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Lemmink IB, Straub LV, Bovee TFH, Mulder PPJ, Zuilhof H, Salentijn GI, Righetti L. Recent advances and challenges in the analysis of natural toxins. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2024; 110:67-144. [PMID: 38906592 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Natural toxins (NTs) are poisonous secondary metabolites produced by living organisms developed to ward off predators. Especially low molecular weight NTs (MW<∼1 kDa), such as mycotoxins, phycotoxins, and plant toxins, are considered an important and growing food safety concern. Therefore, accurate risk assessment of food and feed for the presence of NTs is crucial. Currently, the analysis of NTs is predominantly performed with targeted high pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) methods. Although these methods are highly sensitive and accurate, they are relatively expensive and time-consuming, while unknown or unexpected NTs will be missed. To overcome this, novel on-site screening methods and non-targeted HPLC high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) methods have been developed. On-site screening methods can give non-specialists the possibility for broad "scanning" of potential geographical regions of interest, while also providing sensitive and specific analysis at the point-of-need. Non-targeted chromatography-HRMS methods can detect unexpected as well as unknown NTs and their metabolites in a lab-based approach. The aim of this chapter is to provide an insight in the recent advances, challenges, and perspectives in the field of NTs analysis both from the on-site and the laboratory perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ids B Lemmink
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leonie V Straub
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Toine F H Bovee
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick P J Mulder
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Gert Ij Salentijn
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Laura Righetti
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Bouteiller P, Lance E, Guérin T, Biré R. Analysis of Total-Forms of Cyanotoxins Microcystins in Biological Matrices: A Methodological Review. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080550. [PMID: 36006212 PMCID: PMC9416067 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are cyclic heptapeptidic toxins produced by many cyanobacteria. Microcystins can be accumulated in various matrices in two forms: a free cellular fraction and a covalently protein-bound form. To detect and quantify the concentration of microcystins, a panel of techniques on various matrices (water, sediments, and animal tissues) is available. The analysis of MCs can concern the free or the total (free plus covalently bound) fractions. Free-form analyses of MCs are the most common and easiest to detect, whereas total-form analyses are much less frequent and more complex to achieve. The objective of this review is to summarize the different methods of extraction and analysis that have been developed for total forms. Four extraction methods were identified: MMPB (2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutyric acid) method, deconjugation at basic pH, ozonolysis, and laser irradiation desorption. The study of the bibliography on the methods of extraction and analysis of the total forms of MCs showed that the reference method for the subject remains the MMPB method even if alternative methods and, in particular, deconjugation at basic pH, showed results encouraging the continuation of the methodological development on different matrices and on naturally-contaminated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bouteiller
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO, Unité Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques (SEBIO), BP 1039, CEDEX 2, F-51687 Reims, France
- Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Emilie Lance
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO, Unité Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques (SEBIO), BP 1039, CEDEX 2, F-51687 Reims, France
- UMR MNHN/CNRS MCAM, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, F-75005 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Thierry Guérin
- Strategy and Programs Department, ANSES, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Ronel Biré
- Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
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He J, Chen J, Chen F, Chen L, Giesy JP, Guo Y, Liang G, Deng X, Wang W, Xie P. Health Risks of Chronic Exposure to Small Doses of Microcystins: An Integrative Metabolomic and Biochemical Study of Human Serum. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6548-6559. [PMID: 35510355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Health risks of chronic exposure to microcystins (MCs), a family of aquatic contaminants produced mainly by cyanobacteria, are critical yet unsolved problems. Despite a few epidemiological studies, the metabolic profiles of humans exposed to MCs remain unknown, hindering the deep understanding of the molecular toxicity mechanisms. Here, sensitive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)- and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics were applied to investigate the serum metabolic profiles of humans living near Lake Chao, where toxic cyanobacterial blooms occur annually. MCs were positively detected in 92 of 144 sera by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) with a median concentration of 0.016 μg/L. The estimated daily intake (0.15-0.27 μg MC-LReq/day) was less than the tolerable daily intake (TDI, 2.4 μg MC-LR for 60 kg adults) recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Obvious disruptions of the amino acid metabolism were confirmed and played important roles in renal impairments associated with serum MC burdens. Chronic oral exposure of mice to 30 μg MC-LR/kg body mass, which is less than the no observed adverse effect level, also led to obvious renal lesions and metabolic dysfunction. These observations provide the first evidence of metabolic disturbance of humans exposed to MCs and indicate that the WHO's TDI value determined traditionally should be lessened to protect human health effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Center, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatoon S7N 5B3, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatoon S7N 5B4, Canada
- Zoology Department, Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco 76706, Texas, United States
| | - Yuming Guo
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Gaodao Liang
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xuwei Deng
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
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Giannuzzi L, Hernando M. The Eco-Physiological Role of Microcystis aeruginosa in a Changing World. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040685. [PMID: 35456737 PMCID: PMC9030745 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leda Giannuzzi
- Area of Toxicology, School of Exact Sciences, National University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina;
| | - Marcelo Hernando
- Department of Radiobiology, National Atomic Energy Commission, San Martin 1650, Argentina
- Red de Investigación de Estresores Marinos-costeros en América Latina y el Caribe (REMARCO), Mar del Plata 7602, Argentina
- Correspondence:
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Palikova M, Kopp R, Kohoutek J, Blaha L, Mares J, Ondrackova P, Papezikova I, Minarova H, Pojezdal L, Adamovsky O. Cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa Contributes to the Severity of Fish Diseases: A Study on Spring Viraemia of Carp. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:601. [PMID: 34564605 PMCID: PMC8473110 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish are exposed to numerous stressors in the environment including pollution, bacterial and viral agents, and toxic substances. Our study with common carps leveraged an integrated approach (i.e., histology, biochemical and hematological measurements, and analytical chemistry) to understand how cyanobacteria interfere with the impact of a model viral agent, Carp sprivivirus (SVCV), on fish. In addition to the specific effects of a single stressor (SVCV or cyanobacteria), the combination of both stressors worsens markers related to the immune system and liver health. Solely combined exposure resulted in the rise in the production of immunoglobulins, changes in glucose and cholesterol levels, and an elevated marker of impaired liver, alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Analytical determination of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and its structurally similar congener MC-RR and their conjugates showed that SVCV affects neither the levels of MC in the liver nor the detoxification capacity of the liver. MC-LR and MC-RR were depurated from liver mostly in the form of cysteine conjugates (MC-LR-Cys, MC-RR-Cys) in comparison to glutathione conjugates (LR-GSH, RR-GSH). Our study brought new evidence that cyanobacteria worsen the effect of viral agents. Such inclusion of multiple stressor concept helps us to understand how and to what extent the relevant environmental stressors co-influence the health of the fish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Palikova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (I.P.); (H.M.)
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (R.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Radovan Kopp
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (R.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Jiri Kohoutek
- RECETOX (Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (L.B.)
| | - Ludek Blaha
- RECETOX (Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (L.B.)
| | - Jan Mares
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (R.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Petra Ondrackova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.O.); (L.P.)
| | - Ivana Papezikova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (I.P.); (H.M.)
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (R.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Hana Minarova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (I.P.); (H.M.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.O.); (L.P.)
| | - Lubomir Pojezdal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.O.); (L.P.)
| | - Ondrej Adamovsky
- RECETOX (Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (L.B.)
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6
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Chen S, Jiang J, Long T, Zhu X, Zhang H, Deng S, Liu R. Oxidative stress induced in rice suspension cells exposed to microcystin-LR at environmentally relevant concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:38393-38405. [PMID: 33730331 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13353-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins that are highly soluble in water and can be transferred to farmland through irrigation with potentially substantial effects on crops, especially rice. In order to investigate the possible negative effects of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) on rice, the oxidative stress induced in rice suspension cells exposed to MC-LR at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.05, 0.5, 5.0, and 50.0 μg·L-1) was investigated. Results showed that the exposure to MC-LR at 0.5-50.0 μg·L-1 resulted in a significant decline in viability of rice suspension cells and an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. In the 50.0-μg·L-1 MC-LR treatment group, the content of MDA was as much as 5.39 times that of the control group after 6 days of exposure. The excess MDA production indicated that MC-LR exposure has caused lipid peroxidation damage in rice cells, whereas these negative effects could be recovered over time when suspension cells were exposed to low concentration of MC-LR (0.05 μg·L-1). When exposed to MC-LR for 3 days, the O2- content in all treatment groups increased significantly compared with the control group. Additionally, the antioxidant system of rice suspension cells initiated a positive stress response to MC-LR exposure. Indeed, peroxidase (POD) played an active role in the removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in rice suspension cells during the early period of exposure, while total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) was induced after 6 days. Similarly, after 6 days of exposure, the anti-superoxide anion free radical activity (ASAFR), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione-S transferase (GST) in rice suspension cells were higher than that in the control group. These results provided a comprehensive understanding of the exposure time- and dose-dependent oxidative stress induced by the environmentally relevant concentrations of MC-LR in rice suspension cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control/Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing, 210042, China
- Forestry College, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jinlin Jiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control/Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing, 210042, China.
| | - Tao Long
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control/Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Xingcheng Zhu
- Forestry College, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Huanchao Zhang
- Forestry College, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Shaopo Deng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control/Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Renbin Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control/Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing, 210042, China
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Zaidi H, Amrani A, Sedrati F, Maaref H, Leghrib F, Benamara M, Amara H, Wang Z, Nasri H. Histological and chemical damage induced by microcystin-LR and microcystin-RR on land snail Helix aspersa tissues after acute exposure. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 245:109031. [PMID: 33737222 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are the most common cyanotoxins with more than 200 variants. Among these cyanotoxins, microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and microcystin-RR (MC-RR) are the most studied congeners due to their high toxicity and frequent occurrence in surface waters. MC-LR has been detected in more than 75% of natural cyanobacteria bloom, along with other toxic and less toxic congeners. Accumulation of several microcystins variants (MC-LR and MC-RR) has been confirmed in aquatic snails exposed naturally or in the laboratory to toxic blooms. Thus, this paper aims to compare the biochemical and histological impact of both toxic variants (microcystin-LR and microcystin-RR) and their mixed form on a bioindicator, the land snail Helix aspersa. During experiments, snails were gavaged with a single acute dose (0.5 μg/g) of purified MC-LR, MC-RR, or mixed MC-LR + MC-RR (0.25 + 0.25 μg/g). After 96 h of exposure, effects on the hepatopancreas, kidney, intestine and lungs were assessed by histological observations and analysis of oxidative stress biomarkers. The results show that a small dose of MCs variants can increase the non-enzymatic antioxidant glutathione (GSH), inhibit glutathione-s-transferase (GST) level and trigger a defense system by activating glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Microcystin-RR causes serious anomalies in the hepatopancreas and kidney than Microcystin-LR. The organ most affected is the kidney. The damage caused by MC-LR + MC-RR is greater than that caused by single variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zaidi
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecosystems Pollution, Faculty of life and nature Sciences, University of Chadli Bendjedid, El Taref, Algeria
| | - A Amrani
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecosystems Pollution, Faculty of life and nature Sciences, University of Chadli Bendjedid, El Taref, Algeria
| | - F Sedrati
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecosystems Pollution, Faculty of life and nature Sciences, University of Chadli Bendjedid, El Taref, Algeria
| | - H Maaref
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecosystems Pollution, Faculty of life and nature Sciences, University of Chadli Bendjedid, El Taref, Algeria; Central Pathology Laboratory, El Taref Hospital, El Tarf, Algeria
| | - F Leghrib
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecosystems Pollution, Faculty of life and nature Sciences, University of Chadli Bendjedid, El Taref, Algeria
| | - M Benamara
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecosystems Pollution, Faculty of life and nature Sciences, University of Chadli Bendjedid, El Taref, Algeria
| | - H Amara
- Central Pathology Laboratory, El Taref Hospital, El Tarf, Algeria
| | - Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Evaluation, Hubei, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - H Nasri
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecosystems Pollution, Faculty of life and nature Sciences, University of Chadli Bendjedid, El Taref, Algeria; Thematic Agency for Research in Health Sciences, Oran, Algeria.
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Depth profiles of protein-bound microcystin in Küçükçekmece Lagoon. Toxicon 2021; 198:156-163. [PMID: 33992691 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Microcystis is the most commonly found toxic cyanobacterial genus around the world and has a negative impact on the ecosystem. As a predominant producer of the potent hepatotoxin microcystin (MC), the genus causes outbreaks in freshwaters worldwide. Standard analytical methods that are used for the detection of microcystin variants can only measure the free form of microcystin in cells. Since microcystin was found as free and protein-bound forms in the cells, a significant proportion of microcystin is underestimated with analytical methods. The aim of the study was to measure protein-bound microcystins and determine the environmental factors that affect the binding of microcystin to proteins. Samples were taken at depths of surface, 1 m, 5 m, 10 m, 15 m, and 18 m in Küçükçekmece Lagoon to analyze depth profiles of two different microcystin forms from June to September 2012 at regular monthly intervals. Our findings suggest that the most important parameter affecting protein-bound microcystin at surface water is high light. Due to favorable environmental conditions such as temperature, light, and physicochemical parameters, the higher microcystin contents, both free and protein-bound MCs, were found in summer periods.
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Lin Y, Miao LH, Liu B, Xi BW, Pan LK, Ge XP. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021; 47:351-364. [PMID: 33474683 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00917-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
HIF-l is the earliest documented and most widely studied hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and plays a key role in the cell hypoxia signal transduction pathway. Particularly, the HIF-1α protein is sensitive to oxygen and plays a critical role in hypoxia regulation. This study is the first to report on the molecular cloning and characterization of HIF-1α in bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis; anHIF-1α). The full-length cDNA of anHIF-1α was 2361 bp, and encodes an estimated 674 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 76.10 kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point of 7.72. Moreover, the conserved basic Helix-Loop-Helix domain along with two Per-ARNT-Sim domains (A/B), and C-TAD were identified in this protein. Interestingly, the tertiary structure of the anHIF-1α protein was found to be extremely similar to that of mice. Multiple comparison and phylogenetic tree results demonstrated that anHIF-1α was highly conserved. Under normoxic conditions, anHIF-1α mRNA transcripts could be detected in all tissues examined with the highest expression level in the heart. With gradually decreasing oxygen concentrations, anHIF-1α mRNA level was upregulated significantly in the gill, liver, kidney, spleen, intestine, brain, and muscle tissues (P < 0.05). Similarly, anHIF-1α was expressed in all examined bighead carp tissues, and the results suggested that the upregulation of anHIF-1α at the transcriptional level may be an important stress response adaptation to hypoxia in bighead carp. Finally, based on the tertiary structure comparative analyses between anHIF-1α with mouse HIF-1α, we think the physiological function, and protein structure of HIF-1α could be compared between fish and mammal in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Ling-Hong Miao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Bing-Wen Xi
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Liang-Kun Pan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Xian-Ping Ge
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China.
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China.
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10
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Henri J, Lanceleur R, Delmas JM, Fessard V, Huguet A. Permeability of the Cyanotoxin Microcystin-RR across a Caco-2 Cells Monolayer. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13030178. [PMID: 33673481 PMCID: PMC7997155 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are toxins produced by several cyanobacterial species found worldwide. While MCs have a common structure, the variation of two amino acids in their structure affects their toxicity. As toxicodynamics are very similar between the MC variants, their differential toxicity could rather be explained by toxicokinetic parameters. Microcystin-RR (MC-RR) is the second most abundant congener and induces toxicity through oral exposure. As intestinal permeability is a key parameter of oral toxicokinetics, the apparent permeability of MC-RR across a differentiated intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayer was investigated. We observed a rapid and large decrease of MC-RR levels in the donor compartment. However, irrespective of the loaded concentration and exposure time, the permeabilities were very low from apical to basolateral compartments (from 4 to 15 × 10−8 cm·s−1) and from basolateral to apical compartments (from 2 to 37 × 10−8 cm·s−1). Our results suggested that MC-RR would be poorly absorbed orally. As similar low permeability was reported for the most abundant congener microcystin-LR, and this variant presented a greater acute oral toxicity than MC-RR, we concluded that the intestinal permeability was probably not involved in the differential toxicity between them, in contrast to the hepatic uptake and metabolism.
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Xu S, Yi X, Liu W, Zhang C, Massey IY, Yang F, Tian L. A Review of Nephrotoxicity of Microcystins. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110693. [PMID: 33142924 PMCID: PMC7693154 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms triggered by eutrophication and climate change have become a global public health issue. The toxic metabolites microcystins (MCs) generated by cyanobacteria can accumulate in food chain and contaminate water, thus posing a potential threat to human and animals health. Studies have suggested that aside liver, the kidney may be another target organ of MCs intoxication. Therefore, this review provides various evidences on the nephrotoxicity of MCs. The review concludes that nephrotoxicity of MCs may be related to inhibition of protein phosphatases and excessive production of reactive oxygen species, cytoskeleton disruption, endoplasmic reticulum stress, DNA damage and cell apoptosis. To protect human from MCs toxic consequences, this paper also puts forward some directions for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Xu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China; (S.X.); (W.L.); (C.Z.); (I.Y.M.)
| | - Xiping Yi
- School of Public Health, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China;
- Chenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - Wenya Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China; (S.X.); (W.L.); (C.Z.); (I.Y.M.)
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China; (S.X.); (W.L.); (C.Z.); (I.Y.M.)
| | - Isaac Yaw Massey
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China; (S.X.); (W.L.); (C.Z.); (I.Y.M.)
| | - Fei Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China; (S.X.); (W.L.); (C.Z.); (I.Y.M.)
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Correspondence: (F.Y.); (L.T.); Tel./Fax: +86-731-84805460 (F.Y.)
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
- Correspondence: (F.Y.); (L.T.); Tel./Fax: +86-731-84805460 (F.Y.)
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Peng L, Tang Q, Gu J, Lei L, Chen W, Song L. Seasonal variation of microcystins and their accumulation in fish in two large shallow lakes of China. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 29:790-800. [PMID: 32424447 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02231-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccumulation of microcystins (MCs) has been widely observed in aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates, but its seasonal and specific variations remain unclear. In the present study, dissolved MCs in water, algal cell-bound MCs and muscle tissue MCs of nine fish species were investigated monthly in two of the largest shallow lakes in China: Lake Taihu and Lake Chaohu. The fish species were grouped as carnivorous, planktivorous, and omnivorous fish. Seasonal variations in dissolved and algal cell-bound MCs in water and MCs contents of fish hepatopancreas and muscle were investigated in the two lakes from 2009 to 2010. Dissolved MCs in water ranged from 0.35 to 2.56 µg l-1 in Lake Taihu and 0.16 to 2.45 µg l-1 in Lake Chaohu, and showed seasonally a unimodal distribution. Algal cell-bound MCs also showed a similar seasonal variation in both lakes, but dissolved MCs in water peaked about one month later than algal cell-bound MCs. The MCs content in the Fish muscle was higher MCs from October to December than in the other months. For most of the fish species, it exceeded the tolerable daily intake value established by the WHO. The averaged MCs content in the muscle of carnivorous, planktivorous, omnivorous fish was 48.2, 28.7 and 37.8 μg kg-1 in Lake Taihu, respectively, and 27.8, 18.6 and 20.4 μg kg-1 in Lake Chaohu. It was significantly higher in carnivorous fish than in planktivorous and omnivorous fish, indicating that carnivorous fish has a higher exposure risk to the local people when consuming the harvested fish. The average ratio of hepatopancreas to muscle MCs contents was 13.0, 25.2, 13.8 for carnivorous, planktivorous, omnivorous fishes in Lake Taihu, respectively, and 18.0, 24.9, 14.8 in Lake Chaohu. These ratio for planktivorous fish almost doubled that for carnivorous and omnivorous fish. High correlation of MC content in carnivorous, omnivorous and planktivorous fish indicates that MCs can be delivered along trophic levels in the food chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Peng
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Quehui Tang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiguang Gu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Lamei Lei
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430072, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Lirong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430072, Wuhan, PR China.
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Sakuragui MM, Paulino MG, da Silva E Souza NE, Tavares D, Terezan AP, Pesenti E, Giani A, Fernandes JB, Cestari MM, Fernandes MN. Crude extract of cyanobacterium Radiocystis fernandoi strain R28 induces anemia and oxidative stress in fish erythrocytes. Toxicon 2019; 169:18-24. [PMID: 31421159 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The cyanobacterium Radiocystis fernandoi has been frequently identified in cyanobacterial blooms in Brazil. Recently, R. fernandoi strain R28, which produces microcystin (MC)-RR and MC-YR, was isolated from the Furnas reservoir, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The present study evaluated the hematological variables and erythrocyte antioxidant responses, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and genotoxicity in a neotropical fish (Hoplias malabaricus) after acute and subchronic exposure to a crude extract (CE) of R. fernandoi strain R28. Acute exposure (12 or 96 h) consisted of a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) CE injection, and subchronic exposure consisted of one i.p. CE injection every 72 h for 30 days. After acute exposure, fish exhibited macrocytic anemia (12 h post-injection) followed by normocytic anemia (96 h post-injection). The increased activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, and the glutathione level in the erythrocytes did not prevent oxidative stress, manifested as lipid peroxidation and elevated DNA damage after acute exposure. After subchronic exposure, the hematological variables recovered, and the absence of erythrocyte oxidative stress suggests possible modulation by other biological factors, including a possible decrease in MC uptake by the cells and/or increasing detoxification efficiency that precludes erythrocyte damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marise Margareth Sakuragui
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Gustavo Paulino
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Naiara Elisabete da Silva E Souza
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Driele Tavares
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Terezan
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emanuele Pesenti
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O Box 19071, 81531-990, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Giani
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João Batista Fernandes
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marta Margarete Cestari
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O Box 19071, 81531-990, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marisa Narciso Fernandes
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Kaur G, Fahrner R, Wittmann V, Stieger B, Dietrich DR. Human MRP2 exports MC-LR but not the glutathione conjugate. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 311:108761. [PMID: 31348918 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Water contamination by cyanobacterial blooms is a worldwide health hazard to humans as well as livestock. Exposure to Microcystins (MCs), toxins produced by various cyanobacterial or blue green algae found in poorly treated drinking water or contaminated seafood such as fish or prawns are associated with hepatotoxicity, nephropathy and neurotoxicity and in extreme cases, death in humans. MC congeners, currently >240 known, differ dramatically in their uptake kinetics, i.e. their uptake via OATP1B1 and OATP1B3, in OATP overexpressing human HEK293 cells and primary human hepatocytes. It is thus likely that MC congeners will also differ with respect to the cellular efflux of the parent and conjugated congeners, e.g. via MRPs, MDRs, BCRP or BSEP. Consequently, the role and kinetics of different human efflux transporters - MRP, MDR, BCRP and BSEP in MC efflux was studied using insect membrane vesicles overexpressing the human transporters of interest. Of the efflux transporters investigated, MRP2 displayed MC transport. Michaelis-Menten kinetics displayed mild co-operativity and thus allosteric behavior of MRP2. MC transport by MRP2 was MC congener-specific, whereby MC-LF was transported more rapidly than MC-LR and -RR. Other human transporters (BCRP, BSEP, MRP1,3,5, MDR1) tested in this study did not exhibit interaction with MC. Although MRP2 showed specific MC transport, the MC-LR-GSH conjugate, was not transported suggesting the involvement of other transporters than MRP2 for the conjugate efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurjot Kaur
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, 173212, India.
| | - Raphael Fahrner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Valentin Wittmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel Reto Dietrich
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
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Díez-Quijada L, Puerto M, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Llana-Ruiz-Cabello M, Jos A, Cameán AM. Microcystin-RR: Occurrence, content in water and food and toxicological studies. A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 168:467-489. [PMID: 30399604 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are hepatotoxins, produced by various species of cyanobacteria, whose occurrence is increasing worldwide owing to climate change and anthropogenic activities. More than 100 variants have been reported, and among them MC-LR is the most extensively studied, but there are other MC congeners that deserve to be investigated. The need for data to characterize the toxicological profile of MC variants other than MC-LR has been identified in order to improve risk assessment in humans and wildlife. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to evaluate the information available in the scientific literature dealing with MC-RR, as this congener is the second most common cyanotoxin in the environment. The review focuses on aspects such as occurrence in water and food, and toxicity studies both in vitro and in vivo. It reveals that, although MC-RR is a real hazard with a high exposure potential in some countries, little is known yet about its specific toxicological properties that differ from those of MC-LR, and important aspects such as genotoxicity and chronic effects have not yet been sufficiently addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Díez-Quijada
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Puerto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Daniel Gutiérrez-Praena
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Llana-Ruiz-Cabello
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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Zhang L, Lyu K, Wang N, Gu L, Sun Y, Zhu X, Wang J, Huang Y, Yang Z. Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Pathways Associated with Resisting and Degrading Microcystin in Ochromonas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:11102-11113. [PMID: 30176726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Toxic Microcystis bloom is a tough environment problem worldwide. Microcystin is highly toxic and is an easily accumulated secondary metabolite of toxic Microcystis that threatens water safety. Biodegradation of microcystin by protozoan grazing is a promising and efficient biological method, but the mechanism in this process is still unclear. The present study aimed to identify potential pathways involved in resisting and degrading microcystin in flagellates through transcriptomic analyses. A total of 999 unigenes were significantly differentially expressed between treatments with flagellates Ochromonas fed on microcystin-producing Microcystis and microcystin-free Microcystis. These dysregulated genes were strongly associated with translation, carbohydrate metabolism, phagosome, and energy metabolism. Upregulated genes encoding peroxiredoxin, serine/threonine-protein phosphatase, glutathione S-transferase (GST), HSP70, and O-GlcNAc transferase were involved in resisting microcystin. In addition, genes encoding cathepsin and GST and genes related to inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) were all upregulated, which highly probably linked with degrading microcystin in flagellates. The results of this study provided a better understanding of transcriptomic responses of flagellates to toxic Microcystis as well as highlighted a potential mechanism of biodegrading microcystin by flagellate Ochromonas, which served as a strong theoretical support for control of toxic microalgae by protozoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Kai Lyu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Na Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Lei Gu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Yunfei Sun
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Xuexia Zhu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Jun Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
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Li W, He J, Chen J, Xie P. Excretion pattern and dynamics of glutathione detoxification of microcystins in Sprague Dawley rat. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 191:357-364. [PMID: 29049959 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The excretion route and dynamics of the glutathione (GSH) conjugate of microcystin-RR (MCRR), MCRR-GSH, were quantitatively studied in Sprague Dawley rat exposed with MCRR-GSH via liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). In the MCRR-GSH-treated rat, the average MCRR-Cysteine (MCRR-Cys)/MCRR-GSH ratio reached as high as 105.3, which indicated that the intermediate conjugate MCRR-GSH was rapidly converted to the product compound MCRR-Cys. Besides, MCRR was consistently detected in MCRR-GSH-treated rat, which suggested that MCRR can be dissociated from the MCRR-GSH conjugate and the reversibility of the MC-GSH conjugate. Results of total MC contents analysis in excrement showed that the total MC contents in urine were significantly higher than those in feces. The ratio of the total MC content in urine to feces was as high as 129.3, which demonstrates that the urine is the main route of excretion after MCRR-GSH-treatment. In urine, the MCRR-Cys concentration was 27.8-fold, 19.4-fold higher than MCRR-GSH and MCRR, respectively. Our results, for the first time, quantitatively found that MCRR-GSH was rapidly converted to MCRR-Cys after exposed to rat, and was excreted mainly through urine in the form of the MCRR-Cys conjugate. This study suggests that the GSH detoxification pathway of MCs could help to explain the greater sensitivity of mammals to MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072, China; Changchun University of Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jun He
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Miles CO. Rapid and Convenient Oxidative Release of Thiol-Conjugated Forms of Microcystins for Chemical Analysis. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1599-1608. [PMID: 28595008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins are potent cyclic heptapeptide toxins found in some cyanobacteria, and usually contain an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl group that is readily conjugated to thiol-containing amino acids, peptides, and proteins in vivo and in vitro. Methods for deconjugating these types of adducts have recently been reported, but the reactions are slow or result in derivatized microcystins. Mercaptoethanol derivatives of a range of microcystins were therefore used as model compounds to develop deconjugation procedures in which the dialkyl sulfide linkage was oxidized to a sulfoxide or sulfone that, when treated with base, rapidly eliminated the adducted thiol as its sulfenate or sulfinate via β-elimination to afford free microcystins with the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl group intact. These free microcystins can be analyzed by LC/MS to determine the toxin profile of bound microcystins. The method was tested on Cys- and GSH-derivatives of [Dha7]MC-LR. In solution, the deconjugation reactions were complete within minutes at pH 10.7 and within a few hours at pH 9.2. Oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides is easier and more rapid than oxidation to sulfones, allowing the use of milder oxidants and shorter reaction times. Oxidation of any methionine residues present in the microcystins occurs inevitably during these procedures, and interpretation of the microcystin profile obtained by LC/MS analysis needs to take this into account. Oxidation of tryptophan residues and degradation of microcystins by excess oxidant were circumvented by the addition of Me2SO as a sacrificial reducing agent. These methods may be useful for other compounds that undergo conjugation via thia-Michael addition, such as acrylamide and deoxynivalenol. Oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides can occur in vivo and could affect the bioavailability of toxins and drugs conjugated via thia-Michael addition, potentially exacerbating oxidative stress by catalytically converting GSH to its sulfenate via conjugation, oxidation, and elimination to regenerate the free toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher O Miles
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute , P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway.,National Research Council , 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada
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Wu L, Wang S, Tao M, Xie P, Chen J. Quantitative analysis of glutathione and cysteine S-conjugates of microcystin-LR in the liver, kidney and muscle of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Lake Taihu. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2017; 15:300-307. [PMID: 28362311 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2016.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue distribution of microcystin (MC)-LR-GSH, MC-LR-Cys and MC-LR of omnivorous fish in Lake Taihu was investigated. MC-LR and MC-LR-Cys were detected in liver, kidney and muscle. The concentration of MC-LR in liver and kidney was 0.052 μg g-1 DW and 0.067 μg g-1 DW, respectively. MC-LR-Cys appeared to be an important metabolite with average contents of 1.104 μg g-1 DW and 0.724 μg g-1 DW in liver and kidney, and the MC-LR-Cys/MC-LR ratio in liver and kidney reaching as high as 21.4 and 10.8. High MC-LR-Cys/MC-LR ratio and a significant correlation between MC-LR-Cys and MC-LR concentration in liver, suggest that liver is more active in detoxification of MC-LR by formation of MC-LR-Cys for omnivorous fish. Furthermore, there might be a balance between the accumulation and depuration/metabolism of MC-LR-Cys in kidney. The MC-LR-Cys can be formed in kidney directly, or transported from liver or other tissues, while the MC-LR-Cys in kidney might be dissociated to MC-LR or excreted. Although MC-LR and its metabolites were scarcely detected in muscle, it is necessary to investigate the distribution of toxic metabolites in edible muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Sciences of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Songbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Sciences of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Min Tao
- Life Sciences college of Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072, China E-mail:
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072, China E-mail:
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Huang Y, Chen M, Li X, Zhang C. Voltammetric Separation and Determination of Glutathione and L-tyrosine with Chlorogenic Acid as an Electrocatalytic Mediator. ELECTROANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Fujian Normal University; Fuzhou Fujian 350007 China
| | - Mei Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Fujian Normal University; Fuzhou Fujian 350007 China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Fujian Normal University; Fuzhou Fujian 350007 China
| | - Cuiyun Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Fujian Normal University; Fuzhou Fujian 350007 China
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21
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Cai Y, Zhang C, Hao L, Chen J, Xie P, Chen Z. Systematic identification of seven ribosomal protein genes in bighead carp and their expression in response to microcystin-LR. J Toxicol Sci 2016; 41:293-302. [PMID: 26961614 DOI: 10.2131/jts.41.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MCLR) is one of the most toxic cyanotoxins produced in algal blooms. The toxic effects of MCLR on the expression of some organelles genes (mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum, and cytoskeleton etc) have been widely investigated, but little is known how it impacts on the expression of ribosomal genes. In this study we identified seven ribosomal protein genes RPS6, RPS12, RPS24, RPS27a, RPL12, RPL27 and RPL29 in bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis), whose expression was regulated by MCLR. The amino acid sequences of those 7 genes shared more than 90% identity with corresponding sequences from zebrafish, and were well conserved throughout evolution. The 3D structure prediction showed that the structures of these ribosomal proteins were conserved, but had species specificity. Q-PCR analysis revealed that expression of seven genes changed dramatically at 3 hr, then went back to a moderate change- level at 24 hr in almost all tested tissues (liver, kidney, intestine, heart, spleen and gill) post MCLR injection, but in brain expression of the seven genes stayed same as the normal level. This study will help us to know not only about the evolution and functions of ribosomal proteins in anti-MCLR response in bighead carp, but also about the MCLR toxicity and its impact on aquaculture and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cai
- School of Petrolchemical Engneering, Changzhou University, China
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22
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Wei N, Hu L, Song L, Gan N. Microcystin-Bound Protein Patterns in Different Cultures of Microcystis aeruginosa and Field Samples. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8100293. [PMID: 27754336 PMCID: PMC5086653 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8100293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Micocystin (MC) exists in Microcystis cells in two different forms, free and protein-bound. We examined the dynamic change in extracellular free MCs, intracellular free MCs and protein-bound MCs in both batch cultures and semi-continuous cultures, using high performance liquid chromatography and Western blot. The results showed that the free MC per cell remained constant, while the quantity of protein-bound MCs increased with the growth of Microcystis cells in both kinds of culture. Significant changes in the dominant MC-bound proteins occurred in the late exponential growth phase of batch cultures, while the dominant MC-bound proteins in semi-continuous cultures remained the same. In field samples collected at different months in Lake Taihu, the dominant MC-bound proteins were shown to be similar, but the amount of protein-bound MC varied and correlated with the intracellular MC content. We identified MC-bound proteins by two-dimensional electrophoresis immunoblots and mass spectrometry. The 60 kDa chaperonin GroEL was a prominent MC-bound protein. Three essential glycolytic enzymes and ATP synthase alpha subunit were also major targets of MC-binding, which might contribute to sustained growth in semi-continuous culture. Our results indicate that protein-bound MC may be important for sustaining growth and adaptation of Microcystis sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Lili Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Lirong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Nanqin Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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23
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Miles CO, Sandvik M, Nonga HE, Ballot A, Wilkins AL, Rise F, Jaabaek JAH, Loader JI. Conjugation of Microcystins with Thiols Is Reversible: Base-Catalyzed Deconjugation for Chemical Analysis. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:860-70. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Morten Sandvik
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hezron E. Nonga
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Ballot
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Alistair L. Wilkins
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
- Chemistry Department, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, 3240 Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Frode Rise
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - J. Atle H. Jaabaek
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jared I. Loader
- AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, Bisley Road, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
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24
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Chen L, Chen J, Zhang X, Xie P. A review of reproductive toxicity of microcystins. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 301:381-99. [PMID: 26521084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Animal studies provide strong evidence of positive associations between microcystins (MCs) exposure and reproductive toxicity, representing a threat to human reproductive health and the biodiversity of wild life. This paper reviews current knowledge of the reproductive toxicity of MCs, with regard to mammals, fishes, amphibians, and birds, mostly in males. Toxicity of MCs is primarily governed by the inhibition of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A (PP1 and PP2A) and disturbance of cellular phosphorylation balance. MCs exposure is related to excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress, leading to cytoskeleton disruption, mitochondria dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and DNA damage. MCs induce cell apoptosis mediated by the mitochondrial and ROS and ER pathways. Through PP1/2A inhibition and oxidative stress, MCs lead to differential expression/activity of transcriptional factors and proteins involved in the pathways of cellular differentiation, proliferation, and tumor promotion. MC-induced DNA damage is also involved in carcinogenicity. Apart from a direct effect on testes and ovaries, MCs indirectly affect sex hormones by damaging the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis and liver. Parental exposure to MCs may result in hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity of offspring. We also summarize the current research gaps which should be addressed by further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Xuezhen Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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25
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Guo X, Chen L, Chen J, Xie P, Li S, He J, Li W, Fan H, Yu D, Zeng C. Quantitatively evaluating detoxification of the hepatotoxic microcystin-LR through the glutathione (GSH) pathway in SD rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:19273-19284. [PMID: 26490924 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5531-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) plays crucial roles in antioxidant defense and detoxification metabolism of microcystin-LR (MC-LR). However, the detoxification process of MC-LR in mammals remains largely unknown. This paper, for the first time, quantitatively analyzes MC-LR and its GSH pathway metabolites (MC-LR-GSH and MC-LR-Cys) in the liver of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat after MC-LR exposure. Rats received intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 0.25 and 0.5 lethal dose 50 (LD50) of MC-LR with or without pretreatment of buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of GSH synthesis. The contents of MC-LR-GSH were relatively low during the experiment; however, the ratio of MC-LR-Cys to MC-LR reached as high as 6.65 in 0.5 LD50 group. These results demonstrated that MC-LR-GSH could be converted to MC-LR-Cys efficiently, and this metabolic rule was in agreement with the data of aquatic animals previously reported. MC-LR contents were much higher in BSO + MC-LR-treated groups than in the single MC-LR-treated groups. Moreover, the ratio of MC-LR-Cys to MC-LR decreased significantly after BSO pretreatment, suggesting that the depletion of GSH induced by BSO reduced the detoxification of MCs. Moreover, MC-LR remarkably induced liver damage, and the effects were more pronounced in BSO pretreatment groups. In conclusion, this study verifies the role of GSH in the detoxification of MC-LR and furthers our understanding of the biochemical mechanism for SD rats to counteract toxic cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Guo
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China.
| | - Ping Xie
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China.
| | - Shangchun Li
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun He
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Li
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huihui Fan
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Dezhao Yu
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cheng Zeng
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
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26
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Li S, Chen J, Xie P, Guo X, Fan H, Yu D, Zeng C, Chen L. The role of glutathione detoxification pathway in MCLR-induced hepatotoxicity in SD rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:1470-80. [PMID: 24964298 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the role of glutathione (GSH) and its related enzymes in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats subjected to microcystin-leucine-arginine (MCLR)-induced hepatotoxicity. SD rats were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with MCLR after pretreating with or without buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of GSH synthesis. The depletion of GSH with BSO enhanced MCLR-induced oxidative stress, resulting in more severe liver damage and higher MCLR accumulation. Similarly, the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), total GSH (T-GSH), oxidized GSH (GSSG) and GSH were significantly enhanced in BSO pretreated rats following MCLR treatment. The study showed that the transcription of GSH-related enzymes such as glutathione-S-transferase (GST), γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS), glutathione reductase (GR) varied in different ways (expect for glutathione peroxidase (GPx), whose gene expression was induced in all treated groups) with or without BSO pretreatment before MCLR exposure, suggesting an adaptative response of GSH-related enzymes at transcription level to combat enhancement of oxidative stress induced by MCLR when pretreated with BSO. These data suggested the tissues with low GSH concentration are highly vulnerable to MCLR toxicity and GSH was critical for the detoxification in MCLR-induced hepatotoxicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangchun Li
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochun Guo
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
- Fisheries College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Huihui Fan
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
- Fisheries College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Dezhao Yu
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zeng
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
- Fisheries College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
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27
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Activity and Transcriptional Responses of Hepatopancreatic Biotransformation and Antioxidant Enzymes in the Oriental River Prawn Macrobrachium nipponense Exposed to Microcystin-LR. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:4006-22. [PMID: 26457718 PMCID: PMC4626717 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7104006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are a major group of cyanotoxins with side effects in many organisms; thus, compounds in this group are recognized as potent stressors and health hazards in aquatic ecosystems. In order to assess the toxicity of MCs and detoxification mechanism of freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium nipponense, the full-length cDNAs of the glutathione S-transferase (gst) and catalase (cat) genes were isolated from the hepatopancreas. The transcription level and activity changes in the biotransformation enzyme (glutathione S-transferase (GST)) and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx)) in the hepatopancreas of M. nipponense exposed to MC-LR (0.2, 1, 5, and 25 μg/L) for 12, 24, 72 and 96 h were analyzed. The results showed that the isolated full-length cDNAs of cat and gst genes from M. nipponense displayed a high similarity to other crustaceans, and their mRNAs were mainly expressed in the hepatopancreas. MC-LR caused significant increase of GST activity following 48-96 h (p < 0.05) and an increase in SOD activity especially in 24- and 48-h exposures. CAT activity was activated when exposed to MC-LR in 12-, 24- and 48-h exposures and then it was inhibited at 96-h exposure. There was no significant effect on GPx activity after the 12- and 24-h exposures, whereas it was significantly stimulated after the 72- and 96-h exposures (p < 0.05). The transcription was altered similarly to enzyme activity, but the transcriptional response was generally more immediate and had greater amplitude than enzymatic response, particularly for GST. All of the results suggested that MC-LR can induce antioxidative modulation variations in M. nipponense hepatopancreas in order to eliminate oxidative damage.
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28
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Lu X, Long Y, Sun R, Zhou B, Lin L, Zhong S, Cui Z. Zebrafish Abcb4 is a potential efflux transporter of microcystin-LR. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 167:35-42. [PMID: 25193616 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is one of the most common microcystins (MCs), which are hepatotoxic and released into a water body during a period of cyanobacterial blooms. These toxicants can be accumulated in aquatic animals and transferred along the food chain and thus pose adverse effects on aquatic environment and public health. Zebrafish Abcb4 is reported to mediate the cellular efflux of ecotoxicologically relevant compounds including galaxolide, tonalide and phenanthrene; however, it remains unclear whether Abcb4 functions in the detoxification of MC-LR. Here, we demonstrated the role of zebrafish Abcb4 in cellular efflux of MC-LR. Transcripts of zebrafish abcb4 were detected in all of adult tissues examined. MC-LR was able to induce the expression of abcb4 gene and overexpression of Abcb4 significantly decreased the cytotoxicity and accumulation of MC-LR in LLC-PK1 cells and developing embryos. In contrast, overexpression of an Abcb4-G1177D mutant abolished its transporter function but not substrate binding activity, and sensitized LLC-PK1 cells and developing embryos to this cyanobacterial toxin. Moreover, ATPase activity in developing embryos can be induced by MC-LR. Thus, zebrafish Abcb4 plays crucial roles in cellular efflux of MC-LR and is a potential molecular marker for the monitoring of cyanobacteria contamination in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Lu
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China.
| | - Yong Long
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China.
| | - Rongze Sun
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China.
| | - Bolan Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China.
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China.
| | - Shan Zhong
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China.
| | - Zongbin Cui
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China.
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29
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Schmidt JR, Wilhelm SW, Boyer GL. The fate of microcystins in the environment and challenges for monitoring. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:3354-87. [PMID: 25514094 PMCID: PMC4280539 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6123354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystins are secondary metabolites produced by cyanobacteria that act as hepatotoxins in higher organisms. These toxins can be altered through abiotic processes, such as photodegradation and adsorption, as well as through biological processes via metabolism and bacterial degradation. Some species of bacteria can degrade microcystins, and many other organisms metabolize microcystins into a series of conjugated products. There are toxicokinetic models used to examine microcystin uptake and elimination, which can be difficult to compare due to differences in compartmentalization and speciation. Metabolites of microcystins are formed as a detoxification mechanism, and little is known about how quickly these metabolites are formed. In summary, microcystins can undergo abiotic and biotic processes that alter the toxicity and structure of the microcystin molecule. The environmental impact and toxicity of these alterations and the metabolism of microcystins remains uncertain, making it difficult to establish guidelines for human health. Here, we present the current state of knowledge regarding the alterations microcystins can undergo in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine R Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
| | - Steven W Wilhelm
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0845, USA.
| | - Gregory L Boyer
- Department of Chemistry, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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30
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Guo X, Xie P, Chen J, Tuo X, Deng X, Li S, Yu D, Zeng C. Simultaneous quantitative determination of microcystin-LR and its glutathione metabolites in rat liver by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 963:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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31
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Li W, Xie P, Chen J, He J, Guo X, Yu D, Chen L. Quantitative liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of microcystin-RR and its glutathione and cysteine conjugates in fish plasma and bile. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 963:113-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Sadler T, von Elert E. Dietary exposure of Daphnia to microcystins: no in vivo relevance of biotransformation. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 150:73-82. [PMID: 24642294 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic nutrient input into lakes has contributed to the increased frequency of toxic cyanobacterial blooms. Daphnia populations have been shown to be locally adapted to toxic cyanobacteria and are able to suppress bloom formation; little is known about the physiology behind this phenomenon. Microcystin-LR (MCLR) is the most widespread cyanobacterial toxin, and, based on in vitro experiments, it is assumed that the enzyme glutathione-S-transferase (GST) might act as the first step of detoxification in Daphnia by conjugating MCLR with glutathione. In the present study Daphnia magna was fed a diet of 100% Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806, a cyanobacterial strain that contains MCLR in high amounts (4.8-5.6 fg cell(-1)), in order to test for a possible conjugation of MCLR with GST in Daphnia in vivo. We used high-resolution LCMS to analyze incubation water, cyanobacterial cells and Daphnia tissue for the presence of MCLR conjugation products as well as unconjugated MCLR. Newly formed conjugation products were detected neither in Daphnia tissue nor in the incubation water. Moreover, the presence of Daphnia led to a decrease in unconjugated MCLR in the cyanobacterial cell fraction due to grazing, in comparison to a control without daphnids, which was well reflected by a similar increase of MCLR in the respective incubation water. As a consequence, the MCLR content did not change due to Daphnia presence within the entire experimental setup. In summary, MCLR ingestion by Daphnia led neither to the formation of conjugation products, nor to a decrease of unconjugated MCLR. GST-mediated conjugation thus seems to be of minor relevance for microcystin (MC) tolerance in Daphnia in vivo. This finding is supported by the fact that GST activity in Daphnia feeding on the MC-containing wildtype or a MC-free mutant of M. aeruginosa PCC7806 revealed an identical increase of specific activity in comparison to a cyanobacteria-free diet. Therefore, the frequently observed induction of GST activity upon exposure to toxic cyanobacteria is not a specific MC effect but a general cyanobacterial effect. This suggests that GST in Daphnia is involved in an oxidative stress response rather than in the specific detoxification of MCs. Furthermore, our results indicate the presence of an efficient transport mechanism which efficiently removes unconjugated MCLR from the Daphnia tissue. Further studies are needed to elucidate the nature of this transport mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sadler
- University of Cologne, Cologne Biocenter, Zülpicher Straße 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Eric von Elert
- University of Cologne, Cologne Biocenter, Zülpicher Straße 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
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