of Environment and Resource Utilization (Nanchang University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Huiling Mao
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Poyang Lake Key Laboratory of Environment and Resource Utilization (Nanchang University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Chengyu Hu
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Poyang Lake Key Laboratory of Environment and Resource Utilization (Nanchang University), Ministry of Education, China.
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23
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Komoike Y, Matsuoka M. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated neuronal apoptosis by acrylamide exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 310:68-77. [PMID: 27634458 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide (AA) is a well-known neurotoxic compound in humans and experimental animals. However, intracellular stress signaling pathways responsible for the neurotoxicity of AA are still not clear. In this study, we explored the involvement of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response in AA-induced neuronal damage in vitro and in vivo. Exposure of SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells to AA increased the levels of phosphorylated form of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) and its downstream effector, activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), indicating the induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR) by AA exposure. Furthermore, AA exposure increased the mRNA level of c/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), the ER stress-dependent apoptotic factor, and caused the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in SH-SY5Y cells. Treatments of SH-SY5Y cells with the chemical chaperone, 4-phenylbutyric acid and the ROS scavenger, N-acetyl-cysteine reduced the AA-induced expression of ATF4 protein and CHOP mRNA, and resulted in the suppression of apoptosis. In addition, AA-induced eIF2α phosphorylation was also suppressed by NAC treatment. In consistent with in vitro study, exposure of zebrafish larvae at 6-day post fertilization to AA induced the expression of chop mRNA and apoptotic cell death in the brain, and also caused the disruption of brain structure. These findings suggest that AA exposure induces apoptotic neuronal cell death through the ER stress and subsequent eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP signaling cascade. The accumulation of ROS by AA exposure appears to be responsible for this ER stress-mediated apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Komoike
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health I, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan.
| | - Masato Matsuoka
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health I, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan.
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24
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Qi M, Dang Y, Xu Q, Yu L, Liu C, Yuan Y, Wang J. Microcystin-LR induced developmental toxicity and apoptosis in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae by activation of ER stress response. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 157:166-173. [PMID: 27219292 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that cyanobacteria-derived Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) can cause developmental toxicity and trigger apoptosis in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the mechanism by which MC-LR induces developmental toxicity is through activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. MC-LR (4.0 μM) exposure through submersion caused serious developmental toxicity, such as malformation, growth delay and decreased heart rates in zebrafish larvae, which could be inhibited by ER stress blocker, tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA, 20 μM). Meanwhile, acridine orange (AO) staining showed TUDCA could rescue cell apoptosis in heart area in zebrafish larvae resulted by MC-LR exposure. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) analysis demonstrated that MC-LR induced activation of ER stress which consequently triggered apoptosis in zebrafish larvae. Protein expression examined by western blot indicated that MC-LR could activate MAPK8/Bcl-2/Bax pathway and caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway in zebrafish larva and the effects were mitigated by inhibition of ER stress. Taken together, the results observed in this study suggested that ER stress plays a critical role in developmental toxicity and apoptosis in zebrafish embryos exposed to MC-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Qi
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yao Dang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qinglong Xu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liqin Yu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries in Hunan Province, Changde 415000, China
| | - Yongchao Yuan
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianghua Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, China.
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25
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Song YF, Huang C, Shi X, Pan YX, Liu X, Luo Z. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and dysregulation of calcium homeostasis mediate Cu-induced alteration in hepatic lipid metabolism of javelin goby Synechogobius hasta. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 175:20-29. [PMID: 26991751 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of Cu exposure on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and Ca(2+) homeostasis, and also explore the underlying mechanism of the ER stress and Ca(2+) homeostasis in the Cu-induced change of hepatic lipid metabolism in javelin goby Synechogobius hasta. To this end, four experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, the full-length cDNA sequences of two ER molecular chaperones [glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and calreticulin (CRT)] and three ER stress sensors [PKR-like ER kinase (PERK), inositol requiring enzyme (IRE)-1α, and activating transcription factor (ATF)-6α] cDNAs were firstly characterized from S. hasta. The predicted amino acid sequences for the S. hasta GRP78, CRT, PERK, IRE-1α and ATF-6α revealed that the proteins contained all of the structural features characteristic in other species. mRNAs of the five genes were expressed in various tissues, but their mRNA levels varied among tissues. In experiment 2, S. hasta were exposed to four waterborne Cu concentrations (control, 19μg/l, 38μg/l, and 57μg/l, respectively) for 60days. Cu exposure evoked ER stress in liver of S. hasta in a time- and concentration-course change. In experiment 3, specific inhibitors, 2-aminoethyldiphenyl borate (2-APB) and dantrolene, were used to explore whether Ca(2+) release from ER was involved in the Cu-induced ER stress change. Dantrolene and 2-APB prevented Cu-induced intracellular Ca(2+) elevation, which demonstrated the release of Ca(2+) from the ER was mediated by both RyR and IP3R. In experiment 4, a chemical chaperone, 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA), was used to demonstrate whether Cu-induced alteration in lipid metabolism was suppressed through the attenuation of ER stress. Cu exposure evoked ER stress and sterol-regulator element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) activation in hepatocytes of S. hasta, resulting in dysregulation of hepatic lipid metabolism. 4-PBA attenuated the Cu-induced elevation of mRNA expression of ER stress-related genes. For the first time, our study cloned GRP78, CRT, PERK, IRE-1α and ATF-6α genes in S. hasta and demonstrated their differential expression among tissues. Moreover, the study demonstrated the molecular mechanism by which ER stress might underlie the change of lipid metabolism induced by Cu in S. hasta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Song
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ya-Xiong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Postgraduate Research Base, Panjin Guanghe Fishery Co. Ltd., Panjin 124200, China
| | - Zhi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries in Hunan Province, Changde 415000, China.
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26
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Song YF, Luo Z, Zhang LH, Hogstrand C, Pan YX. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and disturbed calcium homeostasis are involved in copper-induced alteration in hepatic lipid metabolism in yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:2443-2453. [PMID: 26615493 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of Cu exposure on ER stress and Ca(2+) homeostasis, and explore the underlying mechanism of the ER stress and disturbed Ca(2+) homeostasis in the regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism in yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. To this end, three experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, P. fulvidraco were exposed to three waterborne Cu concentrations for 56 days. Waterborne Cu exposure evoked ER stress and SREBP-1c activation and resulted in dysregulation of hepatic lipid metabolism in liver of P. fulvidraco in a time-dependent manner. In experiment 2, specific inhibitors 2-APB (IP3 receptor inhibitor) and dantrolene (RyR receptor inhibitor) were used to explore whether Ca(2+) release from ER was involved in the Cu-induced ER stress change. Dantrolene and 2-APB prevented Cu-induced intracellular Ca(2+) elevation, demonstrating that the release of Ca(2+) from the ER, mediated by both RyR and IP3R, contributed to dysregulation of lipid metabolism. In experiment 3, a chemical chaperone (PBA) was used to demonstrate whether Cu-induced alteration in lipid metabolism was suppressed through the attenuation of ER stress. PBA attenuated the Cu-induced elevation of mRNA expression of SREBP-1c, SCAP, ACC, FAS, GRP78/BiP, GRP94, CRT, eIF2α and XBP-1, and alleviated the Cu-induced downregulation of Insig-1. Based on these observations, these results reveal a link between ER stress and the change of lipid metabolism induced by Cu, which will help to understand the Cu-induced toxicity on cellular and molecular level, and provide some novel insights into the regulation of lipid metabolism in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Song
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; China and Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovative Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Zhi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; China and Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovative Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.
| | - Li-Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; China and Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovative Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Christer Hogstrand
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, School of Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Ya-Xiong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; China and Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovative Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
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27
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Komoike Y, Matsuoka M. [Application of Zebrafish Model to Environmental Toxicology]. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2016; 71:227-235. [PMID: 27725426 DOI: 10.1265/jjh.71.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a tropical freshwater fish, the zebrafish, has been generally used as a useful model organism in various fields of life science worldwide. The zebrafish model has also been applied to environmental toxicology; however, in Japan, it has not yet become widely used. In this review, we will introduce the biological and historical backgrounds of zebrafish as an animal model and their breeding. We then present the current status of toxicological experiments using zebrafish that were treated with some important environmental contaminants, including cadmium, organic mercury, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, and tributyltin. Finally, the future possible application of genetically modified zebrafish to the study of environmental toxicology is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Komoike
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health I, Tokyo Women's Medical University
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28
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Li ZH, Zhong LQ, Mu WN, Wu YH. Toxicity of Tributyltin in Juvenile Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio): Physiological Responses, Hepatic Gene Expression, and Stress Protein Profiling. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2015; 30:91-6. [PMID: 26418422 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of tributyltin (TBT) on biochemical parameters (antioxidant responses and Na(+) -K(+) -ATPase) in different tissues were investigated by using juvenile common carp (Cyprinus Carpio) as well as growth and ion regulation-related genes expression and stress-related proteins profiling in fish liver. Oxidative stress indices and Na(+) -K(+) -ATPase showed tissues-specific responses in fish exposed to different TBT concentrations. All tested genes related to GH/IGF-I axis and ion-regulation were significantly induced in the TBT group with lower concentrations (except for the igfbp3 in 10 μg/L) and were inhibited in 20 μg/L. In addition, the profiling of two proteins Hsp 70 and MT were increasing in a dose-dependent manner under TBT stress. In short, TBT-induced biochemical and molecular responses in different tissues were reflected in the measured parameters in the test. On the basis of TBT residue levels in the natural environment, more long-term experiments at lower concentrations will be necessary in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Li
- Key Field Station for Fishery Resource and Environment in Upper-Middle Reaches of Yangtze River (Ministry of Agriculture), Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation (Ministry of Agriculture), Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery SciencesChinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, People's Republic of China.,University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Li-Qiao Zhong
- Key Field Station for Fishery Resource and Environment in Upper-Middle Reaches of Yangtze River (Ministry of Agriculture), Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation (Ministry of Agriculture), Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery SciencesChinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Na Mu
- Key Field Station for Fishery Resource and Environment in Upper-Middle Reaches of Yangtze River (Ministry of Agriculture), Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation (Ministry of Agriculture), Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery SciencesChinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, People's Republic of China.,College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Hua Wu
- Key Field Station for Fishery Resource and Environment in Upper-Middle Reaches of Yangtze River (Ministry of Agriculture), Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation (Ministry of Agriculture), Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery SciencesChinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
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29
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Related Genes in Yellow Catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco: Molecular Characterization, Tissue Expression, and Expression Responses to Dietary Copper Deficiency and Excess. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2015; 5:2091-104. [PMID: 26276384 PMCID: PMC4592992 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.019950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Two endoplasmic reticulum (ER) molecular chaperones [glucose-regulated protein 78 (grp78) and calreticulin (crt)] and three ER stress sensors [PKR-like ER kinase (perk), inositol requiring enzyme (ire)-1α, and activating transcription factor (atf)-6α] cDNAs were first characterized from yellow catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. The predicted amino acid sequences for the yellow catfish grp78, crt, perk, ire-1α, and atf-6α revealed that the proteins contained all of the structural features that were characteristic of the five genes in other species, including the KDEL motif, signal peptide, sensor domain, and effector domain. mRNAs of the five genes mentioned above were expressed in various tissues, but their mRNA levels varied among tissues. Dietary Cu excess, but not Cu deficiency, activated the chaperones (grp78 and crt) and folding sensors in ER, and the UPR signaling pathways (i.e., perk–eif2α and the ire1–xbp1) in a tissue-specific manner. For the first time, our study cloned grp78, crt, perk, ire-1α, and atf-6α genes in yellow catfish and demonstrated their differential expression among tissues. Moreover, the present study also indicated differential regulation of these ER stress–related genes by dietary Cu deficiency and excess, which will be beneficial for us to evaluate effects of dietary Cu levels in fish at the molecular level, based on the upstream pathway of lipid metabolism (the ER) and thus provide novel insights regarding the nutrition of Cu in fish.
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30
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Evaluation of tributyltin toxicity in Chinese rare minnow larvae by abnormal behavior, energy metabolism and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 227:32-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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31
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Li B, Sun L, Cai J, Wang C, Wang M, Qiu H, Zuo Z. Modulation of the DNA repair system and ATR-p53 mediated apoptosis is relevant for tributyltin-induced genotoxic effects in human hepatoma G2 cells. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 27:108-114. [PMID: 25597668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The toxic effects of tributyltin (TBT) have been extensively documented in several types of cells, but the molecular mechanisms related to the genotoxic effects of TBT have still not been fully elucidated. Our study showed that exposure of human hepatoma G2 cells to 1-4 μmol/L TBT for 3 hr caused severe DNA damage in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, the expression levels of key DNA damage sensor genes such as the replication factor C, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 were inhabited in a concentration-dependent manner. We further demonstrated that TBT induced cell apoptosis via the p53-mediated pathway, which was most likely activated by the ataxia telangiectasia mutated and rad-3 related (ATR) protein kinase. The results also showed that cytochrome c, caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, and the B-cell lymphoma 2 were involved in this process. Taken together, we demonstrated for the first time that the inhibition of the DNA repair system might be more responsible for TBT-induced genotoxic effects in cells. Then the generated DNA damage induced by TBT initiated ATR-p53-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Lingbin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Department of Gynaecology, The Affiliated Chenggong Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361002, China
| | - Jiali Cai
- Department of Gynaecology, The Affiliated Chenggong Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361002, China
| | - Chonggang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Huiling Qiu
- Department of Gynaecology, The Affiliated Chenggong Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361002, China.
| | - Zhenghong Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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Fan Q, Mao H, Wu C, Liu Y, Hu Y, Zhong B, Mi Y, Hu C. ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4) from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) modulates the transcription initiation of GRP78 and GRP94 in CIK cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 38:140-148. [PMID: 24636856 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
GRP78 and GRP94, belong to GRP (glucose-regulated protein) family of endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) chaperone superfamily, are essential for cell survival under ER stress. ATF4 is a protective protein which regulates the adaptation of cells to ER stress by modulating the transcription of UPR (Unfolded Protein Response) target genes, including GRP78 and GRP94. To understand the molecular mechanism of ATF4 modulates the transcription initiation of CiGRP78 and CiGRP94, we cloned ATF4 ORF cDNA sequences (CiATF4) by homologous cloning techniques. The expression trend of CiATF4 was similar to CiGRP78 and CiGRP94 did under 37 °C thermal stress, namely, the expression of CiATF4 was up-regulated twice at 2 h post-thermal stress and at 18 h post recovery from thermal stress. In this paper, CiATF4 was expressed in BL21 Escherichia coli, and the expressed protein was purified by affinity chromatography with the Ni-NTA His-Bind Resin. On the basis of the cloned CiGRP78 and CiGRP94 cDNA in our laboratory previously, we cloned their promoter sequences by genomic walking approach. In vitro, gel mobility shift assays revealed that CiATF4 could bind to CiGRP78 and CiGRP94 promoter with high affinity. Subsequently, the recombinant plasmid of pGL3-CiGRPs and pcDNA3.1-CiATF4 were constructed and transiently co-transfected into Ctenopharyngodon idella kidney (CIK) cells. The impact of CiATF4 on CiGRP promoter sequences were measured by luciferase assays. These results demonstrated that CiATF4 could activate the transcription of CiGRP78 and CiGRP94. What's more, for better understanding the molecular mechanism of CiATF4 modulate the transcription initiation of CiGRP, three mutant fragments of CiGRP78 promoter recombinant plasmids (called CARE-mut/LUC, CRE1-mut/LUC and CRE2-mut/LUC) were constructed and transiently co-transfected with CiATF4 into CIK cells. The results indicated that CRE or CARE elements were the regulatory element for transcription initiation of CiGRP78. Between them, CRE element would play more important role in it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qidi Fan
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Huiling Mao
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Chuxin Wu
- Nanchang Teachers College, Nanchang 330103, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yousheng Hu
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Bin Zhong
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yichuan Mi
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Chengyu Hu
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
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